UNIVERSITY    S 


JCGILSON 

Oakland 

Hamilton  Hall 


* 


•s/mm&  i 
*>-'- 


HnliBiCSK 

juQUMl 
fjyyyri 

US 


!     FRESH  !     ATTRACTIVE  ! 

HOLM  ES' 


W  UllllJJU, 

EXTENDED  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 


NEW    CHARTS.  NEW    MAPS. 

NEW    ILLUSTRATIONS 

In  this  new  telling  of  the  story,  the  development  and 
growth  of  our  country  is  invested  with  fresh  interest.  The 
narrative  has  been  remodeled  and  brought  down  to  the 
present  time ;  the  paragraphs  have  been  shortened ;  the 
structure  of  the  sentences  is  simplified  ;  the  expression  is 
adapted  to  the  ready  comprehension  of  pupils. 

The  typographical  features  of  the  book,  including  its 
heavy-face  paragraph  headings  and  catch-lines,  are  pleasing 
and  helpful  for  study  and  recitation.  Its  Summary  of  Topics 
for  each  Part,  suited  to  most  practical  use,  will  be  found 
especially  serviceable. 

The  Synchronal  Charts,  showing  contemporaneous  events 
during  the  principal  periods,  the  new  Maps  and  Illustrations, 
all  unite  in  adding  interest  and  practical  value  to  the 
Ni:w  HISTORY. 


SPECIMEN  COPY  FOR  EXAMINATION,  $1.00. 

_  /*  \_ 
Address, 


V  x 


PUBLISHING  Co., 

19  Murray  Street,  New  York. 


A    /  \          NEW 

SCHOOL   HISTORY 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES 


GEORGE  F.    HOLMES,   LL.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    HISTORY    AND    LITERATURE   IN    THE   UNIVERSITY    OK    VIRGINIA 

JOHfll  S.  PRELL 

Civil  &  Mechanical  Engineer. 

SAN  FEAN  CISCO,  CAL. 

<l  We  do  not  pretend  to  pass  any  judgment  on  the  merits 
of  the  several  sides.  *  *  *  We  relate  opinions 
as  well  as  facts,  historically." — BUKKE 


NEW  YORK 
UNIVERSITY  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

1884 


COPYRIGHT, 

1870,  1882, 
BY  UNIVERSITY  PUBLISHING  COMPAMV. 

***702. 


can 


L-  /  / 


JOHP  S. 

Civil  &  Mechanical  Engineer. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


PREFACE. 


ELEVEN  years  and  more  have  elapsed  since  the  first  publication 
of  this  text-book.  This  period  has  witnessed  a  series  of  grave 
transactions,  and  a  surprising  increase  of  the  population,  produc 
tions,  and  wealth  of  the  country.  It  seemed  indispensable  to  extend 
the  narrative  to  the  completion  of  the  century  since  the  surrender 
of  the  British  at  Yorktown  assured  American  Independence. 

To  do  this,  it  was  necessary  to  contract  the  story  throughout,  so 
that  the  volume  might  be  kept  within  suitable  limits.  Matters  of 
secondary  importance  have  been  omitted,  and  greater  brevity  of 
statement  has  been  introduced  where  practicable,  particularly  in 
the  earlier  periods  and  the  War  of  Secession.  There  is  no  longer 
necessity  or  propriety  in  treating  the  late  mournful  struggle  with 
the  same  fulness  as  before.  Moreover,  the  wondrous  perspective 
of  time  has  already  diminished  the  prominence  of  many  events,  and 
has  suffered  minor  details  to  melt  into  the  haze  of  the  receding 
landscape. 

Advantage  has  been  taken  of  the  necessity  for  abridgment,  to 
remodel  the  narrative  in  many  ways,  so  as  to  adapt  it  more 
thoroughly  to  its  purpose,  without  adding  to  its  size.  It  has  thus 
been  rendered  virtually  a  new  work,  while  retaining  much  of  its 
former  appearance.  The  changes  of  disposition  will  be  at  once 
apparent,  and  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  approved.  Other  changes  have 
been  made.  The  paragraphs  have  been  shortened,  the  structure  of 
the  sentences  simplified,  the  expression  adapted  to  the  ready  com 
prehension  of  young  pupils.  The  multiplication  of  dates  and  their 
introduction  into  the  text,  however  needful  for  accurate  knowledge, 
are  apt  to  confuse  the  reader.  Only  the  most  important  dates  have 
been  retained,  and  they  have  been  transferred  to  the  margin. 

683  3 


4  PREFACE. 

Pronunciations  of  the  more  difficult  proper  names  are  given  in 
parentheses,  as  most  convenient  for  the  pupil.  The  questions  for 
recitation  and  for  review  (in  the  former  volume)  have  been  omitted. 
Heavy-faced  paragraph  headings  and  numerous  short  catch  lines 
readily  suggest  the  subjects  for  recitation  ;  and  the  Summary  of 
Topics  which  follows  each  Part  will  be  found  practically  serviceable 
in  study,  recitation,  and  review. 

Synchronal  Charts  of  the  chief  periods  are  substituted  for  the  full 
Chronological  Tables  formerly  given.  The  number  of  maps  has 
been  increased,  and  maps  illustrating  the  War  of  1812,  the  War  of 
Secession,  and  Territorial  Growth  have  been  introduced. 

Numerous  foot-notes  have  been  added.  They  do  not  belong  to 
the  History,  but  they  quicken  its  appreciation,  and  they  heighten 
its  interest,  by  supplying  explanations,  personal  details,  and  various 
anecdotes. 

Thanks  are  due  and  are  tendered  to  the  many  correspondents 
who  have  pointed  out  errors,  or  made  valuable  suggestions.  Such 
communications  have  been  received  with  respect,  and  weighed  with 
care.  It  is  gratifying  to  know,  after  more  than  ten  years'  experience, 
that  so  few  errors  have  been  discovered,  and  that  no  charge  of 
partiality  or  prejudice,  of  sectional  or  political  discoloration,  has 
been  brought  from  any  quarter.  The  purpose  expressed  in  the 
Preface  to  the  original  work  has  been  faithfully  pursued  : 

"  A  just  and  impartial  text-book  was  required  ;  and  this  is  an 
endeavor  to  supply  one  not  consciously  partisan  or  sectional.  It 
may  not  be  free  from  errors  or  blemishes,  but  it  observes  the  pre 
cept,  '  Nothing  extenuate,  nor  set  down  aught  in  malice.'" 


CONTE  NTS. 


PART  I. — INTRODUCTION.  PAGE 

The  New  World  and  its-Native  Inhabitants 7 

The  Discovery  of  America 15 

\_Spanish  Colonization 20 

French  Exploration  and  Settlement 22 

Dutch  and  Swedish  Settlement 24 

Summary  of  Topics — Part  1 27 

PART  II. — THE  ENGLISH  COLONIES. 

First  English  Attempts  at  Colonization 28 

The  Virginia  Colony 31 

The  New  England  Colonies 4* 

The  Maryland  Colony 5* 

Virginia  from  1660  to  1750 53 

The  New  England  Colonies  after  the  Restoration 58 

New  York 63 

New  Jersey  and  Delaware 65 

Settlement  of  Pennsylvania 66 

North  and  South  Carolina 68 

Georgia 71 

The  Great  French  and  Indian  War 74 

Condition  of  the  English  Colonies  before  the  Revolution 81 

Summary  of  Topics — Part  II 88 

PART  III. — THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD. 

The  Approach  of  Revolution 92 

The  Revolution.— First  Year 104 

Second  Year  of  the  Revolution no 

Third  Year  of  the  Revolution 119 

Fourth  Year  of  the  Revolution 128 

Fifth  Year  of  the  Revolution 134 

Sixth  Year  of  the  Revolution 139 

Seventh  Year  of  the  Revolution 148 

The  Establishment  of  the  United  States 156 

Summary  of  Topics — Part  III 161 

PART  IV. — THE  REPUBLIC  ESTABLISHED. 

Washington's  Administration 163 

Administration  of  John  Adams 168 

Administration  of  Thomas  Jefferson .  •  I71 

Administration  of  James  Madison 177 

The  War  of  1812  with  Great  Britain 178 

First  Administration  of  James  Monroe 191 

Summary  of  Topics — Part  IV 195 

5 


6  CONTENTS, 

PAGE 

PART  V. — PROGRESS  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

Monroe's  Second  Administration 197 

Administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams 198 

Administration  of  Andrew  Jackson 199 

Administration  of  Martin  Van  Buren 203 

Administration  of  William  Henry  Harrison  and  John  Tyler 204 

Administration  of  James  K.  Polk. — The  Mexican  War 208 

Administration  of  Zachary  Taylor 215 

Administration  of  Millard  Fillmore 216 

Administration  of  Franklin  Pierce 217 

Administration  of  James  Buchanan 220 

Summary  of  Topics — Part  V . 227 

PART  VI. — WAR  OF  SECESSION. — RECONSTRUCTION  AND  GROWTH. 

Administration  of  Abraham  Lincoln. — First  Year  of  the  War 229 

Second  Year  of  the  War 236 

Third  Year  of  the  War 243 

Fourth  Year  of  the  War 249 

Close  of  Lincoln's  Administration. — End  of  the  War 257 

Reconstruction. — Administration  of  Andrew  Johnson 263 

Administration  of  General  Grant 268 

Second  Term  of  Grant's  Administration 274 

Administration  of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 280 

Administration  of  James  A.  Garfield 286 

Administration  of  Chester  A.  Arthur 288 

The  Century  of  Independence.      290 

Summary  of  Topics — Part  VI 300 

The  Declaration  of  Independence 306 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America 310 


LIST    OF    MAPS. 

AT  PAGE 

I.  Discoveries,  Explorations,  and  Ethnographic  Map  of  the  Indian 

Tribes  of  the  United  States  A.D.  1600 15 

II.   French  Claims  in  1750,  and  the  United  States  at  the  close  of 

the  Revolution 93 

III.  War  of  1812 179 

IV.  The  United  States  in  1820 195 

V.   The  War  of  Secession 231 

VI.   The  United  States  in  1880 287 

VII.   Territorial  Growth  of  the  United  States 299 


LIST  OF  CHARTS,  ETC. 

I.   Synchronal  Chart  of  American  Discovery  and  Colonization. ...  27 

II.   Synchronal  Chart  of  the  American  Revolution 157 

III.  Synchronal  Chart  of  the  War  of  1812 189 

IV.  Synchronal  Chart  of  the  War  of  Secession 257 

V.   Settlement  and  Admission  of  the  States 304 

VI.   The  Territories  of  the  United  States 305 

VII.   Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of  the  United  States 305 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PART  I.— INTRODUCTORY. 


THE    NEW   WORLD. 


i.  The  United  States 

is  now  one  of  the  great 
est  nations  of  the  world. 
In  size  and  in  popula 
tion  it  is  fourth  on  the  roll  of 
nations.  It  covers  three  millions 
and  a  half  of  square  miles,  and 
numbers  over  fifty  millions  of 
inhabitants.  It  stretches  across  the  continent  of  North  Amer 
ica,  and  occupies  the  middle  and  most  favored  regions.  By 
the  purchase  of  Alaska  from  Russia  its  frontier  was  carried 
to  Behring's  Strait  and  the  Arctic  Sea.  The  extent  of  the 


8  HISTOR  Y  OF  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

territory  ;  the  fertility  of  the  soil ;  the  variety  and  abundance 
of  the  productions  ;  the  number,  freedom,  and  industry  of 
the  people,  have  rendered  its  inhabitants  rich  and  powerful.* 
"  There  are  none  to  make  them  afraid." 

This  vast  domain  has  been  won  and  occupied  only 
by  degrees.  The  process  of  settlement  is  still  going  on. 
The  chief  advancement  has  been  made  in  little  more  than  a 
hundred  years.  The  youth  of  the  United  States  should 
learn  how  their  country  has  been  acquired  ;  and  by  what 
means  it  has  grown  great,  and  populous,  and  thriving.  The 
story  will  be  told  in  The  History  of  the  United  States. 

2.  The  Western  Hemisphere,  or  New  World,  which 
includes  North  and  South  America,  was  for  thousands  of  years 
unknown  to  the  nations  of  the  Old  World.     Ages  had  passed 
away  before  it  was  clearly  found  out  that  another  half  of  the 
globe  lay  beyond  the  Atlantic.     Less  than  four  hundred  years 
have  elapsed  since  the  existence  of  America  was  revealed  to 
the  people  of  Europe. 

THE   NATIVE   INHABITANTS   OF   THE    NEW   WORLD. 

3.  Native  Tribes,  called  Indians,!  had  been,  during  the 
previous  centuries,  in  possession  of   America.     Their   origin 
has  not  been  ascertained.     Some  of  their  legends,  and  other 
indications,  point  to  North-eastern  Asia  as  the  region  whence 
they  came.    Yet  this  is  only  conjecture.    Their  earliest  civiliza 
tion  has  been  referred  to  Egypt,  to  the  Lost  Tribes  of  the  Jews, 
and  to  Phoenician  traders.     They  have  been   supposed  to  be 
descendants  of  the  people  of  Atlantis,  a  large   island  in  the 
ocean  spoken  of  by  Plato.     Strange  stories  have  been  received 
among  themselves  :  that  they  swarmed  up,  like  locusts,  from 


*  The  term  ll  United  States  "  may  be  correctly  used  either  as  a  singular  or  as  a 
plural  noun.  When  it  designates  the  country,  or  the  territory,  it  is  appropriately 
treated  as  a  compound  designation,  and  as  singular.  When  it  applies  to  the  political 
system,  as  a  federation  of  States,  it  is  better  to  use  it  as  a  plural,  and  it  is  so  employed 
in  the  strict  language  of  diplomacy,  as  in  Art.  IX.  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent. 

t  It  was  supposed  that  India  had  been  reached  when  the  New  World  was  dis- 
covered. 


NATIVE  INHABITANTS.  g 

the  ground  ;  that  they  came  out  of  a  hole  ;  that  they  crawled 
up  by  the  roots  of  a  grape-vine  ;  that  they  fell  from  the  moon. 
All  is  dark  and  uncertain. 

4.  Most  of  these  tribes  were  rude  savages  when  first 
visited  by  Europeans.     But  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  and 
Peru  a  remarkable  degree   of   civilization  had  been  reached. 
There  the  native  population  had  regular  government,  orderly 
society  and  law,  vast  temples,  great  roads,  the  habit  of  culti 
vating  the  soil,  and  various  arts  of  usefulness  or  luxury. 

5.  Traces  of  early  and  half-civilized  races  are  scattered 
over  the  continent,  and  especially  in  the  valleys  of  the  Missis 
sippi  and  its  tributary  streams.     These  monuments  are  of  va 
rious  kinds  :  pyramids,  altars,  temples,  fortifications,  mounds, 
tombs,  earth  figures  of  animals,  crosses  and  crescents,  furrowed 


GRAVE  CREEK   MOUND,  WEST  VIRGINIA.* 

land,  pottery,  implements  of  stone  and  of  copper,  and  rude 
sculptures.  The  "great  serpent  "  on  the  Miami  is  1,000  feet 
long,  and  is  raised  five  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ground.  It 
cannot  be  ascertained  when  these  "  Mound  Builders  "  occu- 


*  This  mound  is  70  feet  in  height  by  900  feet  in  circumference.     Excavations  and 
explorations  have  been  made,  disclosing  vaults,  human  skeletons,  and  ornaments. 


10 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


pied  the  country.  It  is  equally  unknown  whence  they  derived 
their  arts.  They  must  have  existed  at  a  very  remote  period, 
as  old  forests  have  grown  over  the  buried  remains. 

THE   NORTH   AMERICAN  INDIANS. 

6.  The  Indians,  within  the  original  limits  of  the  United 
States,  were  all  savages,  but  savage  in  different  degrees.     They 
surrounded  with  constant  dangers  the  new-comers  who  crossed 
the  Atlantic  to  seize  upon  their  lands.     They  engaged  in  fre 
quent  and  bloody  wars  with  them.     In  peace  there  was  always 
reason  to  fear  stealthy  attack  and  midnight  murder. 

7.  The  complexion  of  the  Indians  is  usually  reddish- 
brown  or  copper-colored.     Hence  they  have  been  called  Red 

Men.  They  are  of 
moderate  height, 
straight  and  active. 
Their  features  are 
generally  regular. 
Their  cheek  -  bones 
are  high,  like  those  of 
the  Tartars.  Their 
hair  is  long,  coarse, 
and  black.  They 
have  little  beard,  or 
none  at  all.  They 
are  capable  of  much 
exertion,  and  of  great 
endurance,  without 
being  able  to  undergo 
the  fatigue  of  steady 
labor. 

8.  The  senses  of 
INDIVNS  AND  WIGWAM.  the    Indian     are 

keen,  and  are  sharpened  by  the  habit  of  their  lives.  Their 
observation  of  outward  things  is  quick  and  accurate.  They 


THE  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 


II 


discern  signs  on  the  grass  and  in  the  woods  which  escape  the 
notice  of  more  cultivated  races.  They  are  daring  and  self- 
possessed  ;  treacherous,  vindictive,  and  cruel.  They  are  stern 
and  dignified  in  bearing,  and  are  always  cautious  and  reserved 
before  strangers. 

9.  They  had  no  houses  and  no  regular  occupation. 

They  dwelt  in  huts  made 
of  branches  of  trees,  or 
in  tents  covered  with 
bark,  or  with  the  skins  of 
wild  animals.  These  they 
set  up  where  grass  and 
water,  game  or  fish,  invit 
ed  them  to  bide  for  a 
time.  They  removed  to 
other,  and  often  distant 
places,  whenever  the 
failure  of  provisions,  or 
other  motives  rendered  a 
change  of  abode  desir 
able.  They  got  their 
main  support  by  hunting 
and  fishing.  They  cul 
tivated  only  small  patches 
of  ground,  on  which  they 
raised  Indian  -  corn,  or 
maize,  melons  of  various 
kinds,  tobacco,  and  a  few 
other  plants,  for  food  or 
for  indulgence.  They 
were  a  rude,  a  lazy,  and 
a  roving  people,  scarcely 
thinking  of  the  morrow, 

and     seldom      providing  AN  INDIAN  CHIEF. 

sufficient  maintenance  for  the  winter  or  even  for  the  next  day. 


I2  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

10.  War  was  the   Indian's  joy.      He  fought  for  his 
hunting  grounds  ;  he  fought  for  revenge  ;  he  fought  for  glory. 
He  fought  for  the  admiration  of  his  tribe  and  of  his  women. 
He  fought  for  the   sake  of  fighting,  and  to  become  expert  in 
the  use  of  his  arms.     He  decked  himself  for  battle,  with  paint 
and  feathers  and  other  ornaments.     His  weapons  were  spear 
and  bow,  and  tomahawk  and  scalping-knife.     He  was  blood 
thirsty,  and  full    of   trick    and   cunning.     He  tore  the  scalp 
from  his  wounded  or  slaughtered  foe,  to  hang  it  as  a  trophy  in 
his  wigwam  or  hut.     He  put  his  prisoners  to  death  with  slow 
and  varied  tortures.     He  danced  round  them  and  reviled  them 
in  their  agony,  while  they  sang  their  death-song  and  chanted 
their  own  praises  in  the  midst  of  their  sufferings. 

11.  Hunting"  was  his  chief  employment.     By  this  he 
procured  his  sustenance,  his  clothing,  his  ornaments,  and  the 
covering  for  his  wigwam  and  his  bed.     Buffalo  and  other  ani 
mals  furnished  him  with    food    and   dress,  and    shelter   and 
warmth.     He  had  neither  flocks  nor  herds  ;  neither  horse  nor 
cow.  He  had  no  tame  animal  but  his  dog.  He  had  no  plough, 
no  harrow,  no  spade,  no  cart.     He  had  few  tools   or  utensils. 
What  he  had  were  of  stone,  or  earthenware,  or  wood.     If  his 
boat  was  made  out  of  a  log,  not  of  bark  or  hides,  he  hollowed 
it  out  with  a  flint  axe  and  with  fere.     He  was   ignorant  of  the 
use  of  iron,  and  tipped  his  arrows  with   stone  flakes.     He  had 
some  knowledge  of  copper,  which  had  been  employed  by  the 
Mound  Builders. 

His  arms  were  axe  and  spear,  and  shield  and  bow, 
But  naught  of  iron  did  he  seem  to  know  ; 
For  all  his  cutting  tools  were  edged  with  flint, 
Or  with  soft  copper,  that  soon  turned  and  bent. 

12.  The  women  performed  the  harsh  labors  of  daily 
life.  They  were  bought  as  brides,  and  sold  as  daughters.  They 
carried  home  the  game,  skinned  it,  and  cut  it  up.    They  dressed 
the  skins.     They  gathered  the  fuel,  made  the  fire,  and  cooked 
the  meat.     They  planted  and  hoed  the  ground,  and  harvested 


THE  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 


the  crop.  On  the  journeys  they  were  bur 
dened  with  the  babies,  the  cooking  pots,  and 
the  tents.  They  did  all  the  drudgery  of 
the  camp,  and  experienced  constant  neglect. 
Little  attention  was  paid  to  the  children 
after  their  infancy.  They  were  only  taught 
to  imitate  in  play  the  serious  actions  of  their 
parents. 

13.  The  Indians  had  little  religion 
and  less  government.     They  sacrificed 
to  the  Powers  of  Evil,  and  had  only  a  dim 
notion  of  a  good  and  supreme  God.     They 
had  some  superstitious  rites  and  ceremonies 
and  charms.     They  expected,  after  death, 
to   join    their   ancestors    in   "  The    Happy 
Land,"  and  to  renew  beyond  the  grave  the 
warfare  and  the  chase  which  had  occupied 
them  on  earth.     To  fit  them  for  the  long 
and  lonely  journey,  their  bow,  their  quiver, 
their  tomahawk,  their  bowl  and  pipe,  with 
corn,  venison,  and  tobacco,  were  entombed 
with   them.     The  life  of  the  other   world 
was  deemed  a  continuation  of  the  life  in 
this.     They  had  no  political   constitution. 
They  were  bound  together  in  families  and 
tribes  by  a  supposed  relationship  of  blood. 
They  knew  no  law,  and  were  restrained  by 
a  few  customs.     They  had  no  courts,  no 
judges,  no  rulers.     The  Chief,  the  Sachem,* 
and  the  Medicine  Man,  were  the  only  au 
thorities.    Obedience  was  not  enforced.     It 
was  yielded  purely  of  free-will. 

14.  Letters  and  the  art  of  writing  INDIAN  Bo\v, 
were  entirely  unknown.     Symbols  and 


;,  ARROW, 


ETC. 


*  All  leaders  in  war  were  called  chiefs,  and  were  elected.    The    Sachem  was  a 


I4  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

signs,  and  strings  of  shells,*  and  rough  paintings  on  rocks 
or  skins,  were  employed,  to  some  extent,  as  means  of  com 
munication  or  commemoration.  The  Cherokee,  Sequoy'ah, 
called  also  George  Guess,  was  the  first  to  invent,  about  sixty 
years  ago,  signs  for  his  people's  language.  The  Indians,  how 
ever,  possess  a  Gesture  Language,  by  which  different  tribes  are 
enabled  to  hold  intercourse  with  each  other. 

-15.  Four  great  stocks,  or  families,  embrace  nearly  all 
the  Indians  that  were  found  east  of  the  Mississippi.  These 
are  the  Algon'quin,  the  Ir'oquois,  the  Appal'achee,  and  the 
Cher'okee.  The  Chico'ras,  the  Catawbas,  the  Yem'assees,  the 
Uchees',  and  the  Natchez,  are  not  included  in  the  four  stocks. 
West  of  the  Mississippi  were  the  Daco'tahs,  the  Shoshonees', 
the  Ap'aches,  the  Coman'ches,  and  the  numerous  indistinct 
tribes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  of  the  Pacific  slope.  Of 
the  Eastern  Indians,  the  Iroquois  had  advanced  furthest  in 
social  order  and  the  arts  of  life.  They  formed  a  regular  con 
federation,  named,  first,  the  Five,  and  afterwards,  the  Six 
Nations. 

16.  The  Indians  are  supposed  to  be  all  of  one  race,f 
with  the  single  exception  of  the  Esquimaux.     Great  differences 
of    appearance,   of  disposition,   of  culture,   and   of   language 
separate  the  several  groups.     The  hair  is  always  of  the   same 
peculiar  character,  and  a  like  structure  prevails   through  the 
numerous  languages  and  dialects. 

17.  The  first  English  settlers  came  in  contact  with 
various  branches  of  the  Algonquin  stock  along  the  Atlantic 
coast.J      The  descendants  of    these    settlers   now   cover   the 
continent  from  the  eastern  to  the  western  ocean.     Their  native 
antagonists  have  disappeared   like  dew  from  the  prairie,  and 


permanent  chief  of  the  tribe.     His  office  was  usually  hereditary ;  but  he  might  be 
Bet  aside. 

*  Sea  wan,  or  Wampum,  is  the  name  of  such  strings. 

t  This  has  been  questioned  in  recent  years. 

\  Powhatans',  Delawares,  Manhattans,  Mohicans,  Pequods,  Narragansetts,  etc. 


Ixmyiturle  Wejl          go          from  Oreenwic-h. 


Ethnographic  Map 

OF  THE 

INDIAN  TRI15KS 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES 

A.  P.  1600. 


Engraved  fvr  Holme*'  Hiitvry  of  the  United  State* 


DISC 0  VER  Y  OF  AMERICA .  1 5 

have  dwindled  away  to  less  than  half  a  million  in  the  whole 
wide  territory  of  the  United  States.* 


THE    DISCOVERY    OF    AMERICA. 

18.  Early  visits  to  America  are  reported  in  numerous 
traditions.  -They  are,  for  the  most  part,  wild  dreams.  Plato's 
fable  of  Atlantis  has  been  already  mentioned.  Other  fables 
are  equally  vain.  The  expedition  of  the  Welsh  prince,  Madoc, 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  twelfth  century,  is  as  visionary  as  the 
story  of  St.  Brandan's  Isle.f  More  respect  may,  perhaps,  be 
paid  to  the  statement  that  Buddhists,  from  Central  Asia,  visited 
America  in  the  fifth  century.  The  tale  of  Icelandic  and  Nor 
wegian  explorations  and  settlements  on  the  coasts  of  Greenland 
and  the  shores  of  New  England,  in  the  tenth  and  eleventh 
centuries,^  is  better  founded.  They  did  not  come  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  rest  of  Europe.  The  history  of  America 
begins  only  in  the  last  years  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

19  The  beautiful  city  of  Genoa  fronts  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It  is  sheltered  from  bleak 
winds  by  the  chain  of  the  Apennines.  Its  commerce,  its 
wealth,  and  its  power  obtained  for  it  the  designation  of  Genoa 
the  Proud.  The  epithet  was  justified  by  the  splendor  of  its 
palaces  and  by  the  daring  of  its  citizens.  Much  of  its  great 
ness  had  been  lost  in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Yet 


*  The  number  reported  to  the  Commissioners  of  Indian  Affairs  in  1881  was  246,417, 
exclusive  of  Alaska. 

t  St.  Brandan's  Isle  was  that  appearance  of  clouds  or  haze  on  the  horizon,  re 
sembling  land,  which  is  now  familiar  to  seamen  as  Cape  Fly-Away.  It  often  de 
ceived  the  navigators  of  the  Atlantic,  who  mistook  it  for  a  new  country  in  the  West, 
which  they  pursued,  but  could  not  reach,  as  it  retained  its  distance  or  vanished  from 
them. 

t  These  Scandinavian  discoveries  are  now  extensively  believed.  It  has  been  sup 
posed  that  the  communication  with  Greenland  was  interrupted  by  a  great  change  of 
climate  and  by  vast  icebergs,  about  1350. 


i6 


HIST  OR  Y  OF  THE   UNITED  STA  TES, 


it  still  had  many  vessels  at  sea.  It  still  traded  with  the  East 
and  with  the  West.  It  still  waged  war  with  the  Sultans  of 
Constantinople,  with  the  Caliphs  of  Egypt,  and  with  the  pirates 
who  plundered  the  shores  of  Italy,  and  captured  Christians 
to  sell  them  as  slaves  to  the  Turks. 

20.  In  this  city  a  boy  was  born,  about  the  year  1440, 


COLUMBUS. 

who  lived  to  do  greater  things  than  had  ever  been  achieved  in 
his  native  State  in  the  days  of  its  highest  renown.*  He  was 
named  Christopher  Columbus.  He  was  brought  up  in 

*  The  Genoese  are  credited  with  an  early  attempt  to  discover  land  beyond  the 
Atlantic  ;  but  the  authority  for  the  statement  is  not  given. 

"  The  Genoese  *  *  made  an  effort  in  the  year  1291  to  obtain  that  discovery  of  a  new 
world  westward  which  their  countryman  Columbus  effected  two  centuries  later.  *  * 
They  sent  out  two  galleys  for  this  important  purpose,  under  Theodosius  Doria  and 
Ugolin  Vivaldo,  who  were  directed  to  sail  far  westward,  without  the  Straits  of  Gib^ 
raltar,  in  quest  of  new  countries ;  but  they  were  never  heard  of  more." 


DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA.  !7 

poverty  ;  in  the  midst  of  political  strife  and  change  and  ad 
venture.  While  very  young  he  became  a  sailor,  and  was  en 
gaged  in  the  naval  warfare  with  the  corsairs  of  Barbary,  and 
with  the  Ottoman  Turks,  who  had  recently  conquered  Con 
stantinople,  and  subdued  the  last  remnant  of  the  old  Empire 
of  Rome. 

21.  In  one  of  his  voyages  Columbus  was  wrecked  off  the 
southern  coast  of  Portugal.     He  saved  his  life  by  swimming, 
and  reached  Lisbon,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  where  his 
brother  was  employed  as  a  maker  of  maps  and  dealer  in  charts. 
A  great  demand  for  these  had  sprung  up  in  consequence  of  the 
geographical  discoveries  and  exploring  voyages  of  the  Portu 
guese.     Christopher  Columbus  joined  his  brother  in  his  occu 
pations,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  geographical  ex 
plorations,   especially  of  those  connected  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

22.  Columbus  became  convinced   that  India  and    the 
eastern  shores  of  Asia  could  be  most  readily  reached 
by  sailing  West  across  the  Atlantic.     He  applied  to 
different  States  and   sovereigns  for  the  means  of  undertaking 
such  a  voyage,  and  thus  determining  the  truth  of  his  conclu 
sions.      He  wrote,  he  travelled,  he  sent  messengers  to  entreat 
public  support  for  his  enterprise,  as  he  was  too  poor  to  make 
the  experiment  without  aid.     He  is  said  to  have  first  applied 
to  the  city  of  his  birth  ;  he  applied  to  the  King  of  Portugal ; 
he  applied  to  the  sovereigns  of    Aragon  and  Castile,  but  was 
treated  with  ridicule.     He  sent  his  brother  to  England  to  seek 
the  assistance  of  Henry  VII.     His  brother  was  captured  on 
his  way  by  pirates.     Columbus  was  leaving  the  Spanish   court 
to  beg  help  from  the  King  of  France,  when  he   was  recalled 
by  Queen  Isabella  of  Castile,  who  promised  to  assist  and  be 
friend  him.     She  and  her  husband,  Ferdinand  of    Aragon,  had 
just  completed  the  conquest  of  the  last   Moorish  kingdom  in 
Spain. 

23.  The  favor  of  the  Queen  led  others  to  promote 


1 8  HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

the  undertaking.  She  gave  less  than  ten  thousand  dollars 
to  the  great  enterprise,  but  this  small  sum  secured  the  experi 
ment.*  A  few  friends  and  hopeful  adventurers  supplied  the 
further  means  requisite  for  fitting  out  a  small  expedition  to  at 
tempt  the  passage  of  the  Atlantic  and  a  western  voyage  to  the 
coast  of  Asia. 

Three  small  vessels,  scarcely  larger  than  modern  pilot-boats,! 
were  made  ready  at  Palos,  a  small  port  in  the  south-east  of 
Spain.  With  these  Columbus  set  out,  in  August,  1492.  Week 
after  week  passed  drearily  by.  Calms  delayed  progress.  Winds 
came  from  the  wrong  quarter,  and  drove  the  ships  out  of  their 
course.  No  land  appeared.  The  hearts  of  the  sailors  sank 
within  them.  They  feared  that  they  would  never  return  to 
their  homes — would  never  see  any  shore  again  ;  but  would  drift 
on  the  measureless  waters  till  their  provisions  were  consumed, 
or  would  go  down  in  the  midst  of  the  ocean  and  be  heard  of 
no  more.  Columbus  with  difficulty  persuaded  them  to  con 
tinue  the  voyage.  Soon  his  persuasions  lost  their  power. 

24.  Columbus  noticed  green  branches  floating  on  the 
waters,  and  land  birds  flying  about.  He  hoped  that  a  few 
days  might  bring  him  in  sight  of  some  shore.  Before  the 
appointed  time  had  expired,  a  distant  light  was  seen  ;  next 
morning  land  was  discovered.  The  weary  voyagers  landed 
on  the  1 2th  of  October,  on  an  island  named  Guanahani  (gwa/i- 
nah-hah'nec).  It  is  a  small  island  among  the  Bahamas. 

Possession  of  the  new  country  was  solemnly  taken  in 
the  name  of  the  Queen  of  Castile.  Columbus  received  pres 
ents  of  gold  from  the  natives,  and  sailed  in  search  of  the  re 
gions  whence  the  gold  came.  He  discovered  Cuba,  which  he 
took  to  be  Japan,  and  St.  Domingo,  named  by  him  Hispaniola 


*  The  actual  amount  contributed  by  the  Queen,  or,  according  to  the  official  entry, 
only  lent,  is  variously  stated  by  different  authors.  By  some  it  is  put  as  high  as 
$17,000  or  $18,000  ;  by  others,  as  low  as  $3,500.  Its  value  in  present  purchasing-  power 
has  been  estimated  at  as  much  as  $50,000. 

t  The  Santa  Maria  (mah-ree'aJi),  of  about  one  hundred  tons  burden,  the  Pinta 
Mina  (ntee'nah),  both  smaller. 


DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA. 


(Little  Spain),  where  he  built  a  fort.  He  then  returned  to 
Spain.  He  was  welcomed  by  the  King  and  Queen  with  high 
honors.  He  was  appointed  Admiral  and  Governor-General  of 
the  countries  which  he  had  discovered,  or  might  afterwards 
discover. 

25.  Columbus  made  three  other  voyages  with  the 
hope  of  reaching  the  main  land  of  Asia.  He  thought  Cuba, 
St.  Domingo,  and  the  islands  around  them  belonged  to  that 
continent.  Hence  they  were  called  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
native  inhabitants  were  named  Indians. 

From  his  second  ex- 
pedition  Columbus 
was  recalled  by  cal 
umnies  at  home  occa 
sioned  by  disturbances 
in  the  colony. 

On  the  third  voy 
age  he  discovered  the 
mainland  of  South . 
America  and  the 
mouth  of  the  great 
river  Orinoco. 

On  the  fourth  voy 
age  he  coasted  along 
the  shores  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  still  seek 
ing  a  passage  to  the 
spice  regions  of  Asia.  He  suffered  many  hardships  and  indig 
nities,  and  came  back  to  Spain,  after  an  absence  of  more  than 
two  years,  broken  in  health,  in  spirit,  and  in  fortune.  He 
soon  died,  without  obtaining  redress.*  His  remains  are  said 
to  be  buried  in  the  Cathedral  of  Havana. 


AMERIGO  VESPUCCI. 


*  In  1500,  Columbus  had  been  sent  home  in  chains.  When  the  captain  of  the  vessel 
conveying  him  wished  to  remove  them,  he  replied  :  u  I  will  wear  them  as  a  memento 
of  the  gratitude  of  princes." 


20  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

26.  The  Continent  of  North  America  was  discov 
ered  by  the  Cabots,  sailing  under  the  English  flag,  a  year 
before  South  America  was  reached  by  Columbus.  In  1499, 
Amerigo  Vespucci  (ves-poot' chee),  a  Florentine,  voyaging  in 
company  with  Ojeda  (p-hdtha),  coasted  along  the  Southern 
Continent.  From  him  America  received  its  name. 


SPANISH   COLONIZATION. 

27.  The  gold  brought  home  by  Columbus,  and  the 

larger  quantities  afterwards  sent  to  Spain  by  Spanish  explorers, 
excited  the  greed  and  quickened  the  spirit  of  adven 
ture  among  the  Spanish  people.  Multitudes  followed  the 
course  of  the  setting  sun,  in  the  hope  of  sudden  wealth.  New 
islands  and  new  tracts  of  the  continent  were  discovered.  The 
natives  were  made  to  work  in  the  mines,  where  they  perished 
under  the  hard  tasks  and  severe  labor  imposed  upon  them  by  un 
merciful  masters.  A  benevolent  priest,  Las  Casas,  desirous  of 
saving  them  from  destruction,  recommended  the  employment 
of  captured  Africans  in  their  stead.  This  was  the  beginning 
of  negro  slavery  and  of  the  slave-trade  in  America. 

28.  The  discovery  of  North  America  by  Sebastian 
Cabot  led  to  no  immediate  result,  for  all  lands  discovered  in 
the  West  had  been  granted  to  Spain  by  the  Pope.* 

Brazil  was  acquired  accidentally  by  Portugal,  notwithstand 
ing  this  grant. 

In  half  a  century  the  Spanish  dominions  embraced  the' 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  islands  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  the  lower  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  the  great  Empire  of 
Mexico,  and  the  extensive  tract,  rich  in  gold  and  silver  and 


*  A  bull  had  been  issued  in  favor  of  Portugal,  by  Pope  Nicholas  V.,  in  January, 
1434.  The  grant  was  designed  to  cover  all  discoveries  along  the  coast  of  Africa.  Sim 
ilar  grants  had  been  made  to  that  crown  twice  before  by  Martin  V.  The  bull  to  Spain 
was  given  by  Alexander  VI.,  in  May,  1493,  and  conceded  to  it  "  the  new  world  dis 
covered  by  Columbus." 


SPANISH  COLONIZATION.  21 

other  wealth,  between  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific.  The  islands 
of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  alone  remain  now  in  the  possession 
of  Spain. 

29.  Great  energy,  daring,  endurance,  and  skill  were 
shown  in  gaining  these  vast  territories.     The  cruelty,  brutality, 
and  greed  of  the  adventurers  surpassed  even  their  courage. 
The  story  of  the  conquest  is  full  of  surprising  events,  and  is 
as  wonderful  as  the  wonders  of  romance. 

Balboa,  an  outlaw,  was  the  first  European  who  saw  the  great 
South  Sea,  or  Pacific  Ocean. 

Fernando  Cortez  overthrew  the  Empire  of  Mexico,  and 
took  possession  of  its  wide  and  rich  domains. 

Francisco  Pizarro  dethroned  the  Incas,  or  native  monarchs, 
of  Peru,  and  conquered  the  regions  subject  to  their  sceptre. 

Ponce  de  Leon  (ponthd- da-la  on)  sought  in  Florida  the 
Fountain  of  Youth,  to  relieve  him  from  old  age.* 

Ferdinand  de  Soto  advanced  from  the  shores  of  Florida, 
through  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  fighting  his  way 
with  disastrous  loss  through  successive  Indian  tribes.  He 
discovered  and  crossed  the  mighty  river  Mississippi,  and  was 
buried  beneath  its  waters. 

Coronado  started  from  the  City  of  Mexico  to  discover  the 
Seven  Golden  Cities  of  Quivara  (kee-vah'rati),  which  he  never 
found.  He  reached  the  Canadian  and  Red  Rivers,  which 
flowed  into  the  Mississippi.  He  heard  of  the  Great  River, 
but  never  saw  it.  He  recrossed  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
returned  to  Mexico. 

30.  The  value  of  these   large  possessions  was  greatly  en 
hanced  by  the  discovery  of  rich  and  apparently  exhaust- 
less  mines  of  gold  and  silver  in  Mexico  and  Peru.     The 
treasure  derived  from  them  was  so  abundant  that  industry  and 
trade  of  all  kinds  were   greatly  increased  in  the  countries  01 
the   Old   World,  and   the  value  of  the  precious  metals   was 


*  The  legend  of  the  "  Fountain  of  Youth"  has  been  associated  with  the  Wakulla 
Spring,  16  miles  from  Tallahassee. 


22  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

much  reduced.  These  mines  continued  to  supply,  for  more 
than  three  hundred  years,  the  main  part  of  the  gold  and  silver 
used  for  business  or  for  ornament.  Their  productiveness  has 
only  been  surpassed  by  the  recent  mines  of  the  Rocky  Moun 
tains  and  of  Australasia. 


FRENCH  EXPLORATION  AND  SETTLE 
MENT. 

31.  The  Spaniards  had  secured  their  conquests  before  any 
other  nation  had   gained  a  foothold  in  America,  except  the 
Portuguese  in   Brazil.     John  Verazzani   (-zah'nee)  a  Floren 
tine,  sent  out  by  Francis  I.,  of  France,  had  explored,  in  a  single 

vessel,  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Chesapeake  Bay.     He  had  sailed  along  the  shores 
of  New  England  and  Nova  Scotia. 

32.  Ten   years  later,  while  Cortez  was  ruling  Mexico  and 
Pizarro    overrunning    Peru,    Jacques    Cartier    (zhak   cart'ya) 
started  from  the  French  harbor  of  St.  Male's,  sailed  to  New 
foundland,  and  ascended  the  broad  river  of  Canada.     On  a 
second  voyage,  next  year,  he  reached  the  great  basin  between 
Newfoundland  and  New  Brunswick  on  the   day  of  St.  Law 
rence,  and  gave  the   name  of  that   saint  to  both  the  Gulf  and 
the  noble  stream  which  pours   into  it  the  waters  of  the  great 
lakes  in  the  interior  of  the  continent.     He  passed  up  the  St. 
Lawrence  River    nearly  500    miles,  to   the    Isle   of   Orleans 
(Hochelaque),  below  the  heights  of  Quebec,  and  took  posses 
sion  of  the  country  for  the  crown  of  France. 

33.  At  the  opening  of  the  French  War  of  Religion,  Admiral 
,         Coligny  (co-leenye],  the  great  and  good  leader  of  the 

Huguenots,  sought  a  safe  retreat  in  America  for  his 
fellow-Protestants.  John  Ribault  (re-bo}  was  put  in  com 
mand  of  the  emigrants.  He  settled  a  colony  on  Port  Royal 
harbor,  and  called  it  Fort  Charles,  or  Carolina,  after  Charles 


FRENCH  SETTLEMENT.  23 

IX.,  the  reigning  king.     The  post  was  abandoned  on  Ribault's 
return  to  France  soon  after. 

34.  A  second  attempt  was  made.  Laudonniere  (lo- 
don-ydre]  carried  the  exiles  in  three  ships,  and  built  a  second 
Fort  Carolina  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  of  May — the  St.  John's 
— in  Florida.  The  settlers  became  discontented,  and  longed  to 


THE    OLD    GATEWAY    AT    ST.    AUGUSTINE,    FLORIDA. 

return  home.  Ribault  arrived  with  fresh  colonists,  bringing 
their  families,  farm  implements,  and  stock.  Fort  Carolina  was 
within  the  dominions  claimed  by  Spain. 

Philip  II.  had  granted  a  commission  to  Melendez  de 
Avila    (md-lendeth    da  av'e-lati)    to    settle    and 
28  Aug.       govern  Florida.     Reaching  the  coast  on  the  day 
of  St.  Augustine,  he  gave  that  name  to  the  fine  harbor  and  the 
river  which  he  discovered,  and  to  the  town  which  he  built  there. 


24  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

This  is  now  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States.  About 
three  weeks  after  his  arrival,  he  surprised  Fort  Carolina  in  the 
absence  of  Ribault,  and  massacred  all  who  fell  into  his  hands — 
u  not  as  Frenchmen,  but  as  Huguenots." 

35.  This  butchery  was  soon  avenged.     Dominic  de 

Gourgues  (goorg),  a  Gascon  gentleman,  fitted  out 
three  ships,  sailed  to  Florida,  recaptured  the  fort, 
and  hanged  his  prisoners.  He  placed  over  them  the  inscrip 
tion  :  "  Not  as  Spaniards,  but  as  traitors,  robbers,  and  murder 
ers!'  The  Civil  Wars  in  France  prevented  the  restoration  of 
the  French  colony,  and  the  prosecution  of  French  adventure. 

36.  When  the  wars  were  over,  Henry  IV.  renewed  the 
effort  to  secure  French  settlements  in  America.     The  first 
attempts  failed.     At  length  Samuel  Champlain  was   sent  by 

the  merchants  of  Rouen  to  establish  a  colony, 
lOOo.  jje  founcied  Quebec,  high  up  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
He  was  the  father  of  French  settlements  in  America.  He 
devoted  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  to  extending  them 
along  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  creating  the  do 
minion  of  New  France  or  Canada. 

37.  The  missionary  zeal  of  the  Jesuits  greatly  aided 
the  efforts  of  Champlain.     In  fifty  years  from  his  death,  they 
had  discovered  the  Great  Lakes,  had  reached  the  Mississippi, 
had  descended  that  long  and  noble  stream,  and  had  gained  for 
France   the  unbounded  territory  of  Louisiana.     In  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  the  French   claimed   the  whole  valley   of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  that  of  the  Mississippi,  besides  the  unknown 
region  round  Lake  Superior. 


DUTCH  AND  SWEDISH  SETTLEMENTS. 

38.  The  Dutch  began  their  trading  voyages  to 
North  America  the  year  after  the  foundation  of  Quebec, 
but  as  soon  as  their  independence  of  Spain  was  assured 


DUTCH  AND   SWEDISH  SETTLEMENTS.  25 

Henry  Hudson,  an  English  captain,  was  employed  by  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company,  to  search  for  a  north-west  passage  to  the 
Indies.  He  was  driven  back  by  ice,  and  followed  the  Amer 
ican  coast  down  to  the  capes  of  the  Chesapeake.  He  would 
not  enter  that  splendid  bay,  as  he  knew  that  its  waters  were 
already  occupied  by  England.  He  turned  back, 
1609.  entered  the  bay  of  New  York,  discovered  the 
North,  or  Hudson  River,  and  ascended  it  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Albany.  Next  year  he  perished  in  the  great  northern  gulf, 
called  after  him  Hudson's  Bay. 

39.  Hudson's  report  of  "the  goodly  land''  which  he 
had  visited,  induced  the  merchants  of  Amsterdam  to  send 
vessels  to  trade  with  the  Indians  of  that  country,  for  skins  and 
furs,  and  other  wild  commodities.      A  fort  was  erected  on 
Manhattan  Island.      The  town  which  spread  around  the  fort 
was  called  New  Amsterdam.     It  has  grown  into  the  populous, 
busy,   and  wealthy   city    of   New   York.      A    settlement  was 
begun  just  below  the  site  of  what  is  now  Albany.     Trading 
posts  were  established  on  the  Connecticut  River.     For  ten 
years,  trade  with  the  Indians  was  all  that  was  thought  of,  as 
the  Hudson  River  and  its  banks  were  included  in  the  claims 
and  in  the  grants  of  England.     These  claims  were,  however, 
disregarded  by  the   Dutch  West  India  Company,  who  took 
possession  of  the  country  from  the  mouth  of  the  Delaware  to 
Cape  Cod,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  New  Netherlands. 

40.  To  secure  their  settlements  along  the  Delaware  and  the 
Hudson,  the  Dutch  granted  extensive  tracts,  or  man 
ors,  to  those  who  transported  settlers  and  established  planta 
tions.     These  large  estates  did  not  encourage  population,  and 
they  caused  enduring  discontent.     The  thinly  inhabited  and 
scattered  settlements  were  exposed  to  Indian  attack ;  and  the 
Indians  were  provoked  by  harshness  and  injustice.     Other 
dangers  arose  from  the  conflicting  claims  to  the  country. 

41.  Gustavus  Adolphus,  the  great  Protestant  King 
of  Sweden,  recommended  colonization  in  America,  in  order 

2 


26  HISTORY   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

to  strengthen  Protestantism,  and  to  further  Swedish  trade. 
He  was  too  deeply  engaged  in  war  to  carry  his  recommenda 
tions  into  effect.  After  his  death,  Swedish  emigrants  estab 
lished  themselves  on  Delaware  Bay.  They  were  left  undis 
turbed  for  some  years.  The  Dutch,  however,  became  jealous 
of  them ;  and  the  West  India  Company  ordered  their  officers 
in  the  New  Netherlands  "  to  drive  the  Swedes  into  the  river, 
or  to  compel  them  to  submission." 

42.  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch   Governor,  called 
out  the  colonial  troops,  and,  in  a  single  campaign,  forced  all 
the  Swedish   forts  to  surrender.     Resistance  was  vain.     The 
army  of  the  assailants  was  neither  numerous  nor  formidable. 
The  Swedes  were   only  a  few   hundred,  and  were  too  much 
scattered  to  offer  any  combined  opposition.* 

43.  The  Dutch  did  not  long  enjoy  their  unjust  tri 
umph  over  the  Swedes.     England  had  always  claimed  the 
country  occupied  by  both.     The  Dutch  had  given  frequent 
provocations  to  the  English  in  Europe,  in  America,  and  in  the 
East  Indies.     On  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  to  the  British 
throne,  he  granted  to  his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York,  after 
wards  James  II.,  the  country  between  the  Delaware  and  the 
Connecticut  rivers. 

An  expedition  was  sent  against  the  Dutch  colony 
1664.  on  the  Hudson.  New  Amsterdam  surrendered  at 
once,  and  received  the  name  of  New  York,  from  the  title  of 
the  Duke.  The  dominion  of  Holland  in  North  America  was 
closed  after  an  existence  of  fifty  years.  Descendants  of  the 
early  Dutch  settlers  are  prominent  citizens  of  the  States  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  the  present  day.  Names  of 
places  also  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  Dutch  rule. 

*  This  mean  and  petty  war  has  been  humorously  related  by  Washington  Irving, 
in  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York. 


I.  SYNCH RONAL  CHART  OF  AMKRK 


NORSE 


970.  Greenland  discovered  by  Gun 
982.  The  East  Coast  of  Greenlan 

of  Iceland. 
TOOL   The    Icelanders  Leif    Eriksoi 

Massachusetts,  etc 


SPANISH    AND    PORTUGUESE. 


1492.   Oct.     12,    America,     by    Chris 
topher  Columbus. 

1498.  South  America,  by  Columbus. 

1499.  Voyage  of  Amerigo  Vespucci. 

1500.  Brazil,   by    the  Portuguese  Cor- 

tereal. 

1512.  Florida,  by  Ponce  de  Leon. 

1513.  The  Pacific,  by  Balboa. 
1519.  Conquest  of  Mexico,  by  Cortez. 


1526-32.   Conquest  of  Peru, by  Pizarro. 
1528.  Cabeza  de  Vaca  crosses  the  New 

Continent. 
1532.  California,  by  Grijalva. 

1539-42.   The  Mississippi,  by  De  Sotc. 


1565.   St.  Augustine,  in  Florida,  found 
ed  by  Melendez  de  Avila. 


1524.  Verazzani  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  North  America. 


1534.   The  St.  Lawrence  and  Canada 

by  Jacques  Cartier. 
1562.  Port  Royal,  in  South  Carolina 

settled  by  Kibault. 
1564.  Fort  Carolina,  in  Florida,  set 

tied  by  Ribault. 


1608.   Quebec  founded  by  Champlaif 


\'  DISCOVERY  AND  COLONIZATION. 


JOVERIES. 


•n,  from  Iceland. 

iscoverecl  by  Erik  Rauda  (the  Red), 

nd  Bib'rn  explore  Vinland,    Canada, 


DUTCH    AND    SWEDISH. 


ENGLISH. 


1609.   The  Hudson,  by  Henry  Hud 
son. 


1638.  The  Swedes,  on  Delaware  Bay. 


1496-97.   North     America,      by      the 
Cabots. 


1525.   Expedition  sent  to  Nyrth  Amer 
ica  by  Henry  VIII. 


1576.   Frobisher's  voyages. 

1583.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's  explora 

tions. 

1584.  Expedition  to  Roanoke  Island, 

by  Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

1585.  Lane's  Colony. 
1587    White's  Colony. 

1600.   Gosnold's  attempt  in  New  Eng 
land. 

1607.  Virginia  Colony  at  Jamestown. 
Popham's  Colony  at  Sagahadok. 


1620.   Plymouth  Colony. 

1630    Massachusetts  Bay  Colony. 

1633.    Maryland. 


SUMMARY  OF   TOPICS.  27 


SUMMARY  OF  TOPICS.— PART   I. 

FOR  USE  IN  RECITATION  AND  REVIEW. 

The  New  World.  I.  The  United  States ;  size  ;  population  ;  situa 
tion  ;  how  acquired  ;  the  story.  2.  The  New  World  ;  long  unknown  ; 
how  long  known. 

The  Natives.  3.  The  Indians  ;  origin  ;  legends.  4.  The  social  con 
dition.  5.  Traces  of  civilized  races  ;  the  Mound  Builders. 

The  North  American  Indians.  6.  Their  relations  to  colonists.  7. 
Complexion  ;  frame  ;  features.  8.  Physical  aptitudes  ;  characteristics. 
9.  Dwellings  ;  occupations.  10.  Delight  in  war  ;  conduct  in  battle  ;  to 
prisoners.  1 1.  Chief  employment  ;  tame  animals  ;  implements,  tools, 
utensils.  12.  Condition  and  treatment  of  women — and  children.  13.  Re 
ligion  ;  government.  14.  Letters  ;  means  of  communication  ;  inven 
tion  of  characters.  15.  Principal  branches  east  of  the  Mississippi — 
west  of  the  Mississippi  ;  most  advanced  tribes.  16.  Unity  of  the  race  ; 
differences  ;  agreement.  17.  Stock  encountered  by  the  English  settlers  ; 
diminution  of  the  number  of  the  Indians. 

Discovery  of  America.  18.  Early  visits  to  America  ;  Atlantis  ; 
Madoc  ;  visits  in  the  fifth  and  tenth  centuries  ;  Icelanders  and  Nor 
wegians.  19.  Genoa.  20.  The  boy  born  there  ;  his  early  life.  21.  Co 
lumbus  at  Lisbon.  22.  His  scheme  of  sailing  westward  ;  his  efforts  to 
obtain  means  ;  his  final  success.  23.  Contribution  of  the  Queen,  and 
of  others  ;  his  first  voyage.  24.  Discovery  of  land  ;  for  whom  claimed. 
25.  Three  other  voyages  ;  death  of  Columbus.  26.  North  America  dis 
covered  ;  Amerigo  Vespucci. 

Spanish  Colonization.  27.  Motive  of  discovery  and  colonization  ; 
treatment  of  the  natives  ;  introduction  of  other  labor — by  whom.  28. 
Distribution  of  the  new  lands  ;  Portugal's  acquisition  of  Brazil  ;  extent  of 
Spanish  dominion.  29.  The  Spanish  conquerors:  Balboa;  Cortez ; 
Fizarro  ;  Ponce  de  Leon  ;  Coronado.  30.  Mines  of  silver  and  gold. 

French  Explorations,  etc.  31.  First  French  exploration.  32.  The 
St.  Lawrence.  33.  Coligny's  design.  34.  His  second  attempt ;  fate  of 
the  colonists.  35.  The  revenge.  36.  Occupation  of  Canada.  37.  Jesuit 
zeal  ;  extent  of  French  discoveries  and  claims. 

Dutch  and  Swedish  Settlements.  38.  Dutch  trade  to  North  Amer 
ica  ;  Henry  Hudson  ;  his  procedure  and  death.  39.  New  Amsterdam  ; 
other  settlements ;  New  Netherlands.  40.  Measures  to  induce  settle 
ment.  41.  Swedish  colonization  ;  Dutch  jealousy.  42.  Stuyvesant's 
campaign.  43.  Loss  of  New  Netherlands  by  the  Dutch. 


i>8  HISTOR  Y  OF  THE    UNITED  STA  TES. 


PART  II. 
THE  ENGLISH  COLONIES. 

1S78-1763. 

FIRST  ENGLISH  ATTEMPTS   AT  COLONIZATION. 

i.  More  than  three-quarters  of  a  century  passed 
away  before  the  English  took  advantage  of  the  discovery  of 
the  mainland  of  North  America  by  the  Cabots.  When  Henry 
VIII.  undertook  further  explorations,  he  was  warned  by  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  that  the  Pope  had  granted  America  to 
Spain.*  He  quietly  renounced  his  desire  of  possessions  in 
the  New  World.  The  bitter  hatred  which  sprang  up  be 
tween  England  and  Spain,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  directed 
the  attention  of  the  English  to  the  great  continent  beyond  the 
Atlantic.f  The  fisheries  of  Newfoundland  had  been  long  fre 
quented  by  English  ships. 

The  dream  of  a  north-west  passage  to  Asia  attracted  English 
mariners  to  the  northern  seas  of  America.  Martin  Frobisher 
sailed  on  such  an  expedition,  and  brought  home  from  Labra 
dor  rocks  and  dirt  supposed  to  be  rich  in  gold.  Every  adven 
turer,  since  tl»e  first  voyage  of  Columbus,  expected  to  win  easy 
wealth  in  America  by  the  discovery  of  endless  mines  of  pre 
cious  metals.  The  expectation  had  been  increased  by  the 
treasures  extracted  from  Mexico  and  Peru  ;  and  has  been 
strangely  justified  by  the  experience  of  the  living  generation. 


*The  English  possessions  in  America  were  not  recognized  by  Spain  till  1670. 

t  A  petition  was  presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  spring  of  1574,  "to  allow  of 
an  enterprise  for  the  discovery  of  sundry  rich  and  unknown  lands  fatally  i  eserved  for 
England,  and  for  the  honor  of  your  Majestic."  This  is  indorsed  by  Sir  Humphrej 
Gilbert,  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  and  others. 


ENGLISH  COLONIZATION.  29 

2.  Queen  Elizabeth  granted  a  patent  *  to  Sir  Hum 
phrey  Gilbert  "  to  undertake  the  discovery  of  the  northern 
parts  of  America."     His  first  expedition,  made  in  conjunction 
with  his  half-brother,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  accomplished  nothing. 

On  the  second,  he  took  possession  of  Newfoundland 
R  for  the  English  Crown.  j~ 
Losing  one  of  his  ves 
sels  off  the  coast  of  Maine,  he 
turned  homewards  with  the  two  that 
remained.  He  was  himself  on  board 
the  Squirrel,  the  smaller  and  weaker 
bark.  It  foundered  in  a  storm.  The 
last  words  heard  from  Sir  Humphrey 
were  :  "  Courage,  my  lads,  we  are  as 
near  heaven  on  sea  as  on  land." 

3.  The  grant  to  Gilbert  was  renewed  to  Sir  Walter 
R        Raleigh.     Two  exploring  vessels  were  sent  out  by 

him  under  Amidas  and  Barlow.  They  came  to  the 
Island  of  Woco'ken,  at  the  mouth  of  Ocracoke  Inlet,  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina.  They  carried  back  two  of  the  na 
tives,  and  described  in  glowing  terms  the  charms  of  the  cli 
mate,  the  waters,  the  forests,  the  fruits,  and  the  flowers.  The 
Queen  called  the  new  and  beautiful  land  Virginia,  in  honor 
of  her  own  maiden  reign. 

4.  Sir  Richard  Grenville  conducted  a  second  expe 
dition.     He  was   Sir  Walter's  kinsman,  a  daring  'sailor,  and 
had   long  been   an  eager  advocate  of  American    adventure. 
Ralph  Lane  went  out  as  governor  of  the  projected  colony,  and 
was  accompanied  by  one  hundred  and  eight  emigrants.     They 
landed  on  Roanoke  Island,  examined  the  neighborhood,  and 
explored  the  Roanoke  River  in  search  of  gold  and  silver. 

*  A  patent  is  a  charter  or  grant  issued  by  sovereign  authority.  In  1578,  Queen  Eliz« 
abeth  conferred  such  a  patent  on  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert.  Such  patents  became  fre 
quent  outside  of  North  America. 

t  In  1610,  James  I.  made  a  grant  of  Newfoundland  to  the  Earl  of  Southampton, 
Sir  Francis  Bacon  and  Company. 


30  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES 

5.  The  settlers  maintained  friendly  relations  with 
the  Indians  at  first,  but  discords  soon  arose.     The  wild  na 
tives  feared  that  "  there  were  more  of  the  English  yet  to  come, 
to  kill  their  people  and  fill  their  places."     The  strangers  were 
suspicious.    Wingina  (-jeenati),  a   newly  appointed  chief,  was 
treacherously  slain.     His   tribe  refused  to  furnish  provisions, 
and  the  colonists  were  brought  almost  to  starvation.     They 
gladly  accepted  the  chance  of  returning  home  on  board  of  Sir 
Francis   Drake's   ships,  which   had   touched   upon  the    coast. 
They  had  scarcely  departed  when  Grenville  came  back  from 
England.     He  left  fifteen  men  to  retain  the  post.     Their  bones 
alone  were  found  when  the  next  emigrants  arrived. 

6.  Raleigh  did  not  abandon  his  attempt.     He  formed 
a   company  to  continue  the    enterprise.       Families,   and   not 
merely  unmarried  men,  were  sent  out.     They  were  instructed 
to  pick  up  the  men  left  by  Grenville,  and  then  settle  on  Chesa 
peake  Bay.     The  captain  of  the  fleet  refused  to  continue  the 
voyage,  after  landing  them  on  Roanoke  Island.     There  they 
remained  ;  and  there  the  city  of  Raleigh  was  begun.     Provi 
sions  were  scarce.     The  Indians  were  unfriendly.     White,  the 
Governor,  was  induced  to  return  to  England  for  supplies  and 
additional  settlers.      He  came  back  to  the  coast.      The  colo 
nists  were  neither  seen  nor  heard  of  again.     All  perished  of 
hunger,  or  by  the  savages.     Their  fate  was  never  discovered. 
They  numbered  one  hundred  and  seventeen  persons,  includ 
ing  Virginia   Dare,  White's  granddaughter,    the   first  English 
child  born  in  America,  and  only  ten  days  old  at  the  time  of 
White's  departure. 

7.  Assistance  to  the  endangered  colony  had  been  pre 
vented  by  war  with  Spain,  and  the  hazards  at  home  from  the 
Invincible  Armada.*     When  this  danger  passed  away,  several 
fruitless  efforts  were  made  for  the  relief   or  discovery  of  the 

*  The  Invincible  Armada  was  a  powerful  fleet,  designed  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain  for 
the  invasion  and  conquest  of  England.  It  sailed  from  the  Tagus  29th  May,  1588.  It 
suffered  much  from  the  attacks  of  the  English  in  the  British  Channel,  and  was  de 
stroyed  by  storms  on  the  coasts  of  Scotland  and  Ireland. 


THE    VIRGINIA    COLONY.  3! 

hapless  settlers.  Raleigh  sent  out  several  expeditions  which 
achieved  nothing.  His  means  were  much  reduced  by  his  expen 
sive  undertakings.  He  was  himself  actively  engaged  in  the  con 
tinued  warfare  with  Spain.*  Reassigned  all  his  rights  to  a  new 
company,  which  accomplished  no  results  worthy  of  mention. 


THE  VIRGINIA  COLONY,  1606-1619. 

8.  Raleigh  was  condemned  as  a  traitor,  and  his  patent 
was  forfeited  to  the  Crown  soon   after   James  I.  became  King 
of  England.     James  then  granted  a  charter  for  American  col 
onization  to   two  new  companies';  one  composed  chiefly  of 
London  adventurers  ;  the  other,  of  traders  and  explorers  from 
the  West  of  England.     The  former  was  entitled  the  London 
Company  ;  the  latter,   the  Plymouth  Company.      Both  were 
subject  to  "  the  Council  of  Virginia,"  whose  members  resided 
in  England,  and  held   their  meetings  in    London.     A    long 
stretch  of  the  Atlantic   coast  was   divided  between   the  two 
companies.     Lands  were  to  be  held  by  the  freest  tenure  ;  but 
for  five  years  labor  was  to  be  performed  for  common,  and  not 
for  private  benefit. 

9.  Capt.  Christopher  Newport  sailed  with  three  small 
vessels,!   in    December,    1606,   and  was   driven   by   a   storm 


*  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  is  the  true  founder  of  the  English  colonies  in  America.  He 
left  no  colony  of  his  own.  He  pointed  the  way,  and  gave  encouragement  to  those 
which  succeeded.  He  spent  vast  sums  in  his  endeavor  to  make  "  a  plantation  "  in 
what  his  friend,  the  great  poet  Spenser,  calls  "  the  fruitfullest  Virginia." 

Raleigh  (1552-1618)  was  a  most  notable  man  in  a  notable  age.  He  was  handsome, 
intelligent,  dashing,  bold,  adventurous,  skilful.  He  was  a  distinguished  soldier  in 
the  wars  of  France,  Ireland,  and  Spain.  He  was  the  greatest  naval  commander  of  his 
day.  He  was  a  statesman,  a  scholar,  a  poet,  an  historian,  and  a  man  of  scientific  re 
search.  He  was,  moreover,  a  brilliant  courtier.  England  owes  to  him  the  beginning 
of  her  colonial  and  her  maritime  supremacy.  The  world  is  indebted  to  him  for  the 
Irish  potato  and  tobacco. 

t  The  Susan  Constant,  of  100  tons  burden,  Capt.  Newport ;  the  Godspeed,  of  40  tons, 
Capt.  Gosnold  ;  and  the  Disco-very,  of  20  tons,  Capt.  Ratcliffe. 

Capt.  Gilbert,  a  member  of  Sir  Humphrey's  family,  had  sailed  up  the  Chesapeake 
during  the  year,  and  had  been  lost  on  the  expedition. 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


into  Chesapeake  Bay.  There  were  only  one  hundred  and  five 
colonists,  including  seven  Councillors  for  the  government  of 
the  plantation.  The  names  of  the  Councillors  were  inclosed 
in  a  box,  which  the  king  had  ordered  not  to  be  opened  till 
after  their  arrival  in  America.  The  voyagers  proceeded  up 
the  broad  stream  of  the  Powhatan',  and  named  it  James 
River,  after  the  English  monarch.  They  selected  a  place  for 
settlement  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  stream,  and  called  it 
Jamestown,  also  after  the  king. 

10.  Quarrels  began  as  soon  as  the  box  containing  the 
names  of  the  Councillors  was  opened.  There  had  been  serious 
contentions  on  the  voyage.  Wingfield  was  chosen  President. 
John  Smith,  one  of  the  Councillors  named,  was  denied  his 
place  in  the  Council.  He  had  been  arrested  on  the  outward 
passage.  When  brought  to  trial,  he  was  fully  acquitted  ;  but 
the  governing  body  was  a  turbulent  and  squabbling  set. 

ii.  Capt.  John 
Smith  * 

markable 

the  most  remarka 
ble  men  engaged 
in  the  settlement 
of  America,  and 
he  has  been  re 
garded  as  the  true 
founder  of  the  Eng 
lish  colonies  there. 
His  adventures 
were  as  surprising 
as  those  of  any  ro- 
mance.  In  boy 
hood,  he  had  run 
away,  and  gone  to 


was    re- 
among 


CAPT.   JOHN   SMITH. 


sea. 


He 


He  had  fought  in  the  Dutch  and   Turkish  wars. 

Capt.  John  Smith's  (1559-1631)  adventures,  "  hair-breadth  escapes,"  and  "  moving 


THE    VIRGINIA    COLONY. 


33 


had  thrice  slain  a  Turkish  opponent  in  single  combat.  He 
had  been  thrown  into  the  sea  by  his  fellows,  to  propi 
tiate  the  storm.  He  had  been  a  slave  among  the  Turks,  and 
among  the  Tartars.  He  had  escaped  through  Russia  and 
Poland,  after  killing  his  master  with  a  flail.  He  had  been 
twice  saved  by  the  affection  of  noble  ladies.  He  had  wan 
dered  through  Germany,  France,  Spain,  and  Morocco  ;  and 
had  drifted  back  to  England  in  time  to  join  Capt.  Newport's 
expedition. 

12.  Jamestown  had  a  hard  struggle  for  existence. 
It  was  attacked  by  the  Indians  during  Smith's  absence  on  a 
visit  to  Powhatan.  The  site  was  unhealthy.  Half  the  colonists 
died  of  an  epidemic.  They 
were  lazy,  thoughtless,  and 
would  not  work.  Trouble  in 
flamed  discords.  Wingfield 
was  removed  from  the  Pre 
sidency.  Ratcliffe,  a  much 
worse  man,  was  appointed  in 
his  stead. 

Smith  undertook  the  explo 
ration  of  the  Chickahominy  to 
find  a  water  line  to  the  Pacific. 
He  was  overpowered  by  the 
Indians.  He  himself  escaped 
slaughter,  when  his  compan-; 
ions  were  slain,  by  showing  his 
pocket  compass  to  the  savages.  POCAHONTAS. 

He  was  carried  by  them  to  their  chief,  O-pe-chan'ca-nough  {-no). 

accidents  by  flood  and  field,"  rest  mainly  on  his  own  authority,  but  derive  confirma 
tion  from  contemporaneous  records.  His  story  was  questioned  in  his  own  day  by  the 
quaint  and  inaccurate  Thomas  Fuller,  and  has  been  recently  disputed. 

The  sneer  of  Fuller  in  his  "  Worthies,"  and  the  arguments  of  some  recent  writers, 
assailing  the  veracity  of  Smith's  surprising  narrative,  have  been  ably  answered  (1882) 
and  discredited  by  Mr.  William  Wirt  Henry,  of  Richmond,  in  an  Address  delivered 
before  the  Virginia  Historical  Society. 


.4  HISTORY   OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Opechancanough  conveyed  him  to  Powhatan,  the  great  chief. 
He  was  saved  from  death  by  Powhatan's  young  daughter 
Pocahontas,  or  Mato'kes.  She  is  said  to  have  placed  her 
head  between  his  and  the  clubs  of  the  savage  executioners. 
He  was  sent  back  to  Jamestown  with  honor,  and  peace  was 
made  with  Powhatan. 

13.  One    hundred    and    twenty    more    emigrants 
arrived  during  the  winter.     Provisions  continued  to  be  very 
scarce.     In   the    second  summer,  Smith  explored  the  waters 
of  the  Chesapeake,  and  made  a  chart  of  them  and  the  neigh 
boring  shores.     He  was  chosen  President  on  his  return,  and 
encountered  bitter  opposition.     He  visited  Powhatan  again, 
to  insure  peace,  and  to  obtain  food  for  his  people.     He  paid 
a  visit  also  to  Opechancanough,  and  seized  that  bloody  chief 
in  the  midst  of  his  braves.     By  such  skill  and  daring  he, pro 
cured  sustenance  for  the  starving  colony. 

14.  The  Virginia  Company  in  England  was  disheart 
ened  by  the  heavy  expenses  and  the  scant  returns.     The  colo 
nists  transported,  and  the  arrangements  for  labor  adopted,  were 
not  suited  for  the  hard  task  of  subduing  the  wilderness.     Dis 
appointment  was  the  result.     The  company  obtained  another 
charter,  which  enlarged  the  territorial  limits  of  their  grant ;  and 
extended  them  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.* 

15.  Lord  Delaware  was  appointed  Governor-Gen 
eral  for  life  under  the  new  charter.     Nine  vessels,  with  five 
hundred  emigrants,  sailed  from  Plymouth.     One  ship  was  sunk 
in  a  storm.     The  rest  were  scattered  abroad  upon  the  ocean. 
The  Sea  Adventure,  carrying  the  three  Commissioners  for  the 
new  Government — Gates,  Somers,  and  Newport — was  wrecked 
on    the   Bermudas.     The    seven    others    reached  Jamestown, 
battered  by  the  gales,  and  with  deficient  supplies. 


*  Little  was  yet  known  of  the  width  of  the  continent.  The  English  were  ac 
quainted  only  with  the  Atlantic  shore.  The  Pacific  was  supposed  to  be  not  very  far 
distant  in  the  west.  It  had  been  discovered  by  crossing  the  narrow  Isthmus  of 
Darien,  and  the  Gulf  of  California  had  been  visited  by  Cortez  after  the  conquest  ot 
Mexico.  There  were  no  means  of  estimating  the  intervening  breadth  of  country. 


FIRST  PERMANENT  ENGLISH  COLONY.  35 

16.  The   old  colonists  were  hungry  and  quarrel 
some.     The  existing  Government  was  set  aside  by  the  new 
charter.     Smith  did  what  he  could  to  maintain  order  and  to 
keep  off  destitution.    He  was  injured  by  an  explosion  of  powder, 
and  returned  to  England  to  seek  medical  aid.     His  departure 
left  the  colony  almost  without  control.     Hostilities   with  the 
Indians    were    renewed.     Famine  followed.     In    six   months 
four   hundred  and  ninety  colonists   were    reduced   to  sixty. 
This  wretched  period  is  known  as  The  Starving  Time. 
One  man  was  put  to  death  for  killing  and  eating  his  wife  ; 
others  fed  upon  the  corpses  of  the  dead. 

17.  At  length  Gates,  Somers,  and  Newport  arrived 
in  two  small  vessels,  which   they  had  patched  up  out  of  the 
wreck  of  the  Sea  Adventure.     Their  arrival  only  increased  the 
misery  of  the   famishing  people,  by  swelling  the  number  of 
mouths  to  be  fed.     All  determined  to  abandon  the  unhappy 
land.     They  were  stopped  on  their  way  down  by  a  message 
from  Lord  Delaware,  who  had  reached  Old  Point  Comfort,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  James. 

THE    FIRST    PERMANENT    ENGLISH    COLONY. 

18.  On   Sunday,  the   10th  of  June,   the  rescued   set- 
,  tiers  returned  to  their  lately  deserted  abode,  and 
_.     *    '  renewed  the  task  of  settling  and  subduing  the  earth. 

They  said  to  their  countrymen  at  home  :  "  God 
will  raise  our  State  and  build  his  church  in  this  excellent 
clime."  The  Virginia  colony  was  saved,  and  its  romantic  his 
tory  proceeded  without  further  break. 

19.  Lord  Delaware  endeavored  to  establish  order 
and  industry.     His   health   gave  way.     He  went  back  to 
England,  leaving  Lord  Percy*  as  Deputy-Governor  of  the  two 
hundred  colonists  remaining.     He  died  some  years  later,  on 


*  Lord  Percy  was  the  brother  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  the  fellow -prisoner 
of  Raleigh  in  the  Tower  of  London. 


HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


his  return  voyage  to  Virginia,  and  gave  his  name  to  the  bay 
off  which  he  expired.  He  had  spent  his  life,  his  labors, 
and  his  fortune  in  maintaining  the  English  hold  on  North 
America.* 

20.  Not  long  after  Lord  Delaware's  departure,  Virginia 
was  put  under  the  harsh  rule  of  a  military  code,  pre 
pared  by  Sir  Thomas  Smith, 
the  treasurer  of  the  com 
pany  in  England.  It  was 
enforced  by  Sir 
Dale,  a  stern 
soldier,  but  an 
able  man.  New 
emigrants  a  r- 
rived,  and  the 
condition  of  the 
settlers  was 
soon  improved, 
by  granting  to 
each  man  a 
few  acres  to 
be  held  and 
cultivated  as 
his  own.  A  few 
years  later  a 
hundred  acres 
were  bestowed  JAMESTOWN. 

upon  each  actual  settler,   and    the    culture  of    tobacco    was 
introduced.     The  colony  then  advanced  rapidly   in  numbers 
and  prosperity. 
21.  The  king  changed  the  constitution  of  the  council 


*  In  June,  1634,  Cecily,  Lady  De  La  Warr,  represented  in  a  petition  to  the  king 
that  the  success  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  was  "  due  to  the  large  sums  of  money 
expended  out  of  her  jointure,  and  that  she  was  left  burthened  with  many  debts,  and 
had  only  £10  per  annum  to  maintain  herself  and  seven  children." 


THE    VIRGINIA   COLONY  WITH  A  LEGISLATURE.     37 

in  England,  and  the  control  of  Virginia  affairs  wa«  taken  out 
of  the  hands  of  Sir  Thomas  Smith.  His  management  had  pro 
voked  many  complaints.  The  colonists  were  allowed  to  make 
laws  for  themselves,  but  these  required  the  approval  of  the 
English  Government.  The  first  Legislature  in  Virginia — the 
first  representative  body  in  America — met  at  Jamestown 
in  the  summer  of  1619.  New  emigrants  continued  to  arrive. 
In  three  years  more  than  three  thousand  persons  were  added 
to  the  population.  The  company  had  spent  seventy  thousand 
pounds  in  the  enterprise.* 

22.  During  the  first  twelve  years  the  Virginia  colony 
consisted  almost  exclusively  of  men  under  rigorous  rule. 
There  were  few    women  among  them.     The    colonists  were 
chiefly    soldiers  of  fortune,  broken  tradesmen,  idle  laborers, 
straggling  sailors,  vagrants,  spendthrift  gentlemen,  and  adven 
turers  in  search  of  gold  and  sudden  gain.     Now,  poor  but 
respectable   women  were   sent,  and  were  sold  to  the  highest 
bidder.     They  fared  so  well  that  many  more  were  dispatched 
to  the  thriving  plantation.     The  price  of  a  wife  reached  one 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds  of  tobacco.     It  was  not  a  high  price 
for  a  wife,  but  tobacco  was  still  scarce  and  costly,  and  money 
was  little  known  on  the  banks  of  James  River. 

THE     VIRGINIA     COLONY    WITH     A    LEGISLATURE. 

23.  The  marriage  of  Pocahontas  before  this  time  had 
proved  of  much  benefit  to  the  colony.     Powhatan  had  sent 
her  away  to  a  more  northern  tribe  as  quarrels  arose  with  the 
English,  and  as  he  looked   forward  to  bitter  wars  with  them. 
She  was  seized  in  her  retreat  by  Capt.  Argall,  and  brought   a 
prisoner  in  his  ship  to  Jamestown.     She  became  a.  Christian, 
and  the  bride  of  John  Rolfe,  who  had  been  her  instructor  in 


*  A  writer  of  the  time  thus  describes  the  condition  of  Virginia  in  1615  :  *  *  *  "  For 
Virginia,  we  know  not  what  to  do  with  it.  *  *  *  The  great  expense  that  the  no 
bility  and  gentry  have  been  at  in  planting  Virginia  is  no  way  recompensed  by  the 
poor  returns  from  thence." 


38  HISTOR  Y  OF   THE  .  UNITED   STA  TES. 

religion.*  Peace  resulted  from  the  marriage  ;  and  Powhatan 
furnished  corn  for  the  support  of  the  English  settlers  till  their 
own  crops  sufficed  for  their  needs.  Pocahontas  survived  only 
a  short  time.  She  was  taken  to  England  by  her  husband,  was 
presented  to  the  king  and  queen,  and  was  kindly  treated  by 
them.  She  met  Capt.  Smith,  who  published  that  his  life  had 
been  saved  by  her.f  She  sickened  and  died  as  she  was  set 
ting  out  on  her  return.  J 

INTRODUCTION    OF    AFRICAN    SLAVERY. 

24.  The  colony  appeared  to  be  at  length  firmly  established, 
and  the  future  was  full  of  hope.  Emigrants  came  in  numbers, 
and  the  culture  of  tobacco  was  extended.  A  Dutch  vessel 
arrived,  and  sold  twenty  negro  slaves  to  the  planters. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  slavery  in  the  English  colonies. 
The  number  of  the  slaves  grew  with  fresh  importations.  They 
furnished  the  labor  for  clearing  the  forest,  inclosing  the  lands, 
cultivating  the  soil,  and  for  other  manual  service.  The  experi 
ment  of  sending  out  convicts  had  been  tried  by  the  king's 
order.  It  had  failed,  and  had  been  abandoned. 

The  new  Legislature  tried,  with  little  success,  to  civilize  the 
Indians  by  converting  them  to  Christianity.  Provision  was 
made  for  their  education  by  the  endowment  of  a  college,  the 
first  proposed  in  the  English  colonies. 


*  There  is  a  very  curious  letter  still  in  existence,  addressed  by  Rolfe  to  the  Gover 
nor  of  Virginia,  setting  forth  with  the  utmost  earnestness  the  religious  considerations 
which  recommended  his  marriage  with  Pocahontas. 

t  The  romantic  tale  of  the  preservation  of  John  Smith's  life  by  the  impulsive  hero 
ism  of  Pocahontas  has  been  questioned,  but  its  truth  has  been  ably  maintained.  It 
rests  upon  Smith's  own  statement,  made  some  years  after  the  occurrence  alleged. 
Nearly  all  that  we  know  of  Smith  has  the  same  foundation,  and  is  not  above  reason 
able  suspicion  or  qualification. 

$  Several  very  respectable  families  in  Virginia  trace  their  lineage  back  to  Pocahon 
tas.  It  has  been  recently  stated  in  the  papers  that  a  daughter  of  hers  was  born  dur 
ing  the  visit  to  England,  and  that  her  descendants  still  survive  there.  To  this  little 
credit  can  be  given  without  full  evidence. 


THE    GREAT  MASSACRE.  ^ 

THE    GREAT   MASSACRE. 

25.  A  fearful  calamity   overwhelmed   the  colony. 

Powhatan  was  dead.  Opechancanough  succeeded  to  his  au 
thority.  He  assured  the  Governor  that  "  the  sky  should  fall 
before  he  broke  the  peace."  A  false  security  produced  rash 
x  exposure  and  the  neglect  of  all  precautions.  The 
Indians  treacherously  attacked  the  settlers  on  their 
scattered  plantations.  In  a  few  hours,  on  the  night  of  March 
22d,  nearly  three  hundred  and  fifty  persons  were  butchered.* 
The  names  of  all  have  been  preserved.  Jamestown  had  been 
warned  and  was  saved.  The  colony  seemed  to  be  ruined. 
This  horror  was  called  The  Great  Massacre. 

26.  The  recent  slaughter  was  charged  to  unwise 
rule.     The  settlers  were  dissatisfied  with  the  government  of 

,         the  English  council;  and  the  council  was  divided  into 
bitter  factions.     The  Virginia  charter  was  revoked. 
The  king   assumed   the  government,  and  Virginia  became  a 
royal  colony. 

27.  Lord  Baltimore,  a  Roman  Catholic  nobleman,  came 
to  Virginia,  seeking  a  refuge  for  the  persecuted  Catholics  of 
England.     He  was  forbidden  to  remain,  because  he  could  not 
take  the  oath  to  support  the  English  Church  required  by  the 
colonial  constitution.     He  went  back  to  England,  and  pro 
cured  a  royal  grant  of  the  country  round  the  head  of  Chesa 
peake  Bay.    Here  was  afterwards  established  the  Catholic  col 
ony  of  Maryland.     From  this  grant  arose  squabbles  and  petty 
warfare  between  the  new  colony  and  Clayborne,  the  surveyor 
of  Virginia.     The  Governor  and  Legislature  got  involved  in 
the  controversy,  and  discord  sprang  up  between  them.     The 
Governor,  Sir  John    Harvey,  was   deposed  by  the  House  of 
Burgesses,  and  sent  to  England  for  trial.     He  was  restored  by 
the  king.     Virginia  continued  to  prosper,  notwithstanding  the 
dissensions,  and  the   low  price  of  tobacco,  which   had  been 

*  Three  hundred  and  forty-nine  was  the  exact  number,  which  is  put  at  three  hun 
dred  and  forty-seven  by  many  historians. 


4o  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

made  a  royal  monopoly.  A  provisional  Governor  who  pre 
ceded  Harvey  had  been  removed  for  hog-stealing.  He  was 
pardoned  in  consequence  of  an  epidemic,  and  of  his  being  the 
only  physician  in  the  country. 

28.  Sir  William  Berkeley  was  appointed  by  Charles  I. 
Governor  of  Virginia,  in  the  year  when  the  Great  Rebellion 
broke  out  in  England.*     He  was  an  elegant,  brave,  but  pas 
sionate  man,  thoroughly  loyal    to  the  king.      The    colonists 
entertained  a  high   regard  for  him.     They  were  warmly  at 
tached  to   the    royal   Government,  as   was   proved   by   their 
"  Declaration  against  the  Company,"  when  that  body  asked  to 
be  restored  to  their  former  rights  and  privileges. 

29.  A  second  slaughter  of  the  settlers  by  the  In- 
x         dians    occurred  twenty-two  years   after  the  Great 

Massacre.  Opechancanough  ravaged  the  frontier. 
Five  hundred  of  the  English  were  slain.  The  English  colo 
nies  grew  up  in  the  midst  of  danger  from  the  savages.  The 
population,  however,  had  increased  with  wonderful  rapidity 
since  Virginia  had  become  a  dependency  of  the  English  Crown. 
Sir  William  called  out  the  forces  of  the  colony.  He  marched 
against  Opechancanough,  captured  him,  and  brought  him  to 
Jamestown.  The  hostile  chief  was  old,  helpless,  and  almost 
blind.  He  was  brutally  murdered  by  one  of  his  guards  ;  and 
complained  in  death  of  being  made  a  show  to  the  people. 
His  fall  broke  up  the  Indian  confederation,  and  put  an  end  to 
many  perils. 

VIRGINIA     UNDER    THE     COMMONWEALTHS 

30.  The  Civil  War  in  England  drove  many  Royalists 
to  Virginia.      Many  more  followed  after  the  unhappy  monarch 
had  been  beheaded  by  the  victorious  Puritans.     Virginia  re 
mained  faithful  to  the  young  son  of  the   dead  king.     Com- 


*  The  Great  Rebellion  (1641-1649)  was  the  name  given  to  the  war  between  Charles 
I.  and  the  Parliament.  It  closed  with  the  deposition  and  execution  of  the  king. 

t  The  English  Commonwealth  designates  the  period  (1649-1660)  from  the  execution 
of  Charles  I.  to  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 


VIRGINIA    UNDER   THE  COMMONWEALTH.  41 

missioners  were  dispatched  by  the  Parliament  to  reduce  it.  A 
treaty  was  made  with  them,  securing  to  the  Virginia  people 
"  such  freedoms  and  privileges  as  belong  to  the  free-born  peo 
ple  of  England."  Sir  William  Berkeley  retired  to  his  planta 
tion  near  Jamestown.  A  Provisional  Government  was  set  up 
x  on  the  return  of  the  Commissioners  from  Maryland. 
*  '  The  new  Governor  was  elected  by  the  Assembly,  by 
whom  all  officials  were  chosen.  On  the  death  of  Cromwell, 
the  House  of  Burgesses  restored  Sir  William  Berkeley.  Vir 
ginia  had  been  almost  independent  during  the  English  Com 
monwealth.  It  was  the  first  British  possession  to  proclaim 
Charles  II.  From  its  loyalty  it  obtained  the  name  of  the  Old 
Dominion,  and  commemoration  in  the  titles  and  on  the  coins 
of  the  British  sovereign.* 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  COLONIES. 

31.  The  Northern  parts  of  America  early  attracted 
English  enterprise.  A  plantation  in  that  quarter  was  projected 
in  the  very  opening  of  the  seventeenth  century.  A  year  before 
Raleigh's  patent  was  forfeited,  Capt.  Gosnold  discovered  Cape 
Cod  in  Massachusetts,  and  named  it  from  the  abundance  of 
codfish  in  the  waters  around.  He  built  a  small  fort,  but  the 
garrison  refused  to  remain,  from  dread  of  the  Indians.  A 
second  attempt  to  establish  a  colony  was  made  by  Raleigh 
Gilbert. 

The  coast  continued  to  be  visited  by  English  traders.  Many 
adventurers  resided  for  brief.periods  along  those  shores.  Capt. 
John  Smith,  with  the  office  of  Admiral  of  New  England,  ex 
plored  the  coasts,  and  expressed  his  wonder  at  the  plenty  of 

*  Charles  II.  added  to  the  royal  motto:  "  En  dat  Virginia  quintam  "—Virginia 
gives  the  fifth  crown.  The  five  crowns  were  those  of  England,  France,  Scotland, 
Ireland,  and  Virginia. 

To  this  loyalty  may,  perhaps,  be  ascribed  the  uncertain  origin  of  the  designation, 
the  u  Old  Dominion,"  applied  to  all  of  Virginia  east  of  the  mountains. 


42  HISTOR  Y  OF  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

fish,  and  of  the  trade  that  might  be  thus  supported.  The  dan 
ger  from  Indians  was  slight  ;  for  an  infectious  disease,  caught 
from  the  Europeans,  had  swept  away  multitudes  from  those 
bleak  regions.  The  whole  tract  had  been  assigned  to  the  Ply 
mouth  Company.  The  name  of  New  England  was  bestowed 
upon  it  by  Smith,  at  the  suggestion  of  Prince  Henry,  eldest 
son  of  James  I. 

32.  No  permanent  colony  was  attempted  within  the 
Plymouth  grant  till  the  closing  years  of  James.     A.  small  band 
of  English  pilgrims  from    Holland,  where  they  had  sought  a 
refuge  from  religious  persecutions  at  home,  founded  a  settle 
ment  in  that  inclement  wilderness.     They  did  not  select  the 
locality.     They  were  dropped  there  against  their  will.     They 
desired  a  more  southern  abode.     They  had  received  slight  en 
couragement  from   the   Plymouth   Company.     The  king  had 
expressed  his  readiness  to  overlook  their  heresy  if  they  did  not 
otherwise  violate  English  law.     He  inquired  how  they  pro 
posed  to  make  a  living.     "  By  fishing,"  they  replied.     "  By  my 
soul,"  said  the  king,  "a  most  apostolic  vocation." 

33.  One  hundred  and  one  Puritan  pilgrims,  the  pio 
neers  of  a  larger  number  soon  to  follow,  started  from  Delft,  in 
Holland,   under   the  charge  of  Elder  Brewster.     They  pur 
chased  a  small  vessel  and   hired  another  to  transport    them 
across  the  ocean.     The  Speedwell,  which  they  bought,  proved 

crazy,  and  was  abandoned.     The  Mayflower,  which 

Sept°b  they hired' sailed  alone  from  plymouth> and  landed 

'  them  near  Cape  Cod.  Their  intention  was  to  settle 
on  richer  lands  and  under  happier  skies.  The  season  was  late, 
and  the  captain  of  the  Mayflower  was  in  haste  to  return. 
They  were  compelled  to  land  in  a  country  which  did  not 
attract  them,  and  which  they  had  not  designed  to  occupy. 

34.  The  emigrants  signed  an  agreement  for  their 
government  before  landing.     They  elected  John  Carver, 
Governor,  and  Miles  Standish,  Captain.     A  committee  of  three 
determined  the  place  of  settlement.     A  hamlet  was  begun  on 


THE  ENGLISH   COLONIES.  43 

Christmas-day,  1620.*  It  was  called  Plymouth,  after  the  Eng 
lish  harbor  from  which  they  had  set  sail.  The  new  abode  was 
begun  in  midwinter,  in  a  severe  climate.  In  January,  eight 
died  ;  in  February,  seventeen  ;  in  March,  fourteen. f  Among 
the  victims  were  Governor  Carver  and  his  wife.  Fortunately 
the  settlers  were  not  troubled  by  Indians,  as  pestilence  had 
left  scarcely  any  in  the  country  around. 

35.  A  single  Indian  straggled  into  the  little  settle 
ment  before  the  return  of  spring.  He  saluted  the  strangers 
with  the  greeting  :  "  Welcome,  Englishmen  !"  He  had  picked 
up  a  few  words  of  English  from  traffickers  on  the  coast.  This 
visit  produced  an  alliance  with  Massasoit,  the  chief  of  the 
Wampanoags,  which  lasted  for  fifty  years.  Other  tribes  pro 
fessed  friendship,  but  Canonicus,  the  head  of  the  Narragan- 
setts,  sent  a  bundle  of  arrows,  bound  with  the  skin  of  a  snake, 
as  a  symbol  of  hostility.  Governor  Bradford  sent  back  the  skin, 
stuffed  with  powder  and  shot.  Canonicus  remained  quiet. 
The  Indians  were  provoked  by  some  settlers  who  had  been 
established  in  the  neighborhood,  by  Western,  a  trader.  Disturb 
ances  ensued.  Capt.  Standish  was  sent  to  discover  an  alleged 
plot  of  the  Narragansetts.  He  stabbed  one  of  the  chiefs  with 
his  own  hand.  John  Robinson,  the  Puritan  pastor  in  Leyden, 


*  The  main  body  of  the  Pilgrims  landed  on  Monday,  December  2510.  The  rock  on 
which  they  stepped  from  their  boats  when  they  reached  the  shore  is  celebrated  as  the 
Plymouth  Rock.  A  part  of  it  still  remains  in  position  and  may  be  recognized.  A  part 
was  conveyed  to  the  heart  of  the  town  more  than  a  century  ago.  A  handsome  arch 
has  been  built  over  it,  as  a  monument.  Seventeen  men  landed  on  Monday,  December 
nth,  but  the  main  body  disembarked  two  weeks  later,  December  25th. 

These  dates  are  according  to  the  Old  Style.  The  New  Style  was  adopted  in  Eng 
land  in  1752.  By  this,  n  was  added  to  the  number  expressing  the  day  of  the  month. 
Thus,  Dec.  nth,  O.  S.,  became  Dec.  22d,  N.  S.,  the  day  which  has  long  been  celebrated 
by  the  descendants  of  the  Pilgrims  as  "  Forefathers'  Day."  In  1620,  there  was,  in 
fact,  a  difference  of  only  10  days  between  the  two  styles,  and  December  2ist  is  the 
true  anniversary  of  the  landing,  and  the  date  inscribed  on  the  new  monument  at 
Plymouth. 

• "  In  three  months  past  die  half  our  company.  The  greater  part  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  wanting  houses  and  other  comforts  ;  being  infected  with  scurvy  and  other 
diseases,  which  their  long  voyage  and  uncomfortable  condition  brought  upon  them. 
Of  a  hundred  scarce  fifty  remain— the  living  scarce  able  to  bury  the  dead."  *  *  * 
— Gov.  BRADFORD." 


44 


HISTORY  OF  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


wrote,  when  he  heard  of  the  barbarity,  "  How  happy  a  thing  it 
would  have  been  that  some  had  been  converted  before  any 
were  slain  !  " 

36.  The  new  Plymouth  Colony  advanced  slowly,  and 
suffered  much  from  the  harsh  climate,  and  from  insufficient 
subsistence.*     Other  settlements  were  attempted.      Capt.  John 
Mason  obtained  a  tract   of  country  between  Salem   and  the 
mouth  of  the  Merrimac.     This  he  named  Mariana.     Sir  Fer- 
dinando  Gorges  procured  a  grant  of  the  lands  between  the 
Merrimac   and  the  Kennebec,  and  called   it  Laconia.     Thus 
began  the  settlement  of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine. f     An  ef 
fort  was  made  to  establish  Scotch  emigrants  east  of  the  Saint 
Croix,  on  lands  granted  to  Sir  Alexander  Sterling,  in  what  is 
now  Nova  Scotia. 

37.  The  successful  settlement  of  New  England  was 
achieved  by  a  different  enterprise.     A  strictly  Puritan  colony 
was  begun  at  Salem,  to  which  John  Endicott  led  settlers,  after 

a  charter  for  Massachusetts 
Bay  had  been  obtained. 
Little  was  accomplished  till 
it  was  decided  to  remove 
the  council  and  the  govern 
ment  of  the  new  colony  to 
America.  John  Winthrop 
and  eleven  other  gentle- 

THE  FIRST  CHURCH  BUILT  IN  BOSTON        men      COndUCtCd 

IN  1632.  scheme.      They     resolved 

"  to  colonize  only  their  best  men."     Winthrop  took 
out    seven    hundred    colonists,   "for   the    most    part 
yeomen,  mechanics,    and    farm    laborers,  with    their 
women  and  children."    They  removed  to  Charlestown,  as  they 

*  The  Plymouth  Colony  was  annexed  to  that  of  Massachusetts  Bay  by  the  charter 
of  William  and  Mary,  in  1691. 

t  The  name  by  which  the  country  was  first  known  was  the  Indian  name,  Norimbega. 
It  was  called  Maine  in  compliment  to  Henrietta  Maria,  Queen  of  Charles  I.,  and 
daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  France.  She  had  some  connections  with  the  French  duchy 
of  Maine. 


THE  ENGLISH  COLONIES. 


45 


found  Salem  in  distress.  In  two  years  new  settlements  and 
churches  sprang  up.  The  villages  clustered  round  the  places 
of  worship. 

38.  The  Puritans  in  America  were  as  intolerant  as 
those  from  whose  persecutions  they  had  fled.     Only  members 
of  their  churches  were  allowed  to  vote.      Only  Puritans  of  ap 
proved  faith  could  be  deputies  to  the  General  Court  or  Leg 
islature.     Religious  and  political  dissensions  resulted  from  this 
rigor.     Winthrop,  who  had  been  elected  Governor  four  times 
successively,  was  replaced  by  Henry  Vane,  a  young  and  ear 
nest  fanatic  fresh  from  England. 

Further  divisions  were  caused  by  the  appointment  of  Roger 
Williams  to  the  charge  of  the  church  at  Salem.  Williams  was 
desirous  of  tolerating  all  creeds.  He  was  banished,  and  strayed 
through  the  wilderness  till  he  got  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
colony.  Anne  Hutchinson  and  others  were  also  driven  into 
exile  for  upholding  doctrines  different  from  those  prescribed. 

39.  The  stern  community  prospered  in  the  midst  of 
strife.     In  ten  years  21,000  emigrants  arrived.     The  fisheries 
were  very  lucrative  and  supported  a  large  trade.     The  people 
were  industrious,  enterprising,  and  frugal.    Settlements  spread 
widely  through  the  surrounding  country.     Earnest  encourage 
ment  was  given  to  education.     Harvard  College  was  founded 
on  a  small  bequest  of  John  Harvard. 

40.  Charles  I.  and  his  ministers  were  alarmed  by  the 
growth  of  the  Puritan  colonies.     These  provided  a  retreat  for 
numbers  of  the  political  and  religious  opponents  of  the  king. 
They  gave  strength  and  support  to  the  discontented  at  home. 
Archbishop  Laud  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  commission  for 
the  government  of  New   England.       Emigration  to  the  new 
country  was  restrained.     It  has  often  been  represented  that 
Oliver  Cromwell  and   John  Hampden  were   thus   prevented 
from   emigrating  to  it.     The  civil    war  in  England,  and  the 
overthrow  of  the  king  favored  the  fortunes  of  the  New  England 
colonies  and  rendered  them  almost  independent.     For  a  time 


46  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

they  were  allowed  freedom  of  trade.  A  scheme  of  govern 
ment,  called  "  A  Body  of  Liberties,"  was  enacted  in  Massa 
chusetts.  Offices  were  made  wholly  elective,  and  were  held 
for  a  year  only.  Religious  restrictions  were  relaxed.  Slavery 
was  forbidden,  except  in  the  case  of  prisoners  of  war,  strangers 
publicly  sold,  persons  who  sold  themselves,  or  who  were  con 
demned  to  be  slaves. 

COLONIAL     COMBINATIONS    IN     NEW     ENGLAND. 

41.  Maine    and   New   Hampshire  were    added   to 
Massachusetts.     The  colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  New 

,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven  formed  a 
union  for  protection  against  the  Indians,  against  the 
Dutch  on  the  Hudson,  and  against  the  French  in  Canada  and 
Acadia.  Rhode  Island  was  excluded  in  consequence  of  its 
religious  doctrines.*  This  was  the  first  American  confed 
eration. 

42.  Religious  dissent  was  still  persecuted.    Anabap 
tists  were  seized,  fined,   and  otherwise  punished.      Quakers 
were   whipped,  imprisoned,   banished.     They  had   their  ears 
cut  off,  their  tongues  bored  with  hot  irons,  and  four,  at  least, 
were  hanged.     These  outrages  were  practised  till  they  were 
arrested  by  a  royal  order.     Some  zeal  was  shown  in  the  en 
deavor  to   convert  the  Indians  to   Christianity.     John  Eliot 
devoted  himself  for  nearly  fifty  years  to  this  task,  and  trans 
lated  the  Bible  into  one  of  the  native  tongues,  which  has  now 
been  long  extinct.t 

THE    SETTLEMENT    OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

43.  The  settlement    of  Rhode   Island  was  unlike 


*  Another  reason  for  its  exclusion  was  that  Rhode  Island  denied  the  jurisdiction  of 
Plymouth.  The  chief  cause  was  its  rejection  of  the  civil  and  religious  rule  of 
Massachusetts. 

t  Few  copies  of  the  work  are  in  existence.  It  was  said,  fifty  years  ago,  that  there 
was  then  "  scarcely  any  living  person  who  can  read  or  understand  a  single  verse  in 
it."  An  example  of  its  uncouthness  is  furnished  in  its  longest  word  :  "  Wutappesit- 
tukgussonnookwehtunkquoh  " — "  kneeling  down  to  him." 


THE   SETTLEMENT   OF  CONNECTICUT. 


47 


that  of  any  of  the  other  colonies.  Roger  Williams,  after  being 
driven  out  of  Salem,  wandered,  for  three  months  of  a 
*  northern  winter,  through  the  woods,  often  without 
guide,  or  fire,  or  better  shelter  than  a  hollow  tree.  The  sav 
ages  were  kind  to  him.  His  gentleness  impressed  their  fierce 
natures.  He  began  a  new  home,  which  he  called  Providence. 
He  offered  it  as  "  a  refuge  for  persons  distressed  in  con 
science."  The  Narragansett  chiefs,  Canonicus  and  Mianto- 
nomoh  gave  him  lands.  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  and  others, 
when  expelled  from  Massachusetts,  were  invited  by  him  to 
settle  in  the  neighborhood.  They  bought  from  the  Indians 
the  beautiful  island  of  Aq'uiday — the  Isle  of  Peace — and  it 
received  the  name  of  Rhode  Island.* 

44.  Roger  Williams  went  to  England  to   obtain  a 
charter  for  the  towns  of  Providence,  Newport,  and  Portsmouth, 

,  with  the  right  of  governing  themselves.  A  General 
Court  had  already  declared  the  government  to  be  a 
democracy.  Williams  succeeded  in  his  mission.  A  second 
charter  was  obtained  from  Charles  II.,  nearly  twenty  years  later ; 
and  under  this  charter  Rhode  Island  was  governed  for  one 
hundred  and  eighty  years.  Diversities  of  religious  belief  were 
freely  tolerated,  because  Williams  maintained  that  "  to  pun 
ish  a  man  for  any  matters  of  conscience  was  persecution." 

THE     SETTLEMENT    OF     CONNECTICUT. 

45.  The  Connecticut  Valley,  in  which  the  Dutch  had 
established  trading  posts,  was  claimed  by  England.     The  Ply 
mouth  Company  granted  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick  a  strip  of  ter 
ritory,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  wide,  reaching  from  the 
river  of  the  Narragansetts  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Warwick  con 
veyed  this  grant  to  Lord  Say  and  Sele,  Lord  Brooke,  and  others. 

Under  it,  John  Winthrop  the  younger,  the  son  of  the 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  built  a  fort  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  called  it  Saybrook.     Next  year  a 

*  The  name  seems  to  have  been  earlier  than  the  date  of  this  purchase.    Rhode  may 
be  roodt— red— Red  Soil, 


48  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

settlement  was  made  at  Hartford  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hooker  and 
his  congregation.  They  had  moved  through  the  forest  with 
their  families  and  wagons,  and  cows  and  horses.  They  were 
the  first  regular  band  of  those  New  England  pioneers  who 
have  pushed  steadily  onward  till  they  have  reached  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia  River — "yearning  for  other  worlds  to  con 
quer."  * 

A  large   colony  was  soon  after  planted  at   New  Haven  by 
emigrants  from  Massachusetts.! 

46.  The  Indians  were  disturbed  and  alarmed  by  the 
spread  of  the  new  settlements.     They  were  threatened  with 

the  loss  of  their  hunting  grounds, 
their  homes,  and  the  graves  of  their 
fathers.  They  were  also  subjected 
to  great  and  continual  injustice. 
They  were  more  numerous  and  more 
warlike  in  the  inland  parts  of  the 

STOCKADED    HOUSE.  ^  ,,  n       ,    ,  r  , 

country  than  they  had  been  found 

to  be  along  the  coast.  They  were  harassed  by  the  intruders, 
and  they  harassed  them  in  turn.  A  passionate  and  treacher 
ous  warfare  occasioned  much  loss  of  life  on  both  sides.  The 
mother  and  the  child  were  murdered  at  the  milking-pen.  The 
Indian  was  shot  down  in  cold  blood  when  a  chance  presented 
itself.  The  settlers  ploughed  their  fields  and  harvested  their 
grain  in  reach  of  their  arms.  Sentries  were  placed  to  give 
warning  of  danger,  while  the  rest  of  the  laborers  worked  on 
the  farm. 

Shortly  to  say  :  there  neither  man  nor  maid 
Was  safe  afield,  whether  they  wrought  or  played. 

INDIAN   WARS. 

47.  The  Pequods,  dwelling  east  of  the  Connecticut  River, 


*  Mr.  Hooker's  company  sought  their  new  abode,  complaining  of  the  crowding  of 
the  population,  as  3,000  emigrants  had  recently  arrived  from  England.  They  sold 
their  homes  to  the  new-comers,  and  migrated  westward  in  search  of  "  pastures  new." 

t  In  1639,  Connecticut  constituted  itself  a  separate  government,  and  adopted  a  writ 
ten  constitution— the  first  in  America. 


INDIAN    WARS. 


49 


devastated  the  frontier,  killing  men,  women,   and  cattle. 


1637. 


War  was  declared  against  them.     Capt.  John  Mason 


commanded  the  colonial  army,  consisting  of  eighty  or 
ninety  English  and  seventy  Mohicans  (mo-hee  cans\  .under 
their  chief,  Uncas.  The  Narragansetts  were  prevented  by 
Roger  Williams  from  joining  the  Indian  league. 


ARMED    SETTLERS. 


48.  Mason  surprised  the  Pequod  encampment.  He 
set  fire  to  their  wigwams,  saying  :  "  We  must  burn  them  out." 
His  forces  encircled  the  blazing  village.  Uncas  and  the  In 
dian  allies  formed  a  wider  circle  beyond.  Seven  Indians  were 
taken,  seven  escaped,  and  more  than  six  hundred  were 
slaughtered.  Two  of  the  English  were  killed,  and  sixteen  or 


5° 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


twenty  wounded.     The  war  was  prosecuted  till  the  Pequods 
were  slain  or  subdued.     The  victors  appropriated  their  lands. 

49.  The  war  between  the  Narragansetts  and  the 
Mohicans  was  of  equal  advantage  to  the  people  of  Connect 
icut.     The  Narragansett    chief,  Miantonomoh,    attacked  the 
Mohicans,  and  was  taken  prisoner.     His  fate  was  referred  to 
the  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England 
for  their  decision.     By  them  he  was  handed  over  to  the  mercy 
of  his  enemies.     Uncas,  the  Mohican,  cut  him  down  with  his 
tomahawk,  carved  the   living  flesh  from  his  shoulder,  and  ate 
it   with   savage  relish,  declaring  the   flesh  of  foes  to  be  the 
sweetest  of  morsels.     Ten  years  later,  a  war  with  the  Dutch 
and  Indians  was  prevented  solely  by  the  refusal  of  Massachu 
setts  to  be  governed  by  the  decisions  of  the  New  England 
Union. 

50.  After  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  Connecticut  re 

ceived   a   royal   charter,  which   conjoined  New 
Haven  and  the  other  settlements  around  under  a  single 


1662. 


government.  The  young 
er  Winthrop  was  named 
Governor.  He  was  elect 
ed  seventeen  times  suc 
cessively,   WThen  Sir  Ed 
mund  Andros,  the  Roy 
al  Governor  of 
1687.     XT 

New    England 

under  James  L,  demand 
ed  the  surrender  of  the 
charter,  excuses  were 
made  to  delay  its  de 
livery  till  evening. 
While  the  charter  lay  on  the  table  for  delivery,  the  candles 
were  suddenly  extinguished.  When  they  were  relighted,  the 
charter  had  disappeared.  A  copy  of  the  charter  was  hid 
den  by  Capt.  Wadsworth  in  a  hollow  tree,  afterwards  known 


THE  CHARTER  OAK. 


THE  MARYLAND   COLONY.  ^ 

as  the  "Charter  Oak. "  *  Here  it  lay  concealed  till  better  days 
returned,  after  the  expulsion  of  James  from  the  English 
throne. 


THE   MARYLAND   COLONY. 

51.  On  his  return   from    Virginia,  Lord    Baltimore    re 
ceived  from  Charles  I.  a  grant  of  the  country  between  the 
river  Potomac  and  the  Atlantic,  f      He  died  before  the  patent 
was  made  out.     His  eldest  son,  Cecil  Calvert,  succeeded  to  his 
title  and  his  plans.     The   territory  lay  within  the   limits    of 
Virginia,    which  the  king    thought    had    more    land    than  it 
needed.     The  claims  of  Virginia  produced  discord   from  the 
beginning. 

52.  The  new  colony  was  designed  to  be  a  retreat  for 
the  Catholics,  who  were  persecuted  and  oppressed  by  the 
English  laws.     It  was  named  Maryland  in  honor  of  the  Queen, 
Henrietta  Maria — herself  a  Catholic.     Lord   Baltimore  had 
proposed  to  call  it  Crescentia.     The  colonists  were  allowed  free 

,  government,  exemption  from  taxation  by  the  mother 
country,  and  perfect  toleration  of  religious  opin 
ions.  Leonard  Calvert,  brother  of  Lord  Baltimore,!  brought 
over  the  first  colonists  in  1633.  The  village  of  St.  Mary's 
was  founded  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  twelve  miles  above 
its  junction  with  the  Potomac,  where  some  cleared  land  was 
bought  from  the  Indians.  As  the  ground  was  open  and  ready 
for  cultivation,  a  crop  of  corn  was  raised  the  first  year,  and 
part  of  it  was  sent  to  New  England  for  sale.  It  relieved  the 

*  This  aged  tree  stood  till  1856,  when  it  was  blown  down. 

t  The  condition  on  which  the  grant  was  held  was  the  delivery,  annually,  of  two 
Indian  arrows  at  Windsor  Castle. 

$  The  title  of  Lord  Baltimore,  from  which  the  large  commercial  city  of  Maryland 
receives  its  name,  was  derived  from  the  seaport  town  of  Baltimore,  in  the  south-west  of 
Ireland,  situated  a  short  distance  north  of  Cape  Clear. 


52 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


hungry  people  there  from  the  starvation  with  which  they  were 
threatened. 

53.  Clayborne,  the  surveyor  of  Virginia,  had  a  grant 
of  lands  and  privileges  of  trade  within  the  territory  cut  off  for 
Maryland.   He  maintained  his  claim  by  arms,  and  waged  a  small 
war  against  Lord   Baltimore's  people.     He  was  defeated,  but 
made  his  escape  to  Virginia,  whence  he  was  sent  to  England. 
During  the  civil  war  in  the  mother  country,  Clayborne  excited 
insurrection  in  Maryland.    Calvert  retired  to  Virginia.     He  re 
turned  and  suppressed  the  petty  rebellion.     He  died  the  next 
year. 

54.  After  the   execution   of   Charles    I.,    the  Assembly    of 
Maryland  passed  the  "  Toleration  Act,"  and  repeated  the 
promise  of  religious  freedom.*    These  engagements  were  soon 
broken.     The  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  Long  Parlia 
ment  f  (Clayborne  was  one  of  them)  changed  the  government, 
and  placed  it  in  the  hands  of  a  Council  of  Ten.     The  new 
Assembly,  which  included  many  recent  Puritan  emigrants,  de 
prived  the  Roman  Catholics  of  all  political  and  religious  rights. 
Civil  war  was  the  consequence.     When  peace  was  restored, 
the  proprietary  governor  \  was  readmitted  to  his  office. 

55.  The  Maryland  Assembly  denied  the  rights  of 
Lord  Baltimore's  heirs  after  the  death  of  Cromwell.     They 
were  confirmed  on  the  reestablishment  of  the  royal  authority 
in  England.     They  were  enjoyed  by  the   family  till  William 
III.  made  the  colony  a  royal  province.     On  the  accession  of 
the  House  of  Hanover  §  they  were  restored  to  the  fourth  Lord 
Baltimore,  after  he  had  renounced  the  creed  of  his  fathers. 


*  This  act,  passed  in  April,  1649,  enacted  that  "  no  person  within  this  province,  pro 
fessing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ,  shall  be  in  any  ways  troubled,  molested,  or  discoun 
tenanced,  for  his  or  her  religion,  or  in  the  free  exercise  thereof." 

t  The  Long  Parliament  was  the  English  Revolutionary  Parliament,  which  lasted, 
with  many  interruptions  and  mutilations,  from  3d  Nov.,  1640,  to  if>th  March,  1660. 

JThe  proprietary  governor  was  the  deputy-governor  appointed  by  the  proprietor, 
Lord  Baltimore. 

§  The  House  of  Hanover  obtained  the  sovereignty  of  Great  Britain  in  the  person 
of  George  I.,  in  1714,  and  is  now  represented  by  Queen  Victoria. 


VIRGINIA   FROM   1660    TO    1750.  53 

The  last  Lord  Baltimore  was  a  profligate  and  a  spendthrift 
At    his    death    he  bequeathed   Maryland    to   a  soiv 

I771'    Henry  Harford. 

56.  Maryland  was  peaceful  and  prosperous.  Itgreu 
in  wealth  by  the  culture  and  exportation  of  tobacco,  and  by 
the  trade  which  tobacco  encouraged.  It  escaped  all  serious 
danger  from  the  Indians.  The  capital  was  transferred  to  An 
napolis  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century.  In  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth,  the  population  amounted  to  40,000  whites 
and  60,000  blacks. 


VIRGINIA  FROM  1660  TO  1750. 

57.  The  royal  authority  was  revived  in  Virginia  even 
before  Charles  II.  had  been  invited  to  resume  the  English 
throne.  Joy  prevailed  along  the  waters  of  the  James  River, 
but  it  was  tempered  by  grave  discontents.  An  act,  passed 
under  the  Commonwealth,  compelled  the  trade  of  the  colonies 
to  be  carried  on  in  English  ships,  manned  by  English  sailors, 
and  to  be  conveyed  to  English  harbors.  The  "  Navigation 
Act  "  was  the  cause  of  much  future  complaint.  This  statute 
was  revised  and  extended.  Another  grievance  was  the  lavish 
grant  of  lands  to  court  favorites.  "  The  Northern  Neck,"  or 
the  wedge  of  land  between  the  Rappahannock  and  Potomac 
rivers,  was  bestowed  upon  Lord  Colepepper  (cul-pep'per}. 
"  All  the  dominion  of  land  and  water  called  Virginia "  was 
given  for  thirty  years  to  Lord  Colepepper  and  the  Earl  of  Ar 
lington.  The  Assembly  protested  against  such  procedures, 
but  no  redress  was  obtained.  The  Virginians,  however,  were 
thriving,  and  Virginia  planters,  on  their  visits  to  England, 
dazzled  the  English  with  their  wealth  and  extravagance.  Ten 
years  after  the  Restoration  the  population  numbered  40,000  ; 
and  1 6, coo  hogsheads  of  tobacco  were  annually  exported. 


54  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

58.  The  first    Assembly    after  the    Restoration  * 

declared  the  Church  of  England  to  be  the  State  church,  and 
imposed  taxes  for  its  support.  Old  laws  against  Quakers  and 
other  dissenters  were  revived.  New  laws  against  them  were 
passed.  A  tax  was  laid  on  tobacco  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
the  Government  ;  and  high  pay  was  given  to  the  members  of 
the  General  Assembly.  These  members  had  been  previously 
elected  every  two  years.  The  new  body,  following  the  late 
example  of  the  Long  Parliament  in  England,  protracted  its 
existence  during  fifteen  years,  till  it  was  ended  by  the  indigna 
tion  of  the  people.  It  is  not  surprising  that  after  the  continu 
ance  of  increased  excesses  for  three  years  a  plot  was  concocted 
for  the  overthrow  of  the  Government.  The  leaven  of  repub 
licanism,  introduced  by  Puritan  emigrants  during  the  rule  of 
the  Commonwealth,  was  at  work. 

59.  The  discontent  was  embittered  by  real   or  sup 
posed  danger  from  the  Indians.     The  Susquehannahs,  driven 
southwards  by  the  Senecas,  were  plundering  along  the  Poto 
mac.    John  Washington  went  to  the  aid  of  the  settlers.    Some 
chiefs,  who  brought  proposals  of  peace,  were  murdered.     "  If 
they  had  killed  my  father  and  my  mother,"  observed  Berkeley, 
"yet,  if  they  had  come  to  treat  of  peace,  they  ought  to  have 
gone  in  peace."     The  outrage  maddened  the  savages,  and  they 
pushed  their  hostilities  to  the  falls  of  James  River.     Governor 
Berkeley  was   accused   of  neglecting  measures   of  defence. f 
The  Government  did  not  even  give  the  people  permission  to 
defend  themselves.     This  indifference,  or  neglect,  gave  occa 
sion  to  Bacon's  rebellion. 

BACON'S    REBELLION. 

60.  Nathaniel  Bacon  was  a  young  man  of  fortune, 


*  The  Restoration  is  the  term  applied  to  the  reestablishmentof  the  royal  authority 
in  England,  under  Charles  II.,  in  1660. 

t  Sir  William  Berkeley  sent  out  an  expedition  to  explore  the  interior  of  the  country. 
It  crossed  the  Blue  Ridge,  but  was  stopped  by  the  Alleghany.  The  Governor  was 
preparing  to  lead  a  second  expedition  in  person  when  Bacon's  rebellion  broke  out. 


BACON'S  REBELLION.  55 

of  education,  and  of  many  accomplishments.  He  had  re 
cently  arrived  in  the  colony.  He  was  probably  a  kinsman  of 
the  illustrious  Francis  Bacon.*  He  was  a  member  of  the 
council,  as  was  his  uncle  of  the  same  name,  who  designed  him 
for  his  heir.  Being  refused  a  commission  for  the  Indian  war, 
,  .  he  marched  against  the  savages  with  no  commission 
but  his  sword.  He  defeated  them,  and  retired  to  his 
plantation.  He  was  declared  a  rebel  in  his  absence.  The 
anger  of  the  people  compelled  the  summoning  of  a  new  Assem 
bly.  Bacon  was  elected  one  of  the  delegates.!  He  asked 
pardon  for  any  misdeeds  committed  by  him,  and  was  admitted 
to  his  seat  in  the  Legislature.  His  commission  was  still  with 
held.  He  withdrew  secretly  from  Jamestown,  and  returned 
at  the  head  of  five  hundred  men.  Berkeley  met  him,  bared 
his  breast,  and  cried  out :  "  Fair  mark  !  Shoot !  "  The  dis 
turbances,  however,  were  so  threatening,  that  he  was  induced 
to  grant  the  commission.  The  spirit  of  coming  revolution  was 
already  abroad  in  the  land. 

61.  Bacon    marched    against    the    Indians    again. 

Berkeley,  a  second  time,  proclaimed  him  a  rebel,  and  prepared 
to  subdue  him  by  arms.  Being  insufficiently  supported,  Sir 
William  sought  refuge  on  the  further  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Bacon  then  seized  upon  Jamestown,  and  remoulded  the  Gov 
ernment.  Having  done  so,  he  attacked  the  Pamunkeys,  per 
haps  without  sufficient  cause.  He  next  proceeded  against  the 
main  body  of  the  Indians  near  the  present  site  of  Richmond.! 
He  inflicted  a  terrible  slaughter  upon  them.  The  victory  was 


*  Francis  Bacon  (1561-1626)  was  Lord  High  Chancellor  of  England,  and  father  of 
the  Baconian  Philosophy,  or  modern  Inductive  Science.  He  was  one  of  the  mem 
bers  of  the  Virginia  Company,  and  was  intimately  associated  with  the  English  pro 
jects  of  colonization  under  James  I. 

t  On  his  way  down  the  river,  Bacon  was  encountered  by  an  armed  vessel,  and  was 
arrested  by  the  sheriff.  He  was  taken  before  the  Governor,  who  accosted  him  with 
the  inquiry:  u  Have  you  forgot  to  be  a  gentleman  ?  "  Bacon  replied  :  "  No,  may  it 
please  your  Honor."  "  Then,"  said  Berkeley,  "  I  will  take  your  parole." 

t  "  Bacon's  Quarter,"  near  the  city,  and  "  Bloody  Run,"  three  miles  below  it,  are 
supposed  to  mark  Bacon's  plantation  and  Bacon's  fight. 


5 6  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

succeeded  by  new  hazards.  Berkeley  had  returned  to  James- 
town.  Bacon  invested  the  place,  repelled  a  vigorous  assault, 
captured  the  town  and  burnt  it.*  Berkeley  escaped  down  the 
river,  having  been  driven  off  by  the  cannon  which  were 
brought  to  bear  upon  his  flotilla. 

62.  This  success    produced  no    enduring   result. 

Troops  arrived  from  England  to  sustain  the  royal  Government. f 
The  rebellion  was  soon  ended  by  the  death  of  Bacon,  who 
contracted  a  fatal  disease  by  exposure  in  the  swamps.  A  few 
of  his  followers  escaped.  Twenty-three  were  executed.  Berke 
ley's  severity  rendered  him  odious  to  the  people  whom  he  had 
governed  for  a  whole  generation.  He  went  to  England  to  give 
an  explanation  of  the  late  unfortunate  events.  He  did  not 
survive  his  return.  The  king  would  not  receive  him.  "  The 
old  fool  !"  said  Charles,  "  he  has  taken  away  more  lives  in  that 
naked  country  than  I  for  the  murder  of  my  father.  "J  Berk 
eley's  harsh  suppression  of  this  provincial  rebellion,  and  his  re 
joicing  at  the  absence  of  schools  and  printing-presses,  have 
prevented  his  obtaining  due  credit  for  the  prosperity  of  Vir 
ginia  under  his  twenty-eight  years'  rule. 

63.  This  rebellion  deprived  Virginia  of  the  liberal 
charter  intended  for  it.     Lord  Colepepper  became  Governor 
as  well  as  proprietor.     He  was  greedy  and  exacting.     He  was 
removed  from  the  Government,  and  surrendered  most  of  his 
other  privileges  to   the  king.     Virginia  became  once  more  a 
royal  province.     It  could  turn  out  15,000  men  for  military  ser 
vice  ;  but  heavy  taxes  and  the  low  price  of  tobacco  kept  it 
complaining  of  poverty. 

64.  After  the  cruel  suppression  of  Monmouth's  re- 


*  On  his  rapid  and  unexpected  approach,  he  gathered  from  the  neighborhood  the 
ladies  of  the  families  of  the  officials  and  prominent  men  within  the  town  Releasing 
one,  to  communicate  the  intelligence,  he  intrenched  and  fortified  himself  during  the 
moonlit  night.  The  besieged  were  afraid  to  fire,  lest  they  might  injure  the  ladies  in 
the  opposing  camp.  Next  morning,  an  unsuccessful  assault  was  made  by  Berkeley. 

t  In  a  small  fleet  under  Sir  John  Berry. 

$  This  anecdote  is  doubtful.  Berkeley's  treatment  has  been  otherwise  represented. 
This  rebellion  cost  the  colony  $500,000. 


BACON'S  REBELLION.  57 

bellion  in  England,*  many  political  convicts  were  transported 
to  Virginia,  and  were  sold  to  the  planters.  They  brought  from 
fifty  to  seventy  dollars  a  head.  When  Louis  XIV.  renewed 
the  persecution  of  the  Huguenots,  or  French  Protestants,!  a 
number  of  them  came  over.  They  were  a  valuable  addition 
to  the  population. 

65.  Francis  Nicholson,  the  first  Governor  under  William 
III.,  took    active    measures   to    establish    the    college    which 
had   been    so   long   contemplated.      Funds    were    subscribed 
by  the   king,  the  queen,  the   bishops,  and    many  other  per 
sons  of  distinction.     Thus,  the  College  of  William  and  Mary 

,  was  founded.      It  was  the  second  college  established 

in  the  English  colonies  in  America.  Nicholson  re 
moved  the  seat  of  government  from  Jamestown  to  Williams- 
burgh,  which  he  laid  out  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  W,  in  honor 
of  King  William.  Sixty  years  later,  the  best  public  buildings 
in  the  English  provinces  were  found  there. 

66.  Virginia   continued  to  increase  in  prosperity 
under  the  governors  and  deputy-governors  sent  out  from  Eng 
land.     None  .of  them  deserved  higher  regard  than  Alexander 
Spotswood,  who  had  fought  with  distinction  at  Blenheim.];    He 
carried  into  effect  the  project  of  Sir  William  Berkeley,  crossed 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  descended  into  the  rich  and  beautiful 

Valley  of  Virginia.     To  commemorate  the  expedition, 
he  gave  to  each  of  his  companions  a  golden  horse 
shoe,  and  instituted  "the  Tramontane  Order,  or  Knights  of 
the  Golden  Horseshoe. "§     At  Germanna,  on  the  Rappahan- 
nock,  he  set  up  the  first  furnace   for  smelting  iron  that  was 


*  The  Duke  of  Monmouth,  one  of  the  sons  of  Charles  II.,  excited  a  rebellion  against 
James  II.  He  was  defeated,  captured,  and  executed  in  July,  1685. 

t  The  Huguenots  were  driven  out  of  France  by  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  in  1685.  This  revocation  repealed  Henry  IV. 's  decree  for  the  protection  of 
the  Protestants. 

i  Blenheim  was  the  scene  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough's  first  great  victory.  It 
.vas  gained  in  1704,  over  the  French  and  Bavarians, 

$  Some  of  these  badges  are  still  preserved. 
2* 


,j8  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

established  in  America.*  Trade  was  rendered  more  secure 
by  the  defeat  and  death  of  the  pirate  Theach,  or  Blackbeard, 
after  a  desperate  fight  in  Pamlico  Sound.  On  the  outbreak 
of  the  Spanish  war,  Spotswood  left  his  retreat  at  Germanna, 
to  take  command  of  the  colonial  troops,  but  died  at 
Annapolis  before  sailing.  The  Virginia  forces  em 
ployed  against  Carthagena  were  commanded  by  Gooch,  the 
new  Governor.  He  held  the  Government  twenty-two  years, 
and  returned  to  England  soon  after  the  close  of  the  great  war 
of  the  Austrian  Succession.! 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  COLONIES  AFTER 
THE  RESTORATION. 

67.  The  union  of  the  colonies  of  New  England  gave 
them  security  and  strength.  Their  spirit  of  independence  was 
displayed  by  their  opposition  to  the  commissioners  of  Charles 
II.,  and  by  their  welcome  of  Whalley,  Goffe,  and  Dixwell,  the 
regicides. \  These  fugitives  first  came  to  Boston  ;  but  went 
to  New  Haven  as  a  safer  refuge.  They  were  often  in  great 
danger.  On  one  occasion  they  escaped  by  hiding  under  a 
bridge,  while  their  pursuers  crossed  it  above  their  heads.  At 
last  they  concealed  themselves  at  Hadley.  The  village  was 
surrounded  by  Indians  in  King  Philip's  War.  .  A  venerable 
stranger  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  alarmed  inhabitants, 
and  led  them  to  victory.  He  vanished  after  the  battle.  This 
was  supposed  to  have  been  Goffe.  The  most  dreadful  of  In 
dian  wars  had  broken  out  ;  but  New  England  numbered  60,000 
people,  and  the  Indians  were  at  no  time  numerous. 

*  The  progress  of  Virginia  in  industry  and  commerce  is  manifested  by  the  exporta 
tion  in  1730  of  40  tons  of  iron,  3,000  pounds  of  copper  ore,  300  pounds  of  raw  silk, 
300  pounds  of  hemp,  and  150  quintals  of  beeswax.  A  quintal  is  a  weight  of  112  Ibs., 
or  TOO  Ibs.,  according  to  the  scale  employed. 

t  The  war  of  the  Austrian  Succession  was  the  war  against  Maria  Theresa  of  Aus 
tria,  begun  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia.  It  lasted  from  ij/o  to  1748. 

\  The  regicides  were  the 'members  of  the  extraordinary  Court  of  Justice  which  had 
tried  and  condemned  Charles  1. 


fCL\G  PHILIP'S   WAR. 


59 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR-1675. 

68.  Massasoit  had  through  life  faithfully  observed  his 
treaty  with  the  Plymouth  Pilgrims.  His  younger  son,  Philip  of 
Pokanoket,  or  Mount  Hope,  succeeded  him,  and  was  the  chief 
of  seven  hundred  Wampanoags.  He  was  accused  of  plotting 
the  destruction  of  the  whites.  The  informer  was  murdered. 
Three  of  Philip's  tribe  were  seized,  tried,  and  hanged  by  the 
Plymouth  people.  Philip  attacked  the  settlements,  and  there 
was  war.  The  forces  of  Plymouth,  joined  by  those  of  Massa 
chusetts,  finding  Mount  Hope  abandoned,  advanced  through 
the  country  of  the  Narragansetts,  to  the  swamp  of  Pocasset, 
whither  the  Wampanoags  were  said  to  have  retreated.  Philip 
broke  through  the  lines  around  him,  and  drew  other  tribes  into 
the  war.  Several  towns  were  burnt  ;  more  were  attacked. 
Hadley  was  saved  in  the  manner  already  described.  During 
two  seasons  the  borders  were  devastated  with  all  the  horrors  of 
savage  warfare.  Cruelty  and  daring  were  vain  against  supe 
rior  numbers,  superior  arms,  superior  resources,  and  superior 
intelligence.  Philip 
was  defeated.  He  was 
hunted  from  place  to 
place,  deserted  b  y 
his  allies,  and  at 
length  killed  by  one  of 
his  own  followers.  His 
wife  and  child  had 
been  previously  taken. 
The  boy,  only  nine 
years  of  age,  was  sold 
in  Bermuda  as  a  slave. 

69.  Canon'chet,  the 

chief  of  the  Narragan 
setts,  was  charged 
with  having  given  aid  KING  PHILIP. 

to  Philip.     A  thousand  men  marched  through  storm  and  snow, 


60  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

and  surprised  his  camp  in  Rhode  Island.  It  was  taken  after 
a  stubborn  defence.  A  thousand  Indians  were  slain,  six  hun 
dred  wigwams  were  burnt,  and  many  savages  were  roasted  in 
the  flames.  In  the  spring  Canonchet  was  captured  and  was 
put  to  death.  The  Wampanoags  and  the  Narragansetts — the 
friends  of  the  early  colonists — were  heard  of  no  more.  Thir 
teen  towns  had  been  destroyed,  and  six  hundred  lives  lost,  on 
the  side  of  the  New  Englanders. 

70.  Difficulties  occurred  between  Massachusetts  and 
the  English  Crown.     Charles  II.  declared  the  charter  of 

,->  the  colony  void.  James  II.  assailed  the  privileges  of 
,  4'  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut.  The  charters  were 
'  resumed  on  the  revolution  in  England,  and  the  Gov 
ernor,  Andros,  was  seized,  and  sent  home  for  trial.  King  Wil 
liam  did  not  permit  Massachusetts  to  return  to  its  old  system. 
A  new  charter,  forbidding  religious  tests  for  political  purposes, 
and  reserving  a  veto  on  the  provincial  legislation,  was  bestowed 
upon  that  colony.  Plymouth  and  Maine -were  annexed  to  it. 
These  changes  were  distasteful.  One  still  more  odious  was 
the  appointment  of  the  Governor  and  the  higher  officials  by 
the  king. 

KING    WILLIAM'S    WAR.— 1689-1697. 

71.  Hostilities  between   England  and   France    in 

Europe  produced  war  in  New  England.  It  began  with  an  at 
tack  on  Dover.  Schenectady,  in  New  York,  was  surprised  in 
the  night  by  French  and  Indians.  The  inhabitants  were 
slaughtered  and  the  town  burnt.  The  whole  northern  frontier 
was  in  danger.  Delegates  from  the  provinces  met  at  New 
York  to  devise  means  of  protection.  An  expedition  against 
Montreal  failed.  Sir  William  Phipps  made  an  attack  by  sea 
upon  Port  Royal,  took  it,  and  plundered  other  places  in  Acadia. 
He  sailed  from  Boston  against  Quebec,  but  achieved  nothing. 
These  expeditions  drained  Massachusetts  of  money,  and  left 
the  troops  clamorous  for  their  pay.  Bills  of  credit*  were  is- 

*  Government  promises  to  pay  the  sums  of  money  specified  on  the  bills. 


QUEEN  ANNE'S    WAR.  61 

sued  to  defray  the  expenses  incurred.  These  soon  sank  to 
half  their  professed  value.  Thus  was  begun  the  endless  issue 
of  paper  money  in  the  colonies. 

72.  Sir  William  Phipps,  a  colonist  of  humble  birth  and  of 
little  education,  had  fished  up  a  million  of  dollars  from  some 
Spanish  wrecks    in  the  Carribbean  Sea.     He  was  appointed 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  brought  the  new  charter  from 
England. 

THE    SALEM    WITCHCRAFT.— 1692. 

73.  The  delusions  of  the  Salem  witchcraft  gave  nota 
bility  to  the  administration  of  Phipps.     Parris,  the  minister  of 
Salem,  accused  his  Indian  servant,  Tituba,  of  bewitching  his 
daughter  and  his  niece,  children  of  nine  and  eleven  years  of 
age.     Tituba  was  whipped,  confessed  her  guilt,  and  accused 
others.     The    accused    made    further   accusations.      Arrests, 
trials,  and  tortures  were   multiplied.     Those  who  maintained 
their  innocence  were  hanged.    Those  who  admitted  their  guilt, 
for  the  most  part,  escaped.*     Twenty  persons  were   capitally 
punished ;  more    than    fifty    were    tortured    into    confession. 
Numbers  were  confined  in  jail.    The  trials  were  at  last  stopped 
by  the  king.f 

QUEEN   ANNE'S    WAR.—  17O2-1713. 

74.  The  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  in  Europe 

is  known  as  Queen  Anne's  War  in  the  history  of  the  English 
colonies  in  America.  The  French  and  their  Indian  allies  fell 
upon  the  frontier  settlements  of  New  England.  The  villages 
in  Maine  were  desolated.  Deerfield,  in  Massachusetts,  was 


*  Giles  Cory,  an  old  man,  eighty  years  of  age,  was  pressed  to  death  between  boards 
for  refusing  to  plead  to  the  accusation.  The  refusal  was  in  order  to  save  his  property, 
as  it  would  be  forfeited  if  he  were  convicted  of  the  felony.  This  is  the  only  instance 
in  British  America  of  this  punishment — the  last  in  the  history  of  English  law. 

t  Such  delusions  had  prevailed  everywhere.  An  act  was  passed  in  England,  in  the 
first  year  of  James  I.,  against  witches.  The  acts  against  witches  were  not  repealed 
till  1736.  A  royal  edict  against  them  was  issued  in  France  in  1682.  Witch  trials  took 
place  in  Sweden  in  167  %  In  the  same  year  the  younger  Casaubon  published  in  Eng 
land  a  work  asserting  the  reality  of  witchcraft. 


62  HISTORY   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

surprised  at  midnight  by  enemies  who  marched  through  the 
snow,  and  who  entered  the  fort  over  the  drifts  banked  against 
the  palisades.  Forty-seven  of  its  people  were  killed,  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty  prisoners  were  dragged  away  to  Canada. 
A  fruitless  attempt  was  made  from  New  England  to  conquer 
that  province.  The  Indian  villages  along  the  Penobscot  and 
the  St.  Croix  were  destroyed  by  Colonel  Church,  with  five 
hundred  men  from  Massachusetts.  Colonel  Nicholson  took 
Port  Royal,  in  Acadia,  and  changed  its  name  to  Annapolis,  in 
honor  of  the  queen. 

75.  Grievous  burdens  were   imposed    upon  •  New 
England  by  this  war,  but  prosperity  waits  upon  an  indus 
trious  and  intelligent  people.     Bishop  Berkeley,  who 

I /2o« 

was  said  to  possess  "all  the  virtues  under  heaven," 

visited  Rhode  Island,  and  spent  three  years  near  Newport. 
While  contemplating  this  visit  and  forecasting  the  destinies  of 
America,  he  wrote  : 

Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way  ; 

The  four  first  acts  already  passed, 
A  fifth  shall  close  the  drama  with  the  day  ; 

Time's  noblest  offspring  is  his  last. 

Already  the  desire  of  independence  might  be  discerned  in 
New  England  and  in  other  of  her  sister  colonies.  The  desire 
increased  with  increasing  strength  and  wealth.  These  grew 
with  population  and  tranquillity.  Peace  was  made  with  the 
Eastern  Indians.  Quiet  prevailed  and  progress  was  quickened 
till  the  next  war.* 

KING    GEORGE'S     WAR.— 1744-1748. 

76.  The  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession  produced 
violent  hostilities  between  the  English  and  French  colonies, 
which  faced  each  other  in  America.     An  English  frontier  gar- 


*  Great  religious  excitement  prevailed  in  New  England,  between  1735  and  1742. 
It  was  designated  "  the  great  revival,"  and  "  the  new  light."  The  pious  fervor  was 
much  increased  by  the  eloquent  preaching  of  George  Whitefield,  who  visited  that 
part  of  the  country  during  the  period. 


NEW    YORK.  63 

rison  was  seized  by  the  French,  and  imprisoned  in  the  strong  for 
tress  of  Louisburg.  Colonel  Pepperell  besieged  it  with  a  large 
force,  and  captured  it  in  forty-nine  days.  Peace  in  Europe 
did  not  terminate  the  colonial  warfare.  Nova  Scotia  was  con 
quered  by  an  expedition  from  Boston.  The  Acadian 
peasants,  whose  conduct  had  been  suspicious,  were 
torn  from  their  homes,*  placed  on  shipboard,  and  dispersed 
among  the  English  colonies  from  New  Hampshire  to  Georgia. 
Many  found  a  more  welcome  refuge  in  the  French  province  of 
Louisiana. 

At  this  time  the  New  England  colonies  contained  about 
360,000  white  inhabitants,  and  carried  on  an  extensive  and 
profitable  trade  with  the  West  Indies  and  with  Europe. 


NEW  YORK. 

77.  The  Governors  of  New  York,  after  its  conquest 
from  the  Dutch,  were  appointed  by  the  Duke  of  York, 

the  new  proprietor.  Many  were  dissolute,  greedy,  and  arbi 
trary.  All  met  with  bitter  opposition,  and  with  severe  censure. 
The  population  was  composed  of  various  nationalities,!  and 
the  larger  part  consisted  of  the  recently  conquered  Dutch  set 
tlers,  who  submitted  reluctantly  to  a  strange  rule.  A  treaty 
was  made  by  Governor  Carteret  with  the  Five  Nations,  at  Fort 
Orange,  or  Albany.  They  were  converted  into  faithful  friends, 
and  formed  a  strong  defence  against  the  French  in  Canada. 

78.  Popular  discontent  prevented  effectual  resist- 
,  ance,  when  a  Dutch  fleet  entered  the  harbor,  during 

'         the  war  between  England   and   Holland.     The  city, 

*  Longfellow's  graceful  poem,  "  Evangeline,"  is  founded  upon  the  story  of  the 
Acadian  exiles. 

t  The  population  was  of  origin  so  various  that  eighteen  different  languages  were 
said  to  be  in  use.  It  was  reported  to  be  "  the  most  polygenous  of  all  the  British 
provinces."  There  was  constant  dissension  between  the  English  and  Dutch  inhabi 
tants. 


64  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

the  fort,  and  the  province  surrendered  at  once,  but  were 
restored  to  England  on  the  ree'stablishment  of  peace.  A 
new  charter,  extending  the  territory,  was  granted  to  the  Duke 
of  York.  His  deputy,  Sir  Edmond  Andros,  embraced  under 
his  rule  the  country  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware, 
but  failed  in  his  efforts  to  add  to  New  York  the  tract  along  the 
west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River. 

79.  The  people  continued  to  complain,  and  had  rea 
son  to  complain.     Under  a  new  Governor  they  were  allowed 

,~  to  elect  a  Legislative  Assembly.  This  assembly  en 
acted  a  "  Charter  of  Liberties."  It  was  set  aside 
when  the  Duke  of  York  became  King  James  II.  On  his 
dethronement,  Jacob  Leisler,  the  commander  of  the  militia, 
seized  the  fort  at  New  York,  and  set  up  a  government.  A 
Governor,  appointed  by  William  III.,  arrived.  Leisler  and  his 
son-in-law  were  tried,  condemned,  and  executed. 

80.  The  people  were  restless  under  good  governors 
and  under  bad  governors.     Discords  were  frequent.     Edward 
Hyde,  Earl  of  Cornbury,  the  cousin   of   Queen   Anne,  made 
himself  odious  by  persecuting  dissenters,  by  extorting  bribes, 
by  embezzling  public  moneys,  and  by  other  tyrannical   con 
duct.     He  was  removed  on  the  petition  of  the  Assemblies  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

The  commerce  of  New  York  was  already  of  much  value. 
It  was  annoyed  by  the  depredations  of  pirates,  of  whom  Capt. 
Kidd  was  the  most  notorious.  Kidd  was  captured,  and  was 
hanged  in  London.  He  was  supposed  to  have  buried  a  large 
amount  of  gold  somewhere  on  the  shore  of  Long  Island.  This 
hidden  treasure  is  still  sometimes  sought  by  persons  more  eager 
for  fortune  than  steady  work. 

81.  The  city  of  New  York  was  plundered  by  slaves, 
and  a  church  and  some    houses  were  burnt.     A    conspiracy 
among  the  negroes  was  suspected,  and  severe  punishment  was 
inflicted.     Thirteen  were  burnt,  eighteen  were  hanged,  and 
seventy-one  were  removed  from  the  colony. 


NE  W  JERSE  Y  AND  DELA  WARE.  65 

82.  A  Congress  was  held  at  Albany  at  the  beginning 
of  the  French  war  in  America.  It  was  composed  of 
delegates  from  the  several  colonies,  and  was  gathered 
to  strengthen  the  league  with  the  Iroquis,  or  Six  Na 
tions,  which  had  formerly  been  The  Five  Nations.*  Benja 
min  Franklin  presented  a  plan  for  a  Colonial  Union.  It  was 
rejected  by  Connecticut,  but  adopted  by  all  the  other  Provin 
cial  Delegations.  It  was  deemed  hazardous  by  the  British 
Government,  and  was  dropped.  It  was  an  anticipation  of  the 
Union  of  twenty  years  later,  by  which  American  Independence 
was  gained.  Such  a  measure  had  been  proposed  long  before 
by  William  Penn  and  several  other  persons  of  sagacity. 


NEW   JERSEY   AND   DELAWARE. 

83.  Charles  II.  had  enlarged  the  grant  of  New  York 
to  his  brother  by  adding  to  it   the  country  on  the  shores  of 
Delaware  Bay  and  along    the  eastern  bank   of  the  Delaware 
River.     The  Duke  of  York  conveyed   New  Jersey — the  tract 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware — to  Lord  Berkeley  and 
Lord    Carteret.     Elizabethtown  was   settled  by  people   from 
Long  Island.     Population  was  invited  by  liberal  offers,  by  the 
promise  of   representative   government,  and  by  freedom  from 
any  taxation  but  such   as  might   be  imposed  by  the  Colonial 
Assembly.     Seventy-five  acres  of  land  were  also  promised  for 
every  "  stout  slave  "  brought  in.    The  experiment  did  not  suc 
ceed,  for  the  private  gain  of  the  proprietors  was  its  chief  ob 
ject.     One  governor  was  deposed,   and   the  colony   was    re 
covered  by  the  Dutch  on  the  surrender  of  New  York. 

84.  Lord  Berkeley  sold  his  share  of  the  Province  to 
a  Quaker,  who  assigned  it  to  William  Penn  and  two  other 
Quakers.     The  colony  was  divided  into  East  and  West  Jersey, 
the  latter  became  Penn's.      The  Quakers,  suffering  from  harsh 

*They  became  the  Six  Nations  by  the  reception  and  incorporation  of  the  Tusca- 
roras,  on  their  expulsion  from  North  Carolina  in  1712. 


66  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

treatment  in  England,  hastened  to  form  a  settlement  in 
America.  An  Assembly  was  held  at  Salem  and 
adopted  a  body  of  laws,  entitled  "  Fundamental  Con 
stitutions."  East  Jersey  was  purchased,  and  fresh  cargoes  of 
Quakers  came  to  Quakerland.  The  Covenanters,*  fleeing 
from  cruel  persecution  in  Scotland,  also  sought  here  tolera 
tion  and  quiet,  and  swelled  the  number  of  the  inhabitants. 

85.  A  more  hopeful  enterprise  attracted  the  regards  of 
the  Quaker  chiefs.  The  Jerseys  were  surrendered  to  the 
Crown,  and  were  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Governor  of 
New  York.  After  forty  years  of  union  they  were  again  sep 
arated  from  it,  and  formed  into  the  Royal  Province  of  New 
Jersey,  which  grew  and  throve  in  unbroken  peace,  for  there 
were  no  Indian  dangers  to  be  encountered. 


SETTLEMENT  OF   PENNSYLVANIA.— 1682. 

86.  Penn  desired  a  wider  range  for  his  "  holy  expe 
riment  "  than  the  Jerseys  afforded.     George  Fox,  the  founder 
of  the  sect,  had  visited  America,  which  promised  such  a  re 
treat  for  his  followers  as  he  was  solicitous  of  obtaining.    Penn, 
his  disciple,  sought  to  give  full  effect  to  this  desire.     He  pro 
cured  from  Charles  II.  a  grant  of  the  country  west  of  the  Dela 
ware.     The  grant  was  soon  made  to  include  "  The   Territo 
ries,"  now  forming  the  State  of  Delaware.     The  new  domain 
was  called  Sylvania  (woodland),  which  the  king  changed  to 
Pennsylvania  (Penn's  woodland). 

87.  A  large  body  of  emigrants  was  sent  out.    Settle 
ment  was  invited  by  offering   ten  acres  of  land  for  a  dollar. 
Penn  visited  the  country  himself,  and  instituted  a  government. 

*  The  Covenanters  were  enthusiastic  Scotch  Presbyterians,  who  resisted  the  at 
tempt  of  Charles  II.  to  suppress  their  form  of  religion.  They  met  for  worship  in  the 
woods  and  fields  and  in  remote  places.  They  were  hunted  by  Highlanders  and 
dragoons,  and  were  mercilessly  cut  down.  Their  cruel  treatment  and  stubborn  re 
sistance  furnish  the  subject  of  one  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  best  novels. 


THE  SE  T TLEMEN  T  OF  PENNS  YL  VA NIA . 


67 


He  was  welcomed  by  the  Swedes  on  Delaware  Bay,  by  the 
dwellers  in  the  Jerseys,  and  by  the  settlers  on  his  recent  grant. 
He  made  a  treaty  of  friendship  with  the  Indians  under  an  elm 
tree,  which  was  venerated  till  it  was  blown  down  at  the  begin 
ning  of  the  present  century.*  He  did  not  seize  lands,  but  paid 
for  them,  though  the  payment  was  trifling.  The  savages  as 
sured  the  "  Quaker  King  "  that  they  would  "  live  in  love  with 
William  Penn  and  his  children  as  long  as  the  moon  and  sun 
should  shine."  The  promise  was,  in  the  main,  kept  with  en 
tire  fidelity.  On  this  visit  Penn  laid  out  the  city  of  Philadel 
phia  (Brotherly  Love),  between  the  Schuylkill  and  the  Dela 
ware  rivers.  He  remained  two  years  in  America,  and  left  a 
population  of  7,000  people  in  the  new  domain  when  he  re 
turned  to  England. 

88.  "The  Territories,"  or  "Three  Lower  Coun 
ties,"  were  lost  to  Pennsylvania.  They  were  claimed  by 
both  Penn  and  Lord 
Baltimore.  The  Eng 
lish  Committee  of 
Trade  and  Planta 
tions  declared  that 
they  were  not  in 
cluded  in  the  grant 
of  Maryland.  A  sep- 
a  r  a  t  e  government 
was  conferred  upon 
them.  A  dispute 
arose  also  in  regard  /  \\\\v\v 
to  the  southern 
boundary  of  Penn 
sylvania.  It  was  set 
tled  long  afterwards 


WILLIAM    PENN. 


*  The  Wampum  Belt  which  was  delivered  by  the  Lenni-Lenape  to  Penn,  as  the  title- 
deed  for  the  lands  granted  at  "  The  Great  Treaty  "  of  Shackamaxon,  is  in  the  posses 
sion  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  to  which  it  was  presented,  in  1857,  by 
Mr.  Granville  Jones  Penn,  a  descendant  of  the  original  proprietor. 


68  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

by  two  surveyors,  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon.  The 
boundary  determined  by  them  is  familiarly  known  as  Mason 
and  Dixon's  Line,  and  has  been  of  grave  political  importance.* 
89.  Penn  returned  to  America  after  an  absence  of 
fifteen  years.  He  allowed  Delaware  (the  Lower  Counties) 
to  have  an  Assembly  of  its  own.  He  was  recalled  to  England 
by  a  design  entertained  for  the  abolition  of  all  proprietary  gov 
ernments.  He  died  in  the  Fleet  prison,  overwhelmed  with 
debt  incurred  on  account  of  his  colony.f  An  attack  of  pa 
ralysis  had  prevented  his  selling  it  to  the  Crown.  It  thus 
descended  to  his  heirs.  Their  ownership  lasted  till  the  Rev- 
olution.J 


NORTH  AND  SOUTH   CAROLINA.— 1629-1763. 

90.  The  desire  of  the  English  for  American  posses 
sions  was  inflamed  by  the  successful  establishment  of  the 
colonies  of  Virginia  and  New  Plymouth.  A  vast  territory  on 
the  southern  border  of  Virginia  was  granted  to  Sir  Robert 
Heath,  but  the  civil  war  occurred  in  England  before  any  set- 

,,       tlement  was  made.     At  the  Restoration,  Charles  II. 

regranted  the  country  to  Lord  Chancellor  Hyde  (Earl 

of  Clarendon),  Sir  William  Berkeley,  Governor  of  Virginia,  and 

other  favorites.     Two  years  afterwards  the  limits  of  the  grant 

were  extended  on  the  west  to  the  Pacific. 

*  Mason  and  Dixon  were  English  surveyors,  and  performed  the  work  in  1763. 
They  ran  the  line  from  the  north-east  corner  of  Maryland  244  miles  to  the  west.  They 
were  then  interrupted  by  Indians.  The  34  miles  remaining  were  completed  in  1782 
by  Colonel  Alexander  McLean,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Joseph  Neville,  of  Virginia. 

t  William  Pcnn  (1644-1718)  was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Penn,  an  admiral  under  the 
Commonwealth  and  under  Charles  II.  He  attached  himself  to  the  Quakers  while  a 
student  at  Oxford,  and  was  expelled  for  non-conformity  when  only  sixteen  years  of 
age.  He  entered  on  the  study  of  law,  but  was  driven  from  London  by  the  plague. 
He  was  for  some  time  an  itinerant  preacher.  On  the  death  of  his  father  he  inherited 
a  large  estate.  The  rest  of  his  life  and  his  entire  fortune  were  devoted  to  colonization 
in  America. 

J  The  State  of  Pennsylvania  voted  Penn's  heirs  a  compensation  of  $650,000,  and  the 
British  Government  gave  them  a  pension  of  $20,000  a  year. 


NORTH  AND  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


69 


91.  The    new    colony  was    called  Carolina,  after 
Charles,  the  king.     Its   northern   frontier  was  within  the 
boundaries  assigned  to  Virginia.      It  had  been  explored  at  an 
early  date  under  the  authority  of  the  Government  at  James 
town.     Some  settlements  were  made  in  what  was  designated 
Southern  Virginia  :  by  Virginians  on  Albemarle  Sound,  and 
by  Puritans   from   New   England   on   the   Cape   Fear  River. 
Under  the    new  charter,  William   Drummond,  a  Scotchman, 
soon  after  prominent  in  Bacon's  rebellion,  was  appointed  by 
Sir  William  Berkeley  Governor  of  the  Albemarle  settlements. 
He  gave  them  a  simple  constitution,  and  called  an  assembly  at 
Edentown.     The  New  England  colony  on  the  Cape  Fear  was 
soon  abandoned  by  most  of  its  members.     Other  immigrants 
came  from  New  England  and  the  Bermudas,  and  settled  in  the 
Albemarle    neighborhood.       Eight    hundred    from  Barbadoes 
found  abodes  on  the  Cape  Fear. 

92.  Lord  Clarendon  and  his  partners  were  states 
men  as  well  as  courtiers.     They  hoped  to  avoid  the  losses  and 
failures  which    had    attended    previous    colonial    adventures. 
They  set  the  keen  and  scheming  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  to  the  task 
of  preparing  a  plan  of  government.     He  employed  in  the  work 
his  friend  and  guest,  the  celebrated  philosopher,  John  Locke. 

,  A  "  Grand  Model "  was  produced,  which  was  alto- 
'  '  gether  unsuited  for  the  woods  and  swamps,  and  for  a 
scant,  poor,  and  scattered  people.  There  were  to  be  three 
ranks  of  nobles  :  landgraves  with  48,000  acres  of  land  ;  caciques 
(ka-seeks)  with  24,000,  and  barons  with  12,000.  All  power  was 
placed  in  their  hands,  subject  to  the  control  of  the  eight  pro 
prietors.  The  Church  of  England  was  declared  to  be  the 
State  religion,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  Locke.  The  cumbrous 
plan  was  never  put  into  full  operation.  It  was  renounced  after 
twenty-two  years  of  failure.* 

93.  William  Sayle  appeared  in  Ashley  River  as  Gov- 

*  A  small  volume  of  75  leaves,  bound  in  vellum,  contains  this  "  first  set,"  and  is  in 
the  handwriting  of  Locke,  and  full  of  corrections  and  notes  by  him. — Report  on  the 
Snaftsbury  Papers,  by  the  Keeper  of  the  Records. 


70  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ernor  under  "  The  Grand  Model,"  and  brought  with  him 
three  ships.  Provisional  governments  were  allowed  to  the  Al- 
bemarle  and  Clarendon  settlements,  on  Albemarle  Sound  and 
Cape  Fear.  Their  remoteness  precluded  any  close  connection 
with  the  more  southern  plantation.  Thus  the  two  States  of 
North  and  South  Carolina  came  to  be  formed  ultimately  out 
of  the  Clarendon  grant. 

94.  Disputes,  disturbances,  and  insurrections  har 
assed  the  northern  colony  for  many  years.     The  southern 
or  Carteret  colony  was  soon  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Violent 
divisions  occurred  there  on  the  meeting  of  the  first  Legislature. 
People  of   diverse  race   and  creed,  and   habits  and  fortune, 
could  not  dwell  in  harmony  under  the  restraints   of  the  pro 
prietary  rule.     Dutch  from  the  Low  Countries  and  from  New 
York,  and  Huguenots   expelled   from    France  settled  on  the 
Ashley,  the   Santee,  and  the  Edisto.     Scotch    came  to  Port 
Royal  Island,  and  dissenters  from  Somersetshire  were  estab 
lished  in  their  neighborhood  by  Humphrey  Blake,  the  brother 
and  heir  of  the  great  admiral  of  the  Commonwealth.     In  sub 
sequent  years  came  Moravians,  and  Swiss,  and  Irish,  and  Ger 
mans  from  the  Rhine.     The  swamps  along  the  Ashley  were 
turned  to  good  account  in  the  raising  of  cattle.     On  the  point 

,~        of  land  between  this  river  and  the  Cooper  was  founded 
the  city  of  Charleston,  so  named  after  Charles  II.  of 
England. 

95.  The  Carolinas  prospered  in  spite  of  constant  dis 
cords.     They  were  harassed  by  Indian  and  Spanish  assaults, 
for  Spain  claimed  the  southern   districts  as   part  of  Florida. 
Smugglers  and  pirates  were  harbored  at  Charleston,  which  grew 
rich  by  the  illicit  trade  with  them.     In  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth    century,    twelve    hundred    men,    partly    Indians, 
marched  against  St.  Augustine,  and  took  it  from  the  Spaniards. 
In  return,  Charleston  was  threatened  by  a  fleet  of  French  and 
Spanish  vessels.     They  were  driven  off. 

96.  Greater  dangers  were  experienced  from  the  In- 


GEORGIA.  yj 

dians.  The  Tuscaroras  and  Corees  attacked  the  Albemarle 
colony,  and  massacred  one  hundred  and  thirty  Ger- 
mans  in  a  single  night.  The  Tuscaroras  were  crushed 
the  following  year  by  a  force  from  the  South.  A  remnant  of 
them  found  refuge  in  the  North  with  the  Five  Nations,  by 
whom  they  were  adopted  as  a  sixth  member  of  their  confed 
eration.  Other  Indians  took  up  the  hatchet.  The  southern 
frontier  was  ravaged  by  a  sudden  inroad  of  Yemassees  on  the 
Savannah.  They  were  joined  by  the  Catawbas,  Cherokees, 
and  Creeks.  Governor  Craven  pursued  them  through  the 
dreary  cypress  swamps,  routed  them  at  Salkehatchie  (sol- 
ketch ' e\  and  drove  them  to  Florida. 

97.  Church  controversies  were  added  to  other  trou 
bles,  and  to  the  distress  caused  by  the  expense  of  the  Indian 
wars.  An  effort  to  enforce  the  Anglican  system*  only  occa 
sioned  discontent  and  wrangling.  The  people  were  estranged 
from  the  proprietors.  Their  government  was  rejected. 

'  "'  After  ten  years  of  angry  strife,  the  rights  of  all  but  one 
were  sold  to  the  king.  The  Carolinas,  divided  into  north  and 
south,  became  royal  provinces. 

They  now  made  more  rapid  advances  than  they  had  ever 
made  before.  Rice  was  introduced  from  Madagascar  before 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Cotton  was  cultivated  in 
the  first  year  of  the  eighteenth.  Indigo  proved  a  lucrative 
crop.  Four  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  the  dye-stuff  were 
exported  before  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  war,  of 
which  an  account  will  shortly  be  given.f 


GEORGIA.— 1732-1756. 

98.  Carolina  was  exposed  to  attack  on  the  west, 
along  the  whole  course  of  the  Savannah  River.      Spain  looked 

*  The  Anglican  system  is  the  ecclesiastical  establishment  of  the  Episcopal  Church 
as  it  exists  in  England— as  a  State  Church. 
t  Three  thousand  and  twenty-five  hogsheads  of  rice  were  imported  into  London 


72  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

upon  the  country  as  hers,  and  upon  the  English  as  intruders. 
When  the  Carolinas  were    transferred    to    the    British  Crown, 
this  disputed  territory  was  granted  to  General  Ogle- 
"    thorpe  and  other  trustees,  for  a  term    of  twenty-one 
years.     It  was  to  be  held  in  trust  for  the  poor,  and  was  de 
signed  as  an  asylum  for   the   destitute   and   miserable.     The 
reigning  king  in  England  was  George  II.,  and  the  province  was 
in  consequence  called  Georgia. 

99.  Oglethorpe  *  was  a  soldier,  who  had  fought  with  dis 

tinction,  and  had  served  under 
Prince  Eugene  at  the  siege  of 
Belgrade.  He  was  moved  by 
the  sorrows  and  the  sufferings 
of  the  British  poor,  and  sought, 
by  the  same  measure,  to  relieve 
them  of  their  misery,  the  coun 
try  of  their  support,  and  to  en- 
,  large  and  strengthen  the  Eng 
lish  colonies  in  America.  He 
conducted  the  emigrants  him- 

GENERAL  OGLETHORPE.  self.     The  first  settlement  was 

made  on  the  Savannah  River,  where  the  city  cf  Savannah  now 
stands,  f  Each  male  settler  received  twenty-five  acres 
of  land  on  condition  of  military  service.  This  land  he 
could  not  sell.  It  descended  to  his  heirs  with  the  same  obli 
gation.  Negro  slavery  and  the  use  of  rum  were  prohibited. 
These  regulations,  however,  could  not  be  maintained. 

100.  Oglethorpe  went  back  to  England  on  behalf  of 

from  Carolina  in  May,  1730  ;  and  in  1733  so  much  was  shipped  to  Spain  and  Portugal 
as  nearly  to  stop  the  trade  in  that  article  with  Venice. 

The  cotton  exported  about  that  time  was  almost  sufficient  to  satisfy  th 
ments  of  the  English  manufacture. 

*  James  Edward  Oglethorpe  <  1^98-1785)  was  from  the  south  of  England.  He  se 
as  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Prince  Eugene.     He  was  under  the  Duke  of  Cumt 
land  in  the  second  Jacobite  Rebellion.     He  was  offered  the  chief  command  in  Amer 
ica,  in  1775. 

t  At  the  Indian  village  of  Yamacraw,  where   John    Musgrove,  a   Carolina  trader, 
married  to  the  Muscogee  Princess  Mary,  had  been  established  for  seven  years. 


GEORGIA.  73 

his  colony.  On  his  return,  he  brought  back  three  hundred 
additional  settlers,  more  than  half  of  them  German  Protest 
ants.  The  Wesleys,*  who  afterwards  founded  the  Methodist 
denomination,  accompanied  him.  Whitefield  f  twice  visited 
the  colony.  Oglethorpe  went  a  second  time  to  England,  and 
returned  with  a  regiment  of  six  hundred  soldiers,  to  be  employed 
against  the  Spaniards.  He  began  the  war  by  an  attack  on  St. 
Augustine.  The  Spaniards,  in  retaliation,  invaded  Georgia, 
captured  a  fort  on  the  Altamaha  (pl-ta-ma-haw  ) ,  and  spread 
dismay  around.  They  were  completely  outgeneralled  by 
Oglethorpe,  and  withdrew  in  haste.  So  many  complaints  were 
made  against  his  rule,  that  he  was  summoned  home,  to  be 
tried  by  a  court-martial.  He  was  acquitted  with  honor,  but 
never  revisited  America.  He  lived  two  years  beyond  the  close 
of  the  American  Revolution. 

101.  Civil  government  was  instituted  on  the  departure 
of  Oglethorpe.     Discords  continued  to  prevail  till  the  colony 
was  taken  into  the  hands  of  the   king.     Prosperity  had  been 
prevented    by   unwise    restraints.     The    exclusion    of   negro 
slavery  was  chiefly  complained  of.     A  constitution  like  that  of 
Carolina  was   accorded  to  the  province  ;    and   Georgia    ad 
vanced  more  rapidly  than  even  her  thriving  neighbor. 

102.  By  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  strip 
of  country  from  the  Penobscot  to  the  Altamaha,  and  between 
the  mountains  and  the  Atlantic  coast,  was  occupied  by  active, 
industrious,  daring  communities  under  English  rule.     These 
were  growing  daily  in  all  the  elements  of  wealth.     The  total 
population  was  about  a  million,  and  the  value  of  the   exports 
reached  five  millions  of  dollars.}; 


*  The  Wesleys  were  John  (1703-1791)  and  Charles  (1707-1788).  John  Wesley  came 
as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians  ;  Charles  as  Oglethorpe's  secretary. 

t  George  Whitefield  (1714-1770)  came  to  Savannah  in  1737,  and  a  second  time  in 
1739.  HC  founded  an  orphan  house  there  in  1740.  He  made  seven  voyages  to  Amer 
ica,  and  excited  much  enthusiasm  by  his  preaching.  He  died  at  Newburyport,  Mass. 

+  This  is  a  very  rough  and  uncertain  estimate.    The  population  was  supposed  tQ  be 
914,000  in  1731,  and  1,165,000,  besides  200,000  negroes,  in  1754. 
4 


74  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

THE   GREAT   FRENCH  AND    INDIAN  WAR. 
—1754-1763. 

103.  The  English  in  North  America  were  not  yet  se 
cure.     They  had  struggled  through  many  difficulties  and  dan 
gers.     They  were  now  threatened  with  a  more  serious  danger 
than  any  that  they  had  overcome.     The  Indians  had  been 
urged  and   aided  by  the  French  in  their  ravages  along  the 
northern  front.     The  northern  colonies  had  retaliated  by  the 
conquest  of  Acadia,  and  by  assaults  on  other  settlements.    The 
French  losses  in  the  East  were  amply  made  up  by  their  ac 
quisitions  in  the  West.     They  had  won  the  vast  valleys  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Great  Lakes.     They 
hemmed  the   English  within   the  long,  narrow  tract  between 
the  Alleghanies  and  the  Atlantic  seaboard.*    The  English  felt 
the  need  and   nursed  the  desire  of  broader  possessions.     A 
conflict  for  supremacy,  which  was  a  strife  for  existence,  was 
unavoidable. 

NEW    FRANCE. 

104.  France  had  gained   her  extensive  American  empire 
mainly  by  the  zeal,  the  enterprise,  and  the  pious  energy  of  Jesuit 
missionaries.     These  earnest  fathers  had  explored  the  upper 
course  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  discovered  the  great  inland  seas, 
and  navigated  the  Mississippi.   Marquette  (mar-ket')  and  Joliet 
(zhol'e-Ci)  descended  the  Wisconsin  to  its  junction  with  the 

,          Father  of  Waters,  and   followed  the  mighty  river  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas.     La  Salle  passed  down 
the  Great  River  to  its  entrance  into  the  gulf,  claimed  the  un 
known  valley  for  France,  and  named  it  Louisiana,  after  the 
"  Great  Monarch,"  Louis  XIV. 

105.  La  Salle  was  commissioned  to  occupy  and  gov 
ern  the  newly  discovered  region.     Spain  had  an  earlier  title  to 


*  In  Colbert's  constitution  of  the  French  West  India  Company,  in   1664,  the  grant 
had  been  "  of  all  Canada  down  to  and  behind  Virginia  and  Florida." 


FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH  HOSTILITIES.  75 

it,  on  account  of  the  wanderings  of  De  Soto  and  Coronado. 
La  Salle  was  murdered  by  his  own  men  in  Texas,  while  en 
deavoring  to  return  to  it.  He  had  missed  the  obscure  mouths 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  was  roaming  about  in  the  wide  prairies, 
vainly  seeking  to  reach  the  shores  of  that  river.  Other  at 
tempts  at  French  settlement  were  made.  Little  success,  or 
promise  of  success,  attended  them  for  many  years.  New 
Orleans  was  founded  by  the  Mississippi  Company, 
'•  "'  under  the  direction  of  John  Law.*  Hostilities  broke 
out  with  the  Natchez  and  the  Chickasaws  ;  but  no  serious 
opposition  was  encountered  by  the  French  in  their  occupation 
of  Louisiana.  Three  millions  of  dollars  were  expended  in  the 
adventure  before  a  firm  foothold  was  secured. 

HOSTILITIES    BETWEEN    THE    FRENCH    AND    ENGLISH. 

106.  Europe  obtained  peace,  but  not  America,  by 

the  close  of  King  George's  War,  or  the  War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession.  The  French  and  English  were  too  violently  op 
posed  to  each  other  on  the  Western  Continent  to  permit  quiet 
to  be  restored  there.  The  war  continued  to  be  waged  be 
tween  their  American  colonies. 

107.  French  forts  were  established  on  the  Upper 
Ohio  to  prevent  the  English  from  spreading  westwards.    The 
Governor  of  Virginia  sent  George  Washington,  a  young  man 

not  yet  twenty-two  years  of  age,  to  demand  the  with 
drawal  of  the   French.     In  two  months  of  winter,  he 
performed  the  difficult  journey  through  the  wilderness,  and 
brought  back  a  polite  refusal  from  the  French  commander. 

The  Ohio  Company,  a  Virginia  land  association,  built  a  fort 
where  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers  unite,  and  form 
the  Ohio.  It  was  captured  by  the  French,  and  received  the 

*  John  Law  (1681-1729)  was  a  Scotchman.  He  established  a  Land  Bank  in  Scot 
land.  It  failed.  Being  outlawed,  he  gained  the  favor  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  setup  a 
bank  at  Paris.  This  bank  received  the  grant  of  Louisiana.  It  was  made  the  Royal 
Bank  of  France  in  1718.  In  1720  Law  was  appointed  Controller-general  of  Finances. 
The  "  Mississippi  bubble  "  burst.  He  fled  from  the  furious  mob,  and  died  in  poverty 
at  Venice. 


76 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


name  of  Fort  Du  Quesne  (du-kane).  Washington  returned 
too  late  to  save  it,  but  surprised  the  French  at  the  Great 
Meadows.*  Their  commanding  officer  was  slain.  Washington 
and  his  small  force  were  soon  besieged  in  Fort  Necessity — a 
hasty  intrenchment.  They  were  forced  to  surrender.  The 
English  seemed  likely  to  be  kept  back  behind  the  range  of 
the  Alleghanies,  though  claiming  the  country  to  the  Pacific. 
The  English  Government  sent  out  General  Braddock,  f  with 
two  regiments  which  had  run  away  at  the  battle  of  Preston- 
pans. 

BRADDOCK'S    DEFEAT.— 17SS. 

108.  Braddock  started  from  Alexandria,  having  added  the 
provincial  militia  to  his  force.     Washington  served  on  his  staff. 
The  troops  advanced  carelessly  through  the  unbroken  forest. 
They  were  entrapped  "in   an   ambuscade  by  the  French  and 
Indians,  when  only  a  few  miles'  distant  from  Fort  Du  Quesne.  J 
A  scanty  remnant  of  the  army  was  saved  by  the  cool  courage 
and  skill  of  Washington,  and  by  the  steadiness  of  the  Virgin 
ians.     Braddock  was  mortally  wounded,  and  most  of  his  offi 
cers  were  disabled  or  slain. § 

109.  Two  other  expeditions  formed  parts  of  the  year's 
campaign  ;  one  against   Fort   Frontenac  and    Fort   Niagara ; 
the   other  against   Crown    Point,  on   Lake  Champlain.||     The 

*  The  Great  Meadows,  where  was  the  site  of  Fort  Necessity,  lie  at  the  eastern 
foot  of  Chestnut  Ridge,  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  near  the  National  Road, 
They  are  about  fifty  miles  north-west  of  Cumberland,  in  Maryland. 

t  General  Edward  Braddock  (1715-1755)  had  served  with  distinction  in  Spain, 
Portugal,  and  Germany.  He  was  selected  by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  for  the  com 
mand  in  America. 

%  The  scene  of  Braddock's  defeat  (gth  July,  1755)  was  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela,  only  seven  or  eight  miles  eastwards  from  Pittsburg. 

§  Washington's  escape  was  remarkable.  He  exposed  himself  with  the  greatest 
intrepidity  throughout  the  battle.  Two  horses  were  shot  under  him.  Four  balk 
pierced  his  coat  ;  but  he  was  not  wounded.  An  Indian  chief  aimed  twice  at  him  ; 
then  directed  his  followers  to  fire  at  him.  He  remained  untouched.  They  then 
desisted  from  the  attempt  to  shoot  him,  deeming  him  to  have  a  charmed  life. 

II  The  names  of  these  forts  frequently  recur  in  American  warfare.  Fort  Frontenac 
was  near  Kingston,  in  Canada,  not  far  from  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario.  Fort  Niag 
ara  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River.  Crown  Point  was  on  the  left  bank  of 
Lake  Champlain,  north  of  Ticonderoga,  which  stood  at  the  junction  of  Lake  George 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1758.  77 

former  was  abandoned  on  Braddock's  defeat  ;  the  latter  pro 
duced  no  satisfactory  result.  The  French  commander,  Dies- 
kau  (dee-es'ko),  was  severely  and  incurably  wounded  and  was 
taken  prisoner. 

DECLARATION    OF    WAR.—  17S6. 

1 10.  War  was  at  length  formally  declared  between 
France  and  England.     Oswego  was  taken  by  Montcalm,  the 
new  Governor  of  Canada.     Nothing  was  accomplished  by  the 
English  during  the  year.  The  next  summer  Fort  William  Henry 
was  attacked  by  the  French,  supported  by  seventeen  hundred 
Indians.    The  garrison  surrendered.    Many  of  them  were  mas 
sacred  by  the  savages,  in  violation  of  the  terms  of  the  surren 
der.     Lord  Loudoun  (loudun)^  the  Governor-General  of  the 
English  colonies,  collected  ten  thousand  men  for  the  conquest 
of  Louisburg.     The  season  was  already  too  far  advanced  for 
anything  to  be  achieved. 

CAMPAIGN     OF    17S8. 

111.  William  Pitt,*  afterwards   Earl  of  Chatham,  became 
Prime   Minister  of  England  in   this   season  of  gloom.     The 
American  provinces  made  zealous  efforts  in  their  own  defence, 
having  been  promised  by  him  the  repayment  of  such  expendi 
tures  as  they  might   make  on   account  of  the  war.     Twenty 
thousand  soldiers  were  required   from   them.     Abercrombie, 
the  new  general,  found  fifty  thousand  under  his  command. 

112.  Three  enterprises  were  contemplated  in  this 
campaign.      Louisburg  was  taken  by  General  Amherst   and 
General  Wolfe,  aided  by  a    fleet   under  Admiral   Boscawen 
(bos-kaw  en).     Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  to  be  as 
sailed  by  Abercrombie  and  Lord   Howe.     They  had  fifteen 

with  Lake  Champlain.  Fort  Oswego  was  on  the  site  of  the  present  Oswego,  in  New 
York.  Fort  William  Henry  was  at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  and  Fort  Edward  was 
about  half-way  on  the  road  between  the  two  lakes. 

*  William  Pitt  (1708-1778),  first  Earl  of  Chatham,  the  great  and  eloquent  Prime  Min 
ister  of  Britain  during  the  Seven  Years'  War,  became  an  Earl  in  1766. 


78  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

thousand  men,  the  largest  army  yet  assembled  in  America. 
They  were  repulsed  by  Montcalm,  and  the  young  Lord  Howe 
was  slain.  Abercrombie  fell  back  to  Albany.  Du  Quesne 
was  abandoned  and  burnt  when  Washington  and  his  Virgin 
ians  appeared  before  it.  Washington  received  the  thanks  of 
the  Virginia  Legislature  for  this  success.  He  was  unable  to 
respond  to  the  complimentary  address.  "  Sit  down,"  said  the 
Speaker,  "  your  modesty  is  equal  to  your  valour,  and  that  sur 
passes  the  power  of  any  language  I  possess." 

CAMPAIGN    OF     17S9. 

113.  These  successes  induced  Pitt  to  undertake  the 
conquest  of  Canada  in  the  next  campaign.     Three  move 
ments  were  again  proposed,  and  were  intended  to  unite  before 
Quebec.     Ainherst  was  to  drive  the  French  out  of  New  York, 
and  to  take  Ticonderoga.     General  Prideaux  (prid'o)  was  to 
capture  Fort  Niagara,  and  to  join  Amherst  in  Canada.    General 
Wolfe  was  to  sail  up  the  St.  Lawrence  and  besiege  Quebec. 

114.  The  siege  of  Fort  Niagara  lasted   three  weeks.      It 
surrendered  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  after  Prideaux  had  been 
killed.      Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  abandoned  on 
Amherst's  approach.     He  did  not  advance  further,  but  win 
tered  at  Crown  Point.     The  attack  on  Quebec  was  thus  left  to 
Wolfe  alone.* 

115.  Quebec  is  strongly  situated,  and  was  strongly 
fortified.     Its  works  were  too  extensive  for  the  number  of 
the  garrison.     It  stands  on  a  lofty  height,  and  is  unassailable 
on  three  sides,  which  are  defended  by  the  broad  rivers  St. 
Charles  and  St.   Lawrence.     These    unite  below  the  Grand 
Battery,  and  form  the  splendid  harbor,  which  is  screened  by 
the  Island  of   Orleans.     Behind  the  city  are  the  Plains  of 


*  General  James  Wolfe  (1727-1759),  when  appointed  by  George  II.  to  command  this 
expedition,  was  represented  to  be  a  madman.  The  king  replied  that  he  wished  his 
other  generals  had  the  same  sort  of  madness. 


CAPTURE  OF  QUEBEC. 


79 


Abraham,  a  broad  plateau  between  the  two  rivers  and  high 
above  their  level.* 

116.  Wolfe  arrived  before  Quebec  about  midsum 
mer.  He  had  twenty-two  ships  and  eight  thousand  men. 
He  landed  on  the  Isle  of  Orleans  in  front  of  the  city.  From 
Point  Levis  (lee*vi),  a  mile 
below  Quebec,  he  threw 
hot  shot  across  the  bay 
and  destroyed  the  lower 
town.  He  was  severely 
repulsed  in  the  endeavor 
to  drive  the  French  from 
their  position  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  river,  near  the 
Falls  of  the  Montmorenci. 
Wolfe  was  sick  and  out  of 
heart  at  the  prospect  of 
the  difficulties  before  him.  GENERAL  WOLFE. 

He  heard  nothing  of  Amherst.  He  was  ready  to  despair.  As 
a  last  chance,  he  welcomed  the  thought  of  proceeding  against 
the  town  from  behind.  Moving  silently  up  the  stream,f  he 
landed  in  the  night  at  a  sheltered  spot,  since  noted  as  Wolfe's 
Cove,  and  clambered  up  the  steep  above,  dragging  his  single 
gun  up  by  the  labors  of  his  men. 


THE    CAPTURE     OF    QUEBEC. 

117.  The  Battle  of  the  Heights  of  Abraham  began 
two  hours  before  noon,  and  lasted  only  twenty-four  minutes. 
Montcalm  endeavored  to  turn  the  flank  of  his  assailants,  and 
to  press  them  over  the  steep.  His  troops  were  broken,  and 
Wolfe  charged  their  shattered  lines.  In  this  onset  he  was 

*  Cape  Diamond,  on  which  the  citadel  of  Quebec  is  built,  is  333  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

t  As  Wolfe  was  stealing  up  the  St.  Lawrence  on  this  memorable  night,  he  quoted  a 
verse  from  Gray's  Elegy,  then  a  recent  poem,  and  remarked  that  he  would  rather 
have  been  the  author  of  those  stanzas  than  win  the  victory  on  the  morrow. 


8o  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

wounded  in  the  wrist.  He  still  pushed  forward,  and  was 
wounded  again.  A  third  wound  was  mortal.  "  They  run  ! 
they  run  !  "  reported  an  officer  to  the  expiring  general.  "  Who 
run  ? "  asked  Wolfe.  "  The  French  ;  they  give  way  every 
where,"  was  the  reply.  "Then,"  said  he,  "I  die  happy." 
Montcalm,  too,  was  wounded  ;  the  second  time  fatally.  When 
informed  that  he  must  die,  he  answered,  "  I  am  glad  of  it ;  I 
shall  not  live  to  see  the  surrender  of  Quebec."  The  city  sur 
rendered  four  days  later.  A  monument  to  the  joint  memory 
of  both  the  fallen  commanders  was  erected  in  the  square  before 
the  Castle  of  St.  Louis,  which  was  the  Government  House. 

THE     CONQUEST     OF     CANADA.— 176O. 

118.  An  attempt  by  the  French  to  recapture  Quebec 

in  the  spring  was  frustrated  by  the  arrival  of  the  British  fleet. 
Montreal  was  surrendered  in  the  autumn,  when  Amherst  at 
length  reached  it.  With  that  town  were  surrendered  the  whole 
of  Canada,  and  all  the  French  possessions  in  North  America, 
east  of  the  Mississippi. 

119.  The  Southern  colonies  were  harassed  by  the  In 
dians  during  the  desperate  struggle  in  the  North.     The  Chero- 
kees,  long  faithful  to  the  English,  had  been  rendered  hostile 
by  harsh  treatment.     Outrages  were  committed  on  both  sides. 
The  Indian  hostages  were  murdered.    The  Cherokees  took  Fort 
Loudoun,  on  the  Tennessee  River,   and  slaughtered  twenty- 
seven  of  the  garrison.     After  three  campaigns,  they  sued  for 
peace,  and  the  Valley  of  the  Tennessee  was  open  to  English 
settlement. 

120.  The  Seven  Years'  War  *  was  closed  by  the 
Treaty  of  Paris.     France  gave  up  to  England  what  the  lat 
ter  had   conquered,  with  all   the  dependent  territory,  and  to 
Spain  all  of  Louisiana  west  of  the  Mississippi.     Spain   ceded 
the  Floridas  to  Great  Britain.     The  English  thus  acquired  all 
that  lay  between  the  Great  River  and  the  Atlantic  ;  Spain  all 

*  The  Seven  Years'  War  between  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia,  and  the  Empress  Maria 
Theresa,  involved  England,  France,  Russia,  and  Poland,  as  allies  of  the  combatants. 


PONTIACS   WAR.  8 1 

beyond  to  the  Pacific.     France  did  not  retain  a  foot  of  land 
on  the  Northern  Continent. 

PONTIAC'S    WAR.— 1763. 

121.  A  desperate  Indian  warfare  arose  out  of  the 
removal  of  the  French,  who  were  suspected  of  instigating 
and  encouraging  it.     The   Indians  were  filled  with  apprehen 
sion  and  rage  by  the  belief  that  they  were  to  be  stripped  of 
their  lands  and  to  be  destroyed.     Pontiac,  the  chief  of  the 
Ottowas,  formed  a  confederation  among  the  tribes  occupying 
the  country  between  the  Ohio  and  the  Lakes.     He  hoped  to 
expel  the  English  intruders  from  the  hunting  grounds   of  the 
red   men.     He  spread  havoc,   dismay,   and  death  along  the 
frontiers  of  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  and  took  all  but  three 
of  the  forts  between  Fort  Pitt   (Pittsburg)   and  Fort  Niagara. 
He  besieged  Detroit,  after  failing  to  capture  it  by  treachery. 
The  bold  energy  of  General  Bouquet  rescued  Fort  Pitt  and 
retrieved    disaster   in  Western    Pennsylvania.      Pontiac   was 
foiled  at  Detroit.     His  allies  deserted  him.     All  the  tribes  but 
the  Delawares  and  the  Shawanees  made  peace.     Pontiac  with 
drew  to  Illinois.     He  was  assassinated  by  a  Kaskaskia  Indian, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  opposite  to  St.  Louis.*     His 
death  relieved  the  English  of  all  serious  danger  from  the  In 
dians,  and  threw  open  the  West  for  settlement. 

CONDITION  OF  THE  ENGLISH  COLONIES  BEFORE 
THE  REVOLUTION. 

122.  The    marvellous   prosperity   and    the   bright 
prospects   of  the  English   colonies  in  North  America 
were  described  in  the  British  Parliament  by  Edmund  Burke, 
just  one  month  before  the  actual  outbreak  of  the  Revolution. 
At   this   point  a  survey  of  the   state  of  the    colonies   under 
English  rule  may  be  appropriately  introduced. 

123.  The  progress  of  the  English  settlements  had 

*The   Indian  was  induced  to  commit  the  murder  by  the  bribe  of  a  barrel  of 
whiskey. 

A* 


g 2  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

brought  them  nearer  to  each  other.  The  contact  was  not  close, 
but  it  was  becoming  closer  every  day.  There  were  jealousies 
and  antagonisms  between  the  Northern  and  Southern  prov 
inces.  Trade  and  other  interests  and  communications  linked 
them  together  more  and  more.  Wide  tracts  of  primeval  forest 
still  separated  towns  and  villages  and  colonies  ;  yet  companies 
from  dissevered  regions  had  withstood  the  brunt  of  war, 
shoulder  to  shoulder.  Clearings  remained  far  apart  in  the 
remote  districts.  Inward  growth  brought  the  scattered 
members  near  enough  to  breed  the  sense  of  community.* 
Daring  pioneers  had  already  fixed  their  nomes  beyond  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  had  pierced 
the  wilderness  to  the  Tennessee,  the  Kentucky,  and  the  Ohio. 

124.  The  inhabitants  of  the  colonies  were  supposed 
to  number  three  millions  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary 
War.f     Twelve  years  earlier  it  was  deemed  a  sanguine  fancy 
to  represent  the  white  population  as  exceeding  eleven  hundred 
thousand.      The  population  was  fairly  divided  between  the 
Northern  and  Southern  provinces.     Nearly  a  fourth   of  the 
number  was  found  within  the  limits  of  Virginia  ;  less  than  a 
seventh  was  in  Massachusetts,  which  was  second  in  rank. 

125.  The  occupations  of  the  people  were  diversified. 
Most  of  them  were  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  for 
subsistence.     They  were  homely,  frugal,  earnest,  with  a  keen 
sense    of   the    useful.     In   the  States   north   of  Virginia  and 
Maryland,  large  numbers  were    employed  in  the  whale  and 
other  fisheries,  and  in  various  sea  service.     Merchants  were 
numerous  and  enterprising.     They  derived  large  profits  from 

*  Facilities  for  travelling,  even  between  the  largest  cities  and  towns,  were  very 
limited.  From  New  York  to  Philadelphia,  one  could  traverse  by  stage  coach  in  two 
days  a  distance  over  which  the  traveller  can  now  be  carried  by  rail  in  two  hours. 
From  New  York  to  Boston  was  a  week's  journey,  and  from  Charleston  to  Philadel 
phia  a  journey  of  two  or  three  weeks.  With  the  great  mass  of  the  people  carriages 
were  not  used.  They  rode  on  horseback,  the  wife  not  unfrequently  seated  on  a  pil 
lion  behind  her  husband. 

t  The  calculation  was  loose  and  unworthy  of  confidence.  Bancroft  concludes 
"  that  the  whole  number  of  white  inhabitants  in  all  the  thirteen  colonies  was,  in  1774, 
about  2,100,000  j  of  blacks,  about  500,000 ;  the  total  population  very  nearly  2,600,000." 


ENGLISH  COLONIES  BEFORE  THE  REVOLUTION.     83 


their  commerce.  In  many  northern  harbors,  shipbuilding  was 
energetically  prosecuted.  Artisans  of  all  kinds  were  in  de 
mand,  and  were  amply  remunerated.  The  restless  and  roving 
became  hunters  and  trappers,  and  pursued  their  game  far  in 
front  of  the  settlements.  The  lumber  business  furnished  oc 
cupation  to  multitudes  of  wood-cutters.  Some  small  manu 
factures  had  been  begun.  Iron  furnaces  had  been  erected  in 
Virginia  and  elsewhere.  Manufacturers  were  grievously  dis 
couraged  by  the  English  "  Navigation  Laws,"  and  by  other 
measures  of  repression. 

126.  Agriculture  was  directed  to  the  production  of 
dissimilar  crops  in  the  Northern  and  in  the  Southern  prov- 


WHEAT   HARVESTING. 

inces.  It  was  also  con 
ducted  in  diverse  modes 
in  the  two  regions.  The 
habits  and  character  of 

the  people  were  affected  by  this  diversity. 

In  the  North   were  small  farms  and  small  farmers.     The 

ground  was  cleared  and  tilled,  the  crops  harvested,  and  all 


84  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

the  operations  of  the  field  and  of  rustic  industry  were  per 
formed  by  the  owners,  their  families,  and  their  hired  laborers. 

In  the  South  were  large  plantations  cultivated  by  slaves, 
whose  rich  owners  lived  in  ease  and  luxurious  indulgence. 
The  planters  were  easily  tempted  into  extravagance  and  dissi 
pation.  They  were  generous,  but  reckless  ;  hospitable,  and 
inclined  to  out-door  sports.  The  culture  of  the  soil  was  slov 
enly.  Old  fields  were  thrown  out  of  use  and  left  waste.  New 
lands  were  inclosed,  for  land  was  abundant,  fertile,  and  cheap. 

In  the  North  were  raised  the  various  crops  of  a  cool  and 
temperate  climate  ;  principally  for  home  or  neighborhood 
consumption.  In  the  South,  the  staple  productions — rice,  in 
digo,  cotton,  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and  wheat— were  cultivated 
on  a  large  scale,  for  the  purpose  of  exportation.* 

127.  Productions  were  abundant  in  both  the  North 
and  the  South,  and  in  excess  of  the  home  demand.    Every 
where  were  ease  and  plenty  ;  out  of  the  cities  destitution  was 
scarcely  known.     Wealth    was   rapidly  accumulated.      Rich 
men  were  numerous,  but  neither  so  many  nor  so  rich  as  to  be 
oppressive  to  the  laboring  class.     Expensive  dresses,  and  the 
other  forms  of  elegant  display,  were  frequent.    The  large  mass 
of  the  people  were  clothed  in  comfortable  homespun,  f     The 
lavish  Virginia  planter  played  on  the  English  comic  stage  the 
part  subsequently  filled  by  the  East  India  nabob. 

128.  The  abundance  of  valuable  products  which  provoked 
luxurious  indulgences  nourished  a  still  more  abundant 
commerce.     The  harbors  of  New  England,  New  York,  Phil 
adelphia,  Norfolk,  and    Charleston  were   busy  with   arriving 
and  departing  vessels.     An  active  trade  was  kept  up  between 
Boston  and  other  neighboring  ports,  and  the  West  Indies  ; 
with  the  Catholic  countries  of  Europe,  which  they  supplied 
with  their  Lenten  diet  of  salt  fish  ;  and  direct  with  England. 


*  Farming  implements  were  few  and  simple  :  the  wooden  plough,  iron-pointed ;  a 
cumbrous  hoe  ;  the  sickle  ;  the  flail,  etc. 

t  The  spinning-wheel  and  loom  almost  always  constituted  a  part  of  the  furnishing 
of  country  houses.  Mrs.  Washington  is  said  to  have  had  sixteen  spinning-wheels. 


CONDITION  OF   THE   COLONIES.  85 

To  the  West  India  Islands  were  sent  lumber,  fish,  and  flour, 
to  be  exchanged  for  molasses,  which  was  converted  into  New 
England  rum.  The  cargoes  from  the  Southern  colonies  were 
rice,  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  hemp,  grain,  and  lumber. 

129.  The  exports  and  imports  of  the  country  had 
increased  surprisingly.*  The  "  Navigation  Laws  "  confined 
the  trade  to  the  mother  country  and  its  colonies.  These  re 
strictions  were,  however,  evaded,  and  smuggling  was  often  a 
source  of  wealth.  Moreover,  ships  built  in  Northern  ship 
yards,  having  disposed  of  their  cargoes  in  the  Mediterranean 


OLD  TIMES — SPINNING-WHEEL   AND   LOOM. 

and  elsewhere,  were  habitually  sold  in  foreign  harbors.    They 
thus  became  articles  of  both  manufacture  and  trade. 

130.  The  sparseness  of  the  population,  in  comparison 
with  the  vast  extent  of  the  country,  stimulated  ingenuity,  and 

*  The  exports  in  1763  amounted  to  about  five  millions  and  a  half  of  dollars ;  and 
the  imports  to  more  than  eight  millions.  In  1773,  notwithstanding  the  Non-Importa 
tion  Agreements,  the  exports  reached  nearly  seven,  and  the  imports  exceeded  ten 
millions. 


86  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

fostered  that  spirit  of  invention  which  has  continued  to  be  a 
marked  American  characteristic.  A  rude  and  inefficient  cot 
ton-gin  was  in  use  on  some  Southern  plantations.  Most  of 
the  implements  in  daily  service  had  been  simplified  or  im 
proved.  Franklin's  experiments  in  electricity  had  resulted  in 
the  device  of  the  lightning-rod.* 

131.  No  civilized  people  can  long  remain  without  in 
tellectual  pursuits,  after  the  urgent  needs  of  subsistence  are 
satisfied  and  the  accumulation  of   wealth  begun.       General 
education  was  diligently  cherished  in  New  England,  and  the 
foundations  of  the  present    diffused    intelligence  were  laid. 
There  were  colleges  in  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Virginia,  f 

Letters,  philosophy,  and  science  found  a  few  eager  devotees. 
In  the  early  years  of  the  Virginia  colony,  Sandys's  Translation 
of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  a  work  notable  in  its  day,  had  been 
completed  on  the  banks  of  the  James  River.J  No  other  work 
of  like  literary  reputation  had  been  produced  ;  but  the  writings 
of  Franklin  were  admirable  in  the  plain  directness  of  their 
style,  and  in  the  practical  sagacity  which  they  displayed. 
Many  instructive  volumes  issued  from  the  press.  Newspapers 
were  established, §  and  were  read  with  avidity.  Controversial 
tracts  abounded.  Theology  and  metaphysics  were  enriched 
by  the  acute  speculations  of  Jonathan  Edwards. 

132.  Science  has  attracted  public  attention  only  in 


*  The  invention  of  the  lightning-rod  was  announced  in  "  Poor  Richard's  Almanac  " 
for  1753. 

t  Harvard  was  founded  in  1636  j  William  and  Mary,  in  1693  •  Yale,  in  1700  ;  Colum 
bia,  in  1754  ;  Princeton,  in  1746  ;  Pennsylvania  University,  in  1749.  [Brown  Univer 
sity,  Rhode  Island,  1764.] 

$  The  last  ten  books  of  Sandys's  Ovid  were  written  about  the  time  of  "  the 
Great  Massacre "  of  1622.  Byrd's  account  of  the  running  of  the  line  between 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina  has  great  literary  merit. 

§  The  first  permanent  newspaper  in  the  United  States  was  the  Boston  News-Letter, 
established  in  April,  1704.  It  was  a  foolscap  half  sheet,  issued  weekly,  and  was  large 
enough  to  contain  all  the  news.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  there  were 
only  thirty-seven  newspapers,  with  an  aggregate  circulation  of  not  over  4,000. 

In  1775  the  whole  number  of  printing-houses  in  the  British  colonies  was  fifty. 


CONDITION  OF   THE   COLONIES.  87 

recent  years  ;  but  the  American  Philosophical  Society  was  in 
stituted  in  Philadelphia  as  early  as  1744,  by  the  zeal  of  Dr. 
Franklin  and  his  friends.  The  researches  of  Franklin  into 
the  nature  of  electricity,  and  his  drawing  lightning  from  the 
clouds,  along  the  string  of  a  kite,  were  almost  the  creation  of 
a  new  science.  David  Rittenhouse  constructed  a  rude  ob 
servatory  for  himself,  and  gained  distinction  by  his  astrono 
mical  pursuits. 

133.  The  state  of  religion  among  the  people  differed 
greatly  in  the  different  provinces.  The  Church  of  England 
was  the  established  church  in  New  York,  Virginia,  and  the 
Carolines.  In  Maryland,  the  population  remained  largely 
Roman  Catholic.  In  New  England  the  original  Puritanism 
was  dominant,  but  its  rigor  had  become  much  softened.  A 
solemn  and  somewhat  gloomy  piety,  however,  still  prevailed 
The  Presbyterians  were  numerous,  influential,  and  earnest  in 
New  Jersey.  There,  but  especially  in  Pennsylvania.,  were  the 
quiet  and  gentle  Quakers.  In  Carolina  and  Georgia  Mora 
vians  and  other  German  Protestants  were  settled,  and  Hugue 
not  families  were  frequent  in  Virginia  and  South  Carolina. 

Everywhere,  however,  was  found  an  intermixture  of  creeds, 
and  consequently  the  need  of  toleration  had  been  experienced. 
Laxity  of  morals  and  of  conduct  was  alleged  against  the 
communities  of  the  Anglican  Church.  In  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century  a  low  tone  of  religious  sentiment  was  gen 
eral.  The  revival  of  fervor,  which  was  excited  then  by  the 
Wesleys,  was  widely  spread  by  Whitefield  in  America,  and 
Methodism  was  making  itself  felt  throughout  the  country. 


88  H1STOR  Y  OF  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

SUMMARY  OF  TOPICS.— PART  II. 
THE  ENGLISH  COLONIES. 

First  English  Attempts,  i.  Delay  in  profiting  by  the  discovery  of 
the  Cabots  ;  Henry  VIII.  ;  renewed  attention  to  North  America  ;  North 
west  passage  ;  expectation  of  gold  mines.  2.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's 
two  expeditions  ;  his  fate.  3.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh — exploring  expedition  ; 
the  name  of  Virginia.  4.  The  first  colony.  5.  Its  history.  6.  The 
White  Colony  ;  its  fate.  7.  Why  not  relieved  ;  a  new  company. 

The  Virginia  Colony.  8.  Raleigh's  patent  forfeited  ;  the  new  char 
ter  ;  the  two  companies  ;  the  Virginia  Council ;  tenure  of  lands  and  labor. 
9.  The  expedition  to  Virginia  ;  the  councillors  ;  the  settlement.  10.  Quar 
rels.  II.  Capt.  John  Smith.  12.  Difficulties  at  Jamestown  ;  Smith's  ad 
ventures.  13.  Fresh  emigrants  ;  exploration  of  the  Chesapeake  ;  Smith 
president.  14.  Disappointment ;  new  charter.  15.  The  Governor-Gen 
eral  ;  misfortunes  of  the  new  expedition.  16.  Condition  of  the  colonists  ; 
Smith's  return  to  England  ;  "  The  Starving  Time."  17.  Arrival  of  the 
shipwrecked  party  ;  abandonment  of  Jamestown  ;  return  of  the  fugitives. 

First  Permanent  English  Colony.  18.  Renewal  of  the  colony.  19. 
Lord  Delaware.  20.  Government  left  behind  by  him  ;  private  ownership 
of  land  ;  tobacco.  21.  Change  in  the  direction  ;  first  Legislature  ;  prog 
ress  ;  expenses.  22.  Sale  of  wives — their  price.  23.  The  marriage  of 
Pocahontas  ;  her  story.  24.  Introduction  of  negro  slaves  ;  conversion  of 
the  Indians  ;  a  college. 

The  Great  Massacre.  25.  Slaughter  of  colonists  by  the  Indians. 
26.  Alleged  cause  of  the  massacre  ;  Virginia  a  colony  of  the  Crown.  27. 
Lord  Baltimore's  search  for  a  settlement ;  dissensions  resulting  ;  a  hog- 
stealing  Governor.  28.  Sir  William  Berkeley  Governor.  29.  Second  In 
dian  massacre  ;  death  of  Opechancanough. 

Virginia  under  the  Commonwealth.  30.  Effect  of  the  Civil  War  on 
Virginia  ;  the  Commissioners  of  the  Commonwealth;  the  new  Govern 
ment  ;  the  restoration  of  Berkeley  ;  the  Old  Dominion. 

The  New  England  Colonies.  31.  Early  colonial  enterprises  ;  Capt. 
John  Smith's  survey  ;  naming  the  country.  32  Puritans  in  Holland  ; 
their  application  for  settlement ;  their  reception.  33.  The  Pilgrim  Fa 
thers  ;  their  voyage  ;  their  arrival.  34.  Agreement  for  government;  settle 
ment  begun  ;  the  winter.  35.  The  lone  Indian;  Massasoit  ;  Canoni- 
cus  ;  Indian  dangers  ;  Capt.  Standish.  36.  Mariana  ;  Laconia  ;  Nova 
Scotia.  37.  The  strictly  Puritan  colony  ;  Winthrop  ;  Charlestown.  38. 


SUMMAR  Y  FOR  RE  VIE  W.  89 

Intolerance  ;  dissension  ;  Winthrop  and  Vane  ;  Roger  Williams  ;  Anne 
Hutchinson.  39.  Prosperity  of  Massachusetts  ;  Harvard  College.  40. 
Apprehensions  of  the  English  Government ;  Archbishop  Laud  ;  restraint  of 
emigration  ;  New  England  during  the  Civil  War;  "  The  Body  of  Liber 
ties." 

Colonial  Confederation.  41.  The  New  England  Union  :  exclusion 
of  Rhode  Island.  42.  Religious  dissent  ;  Anabaptists,  Quakers  ;  conver 
sion  of  Indians  ;  translation  of  the  Bible. 

Settlement  of  Rhode  Island.  43.  Wanderings  of  Roger  Williams  ; 
Providence  ;  treatment  by  Indian  chiefs  ;  Aquiday  ;  Rhode  Island.  44. 
Constitution  of  Rhode  Island  ;  second  charter  ;  position  of  Williams  in 
regard  to  religious  freedom. 

Settlement  of  Connecticut.  45.  First  grant  in  Connecticut  ;  Say- 
brook  ;  Hartford  ;  New  Haven.  46.  The  Indians  and  the  settlers. 

Indian  Wars.  47.  The  Pequods  ;  Mason's  army.  48.  Mason's  cam 
paign.  49.  The  Narragansetts  and  the  Mohicans  ;  fate  of  Miantonomoh; 
war  with  the  Dutch  prevented.  50.  Royal  charter  for  Connecticut  ;  the 
Governor  ;  the  surrender  of  the  charter  ;  the  charter  hidden. 

The  Maryland  Colony.  51.  Grant  to  Lord  Baltimore  ;  discord.  52. 
Design  of  the  new  colony  ;  its  name  ;  concessions  to  the  settlers  ;  the  first 
colonists  ;  the  place  of  settlement  ;  the  first  year.  53.  The  war  with 
Clayborne.  54.  The  "  Toleration  Act ;"  the  Government  under  the  Com 
monwealth  ;  the  new  Assembly  ;  civil  war  ;  restoration  of  proprietary  gov 
ernment.  55.  Lord  Baltimore's  heirs  ;  their  rights  confirmed,  withdrawn, 
restored  ;  last  Lord  Baltimore.  56.  Progress  of  Maryland. 

Virginia  History  Resumed.  57.  Restoration  of  the  royal  authority  ; 
the  "  Navigation  Act  ;  "  grant  of  "  the  Northern  Neck  ;  "  the  dominion  of 
Virginia  granted  ;  condition  of  the  Virginians.  58.  The  first  Assembly 
after  the  Restoration  ;  continuance  of  the  Legislature.  59.  Increased  dis 
content  ;  the  Susquehannahs  ;  John  Washington  and  Berkeley  ;  Indian 
ravages  ;  their  effect.  60.  Nathaniel  Bacon  ;  his  proceedings  ;  the  new 
Assembly  and  Bacon's  action  ;  Bacon  and  Berkeley.  61.  Bacon,  Berke 
ley,  and  the  Indians  ;  capture  of  Jamestown  ;  the  Pamunkeys  ;  overthrow 
of  the  Indians  ;  destruction  of  Jamestown.  62.  Death  of  Bacon  ;  severity 
to  the  rebels  ;  recall  of  Berkeley  ;  his  long  rule.  63.  Penalty  for  rebel 
lion  ;  forces  and  resources  of  Virginia.  64.  Consequences  of  Monmouth's 
Rebellion  ;  the  Huguenots.  65.  William  and  Mary  College  ;  Williams- 
burg.  66.  Governor  Spotswood  ;  passage  of  the  Blue  Ridge  ;  "  Knights 
of  the  Golden  Horseshoe  ;  "  the  first  iron  furnace  ;  Blackbeard  ;  death 
of  Spotswood  ;  Governor  Gooch. 

The  New  England  Colonies  after  166o.  67.  Union  and  spirit  of 
independence  ;  the  regicides  ;  Goffe. 


90  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

King  Philip's  War.  68.  War  with  Wampanoags  ;  course  of  the  war ; 
fate  of  Philip,  his  wife  and  son.  69.  War  with  the  Narragansetts  ;  cap 
ture  of  their  camp  ;  fate  of  Canonchet  ;  losses  of  the  New  Englanders. 
70.  Massachusetts  and  the  English  Crown  ;  declaration  of  Charles  II.  ; 
action  of  James  II.  ;  charter  of  William  III. 

King  William's  War.  71.  How  occasioned,  and  begun  ;  Schenec- 
tady  ;  assembly  of  delegates  ;  proposed  attack  on  Montreal ;  Port  Royal  ; 
Quebec  ;  bills  of  credit.  72.  Sir  William  Phipps.  73,  Salem  witchcraft. 

Queen  Anne's  War.  74.  Ravages  committed  ;  Deerfield  ;  attempt 
on  Canada  ;  Port  Royal.  75.  Effects  of  the  war  ;  Bishop  Berkeley. 

King  George's  War.  76.  Louisburg ;  Nova  Scotia  ;  expulsion  of 
Acadians  ;  population  of  New  England. 

New  York.  77.  Governors  of  New  York  ;  how  appointed  ;  their 
characters  and  government ;  the  people  ;  Indian  treaty.  78.  Recapture 
of  the  city  by  the  Dutch  ;  recovery  ;  the  new  charter  ;  the  new  Deputy- 
Governor.  79.  Legislation  ;  commotion  and  usurpation.  80.  Condition 
of  the  province  ;  Earl  of  Cornbury  ;  Capt.  Kidd.  81.  Negro  conspiracy. 
82.  Congress  at  Albany. 

New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  83.  Grant  of  New  York  enlarged  ; 
transfer  of  New  Jersey  ;  measures  for  settlement.  84.  Sale  by  Lord 
Berkeley  ;  the  Quaker  colony.  85.  Penn's  new  enterprise. 

Pennsylvania.  86.  Penn's  purpose  ;  his  grant.  87.  Settlement  ; 
treaty  with  the  Indians  ;  Philadelphia.  88.  "  The  Territories  ;"  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line  ;  89.  Penn's  return  to  America  ;  Delaware  ;  Penn's  last 
years  and  death. 

North  and  South  Carolina.  90.  Heath's  grant  ;  grant  to  Claren 
don,  Berkeley,  etc.  91.  Name  of  the  colony  ;  settlements  in  it.  92.  The 
plan  of  government ;  its  author.  93  The  Governor  under  "  the  Grand 
Model."  94.  Condition  of  the  Carolinas  ;  the  population  ;  Charleston. 
95.  Prosperity  ;  dangers.  96.  The  Tuscaroras  ;  the  Yemassees.  97.  Re 
ligious  discord ;  the  Carolinas  a  royal  colony  ;  productions  and  exports. 

Georgia.  98.  Purpose  of  the  grant ;  the  name.  99.  Oglethorpe  ;  first 
settlement ;  provisions  for  settlers  ;  prohibitions.  100.  Companions  of 
Oglethorpe  on  his  return  ;  war  with  Spaniards  ;  Oglethorpe's  recall ;  101. 
Georgia  after  his  departure.  102.  Territory  occupied  by  the  English. 

The  French  and  Indian  War.  103.  Hazards  of  the  English  ;  French 
losses  and  acquisitions  ;  struggle  in  prospect. 

New  France.  104.  French  explorations.  105.  La  Salle  ;  Louisiana  ; 
the  Mississippi  Company. 

Hostilities  between  France  and  England.  106.  Continuance  of 
war.  107.  Washington's  expedition  ;  the  Ohio  Company ;  Fort  Du 
Quesne  ;  Washington  taken  prisoner. 


5  UMMA  R  Y  FOR  RE  VIE  W.  9 1 

Braddock's  Defeat.  108.  Braddock's  march,  surprise,  and  death, 
109.  Other  movements. 

Declaration   of  War.     no.  French   and   English  operations,  1756, 

1757- 

Campaign  of  1758.  in.  The  new  Prime  Minister  ;  the  army.  112. 
Plan  of  the  campaign  ;  its  fortunes  ;  Fort  Du  Quesne  and  Washington. 

Campaign  of  1759.  113.  Conquest  proposed;  plan  of  campaign. 
114.  Delays  and  their  consequence.  115.  The  city  of  Quebec.  116. 
Wolfe's  arrival  ;  want  of  success  ;  change  of  plan. 

The  Capture  of  Quebec.  117.  Battle  of  the  Heights  of  Abraham; 
death  of  Wolfe  and  Montcalm.  118.  Loss  of  Canada  by  the  French. 
IIQ.  The  Indians  in  the  South.  120.  The  Treaty  of  Paris;  France  ex 
cluded  from  North  America. 

Pontiac's  War.  121.  Pontiac's  confederacy  ;  Indian  ravages  ;  siege 
of  Detroit ;  General  Bouquet ;  death  of  Pontiac. 

The  English  Colonies  before  the  Revolution.  122.  Burke's  ad 
miration  of  the  progress  of  the  English  colonies  ;  survey  proposed.  123. 
Relation  of  the  colonies  to  each  other  ;  influences  tending  to  union  ; 
separation  ;  settlements  in  the  interior.  124.  Number  of  inhabitants. 
125.  Occupations  ;  agriculture  ;  fisheries  ;  commerce  ;  ship-building  ;  lum 
bering  ;  manufactures.  126.  Diversities  of  agriculture  in  the  North  and 
in  the  South  ;  differences  in  habits,  character,  culture,  living,  crops.  127. 
Abundance  of  productions  ;  ease  ;  wealth  ;  luxury.  128.  Extent  of  com 
merce  ;  articles  of  trade.  129.  Exports  and  imports.  130.  Inventions  ; 
Franklin.  131.  Education  ;  colleges  ;  literature  ;  newspapers  ;  theol 
ogy  and  metaphysics.  132.  Science  ;  Franklin  ;  Rittenhouse.  133.  Re 
ligion  in  the  several  provinces  ;  revival  in  religion. 


92  HISTORY  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES. 


PART   III. 
THE    REVOLUTIONARY   PERIOD. 

1763-1789. 

THE    APPROACH    OF    REVOLUTION.— 
1763-1775. 

1.  The  exclusion  of  France  from  North  America 

released  the  English  colonies  from  all  serious  apprehensions. 
The  long  restrained  yearning  for  independence  was  encour 
aged  by  the  assurance  of  security  and  the  consciousness  of 
strength.  Industry  and  trade  were  stimulated  by  the  return  of 
peace.  Wealth  and  population  flowed  in  with  a  full  tide.  The 
startling  progress  of  this  prosperity  attracted  the  admiration 
not  only  of  Burke,*  but  of  all  who  observed  the  great  move 
ments  in  the  affairs  of  men. 

2.  English  statesmen  feared  that  the  gain  of  Canada 
would  prove  to  be  the  loss  of  America.     French  statesmen 
had  consoled  themselves  for  its  surrender  with  the  hope  and 
the  belief  that  the  conquerors  would  be  ruined  by  the  conse 
quent  revolt  of  the   colonies.     Montcalm  had  expressed  the 
like  conviction,  three  weeks  before  the  battle  on  the  Heights 
of  Abraham.     These  fears  and  hopes  were  soon  in  the  way  of 
accomplishment.     The  colonies  felt  that  they  could  now  stand 
alone.     They  no  longer  needed  British  protection  and  British 
support.     They  were  unwilling  to  submit  any  longer  to  British 


*  Edmund  Burke  (1728-1797)  was  a  great  English  statesman,  and  the  most  brilliant 
of  English  orators.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  from  1766  to  1793.  In  1771  he 
was  appointed  Agent  for  the  Colony  of  New  York.  He  was  the  friend  of  Franklin, 
and  always  favored  the  interests  of  the  American  colonies. 


?T  Lonzitudr  AVest     £2     from  Greenwich  77 


the.  Map  indicate*  the  set 
tled  portion  of  the  Count  r;, 


THE  UNITED  STATES 

At  the  close  of  the  Revolution. 


/       •  * 

Ju,   *      1^3    W I 

,Q    (  \)  I 


Pnyrated  for  Unimex"  Jlittoryofthe  U 


THE  APPROACH  OF    THE  REVOLUTION.  93 

orders,  exactions,  and  restraints,  or  tb  the  bonds  of  a  distant 
control. 

3.  The  grievances   of    the  colonies  were  set   forth, 
some  years  later,  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence.     Most 
of  them  were  then  recent,  but  many  were  of  long  standing,  and 
grew  out  of  the  policy  uniformly  pursued  by  England  for  the 
promotion  of  her  home  interests.     The  chief  causes  of  dis 
content,  at  the  outset,  were  the  restrictions  upon  trade  imposed 
by    the    Navigation    Acts,    and    the    stricter    enforcement    of 
measures  for  the  repression  of  smuggling  ;  the  prevention  of 
American  manufactures  ;  and  the  project  of  taxing  America 
to  increase  English  revenues,  and  to  lighten  the  burden  of 
the  English  national  debt.     That  debt  had  been  augmented 
$300,000,000  by  the  late  war.     Much  of  it  had  been  incurred 
for  the  defence  of  the  American  colonies.      It  was  so  large  as 
to  threaten  the  ruin  of  England. 

4.  The  quarrel  over  the  trade  regulations  broke  out 
in  Massachusetts.      An   old  law  was  revived,  and  warrants, 
called  "  Writs  of  Assistance,"  were  issued,  to  search  anywhere 
for  smuggled  goods.     These  warrants  were  denounced  as  "  a 
kind  of  power,  which  cost  one  king  of  England  his  head,  and 
another  his  throne." 

THE     PARSONS'     CASE. 

5.  Virginia  was  rendered  indignant  by  orders  from 
England,  setting  aside  an  Act  of  Assembly  which  forbade  the 
introduction   of  African   slaves,  and   annulling  another  Act, 
fixing  the  value  of  tobacco  in  contracts  to  be  paid  in  tobacco. 
The  salary  of  parsons  was  16,000  pounds  of  tobacco.     Some 
clergymen  went  to  law  to  obtain  the  difference  between  the 
market  price  of  tobacco  and  the  price  fixed  by  the  statute. 
Patrick  Henry*  was  the  advocate  of  the  people  in  "The  Par- 

*  Patrick  Henry  (1736-1799)—"  the  forest-born  Demosthenes  "—was  America's 
greatest  orator,  and  one  of  its  earliest  and  most  ardent  patriots.  He  had  little  educa 
tion,  and  his  early  years  were  unpromising.  His  speech  in  "  the  Parsons'  Case  " 
gave  him  distinction.  It  was  delivered  at  Hanover  C.-H,  in  1763.  He  is  prominent 
in  the  subsequent  history. 


94 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


sons'  Case."  He  declared  that  "  a  king  who  annuls  or  dis 
allows  a  law  of  so  salutary  a  nature,  degenerates  into  a  tyrant, 
and  forfeits  all  right  to  obedience."  "  Treason  !  treason  !  " 
shouted  magistrates,  lawyers,  and  spectators.  He  lost  the 
case,  but  the  parsons  were  allowed  only  one  penny  damages. 
Henry  was  not  more  than  twenty-seven  years  of  age  at  this 
time. 
6.  The  English  Government  was  resolved  to  tax 


PATRICK    HENRY    BEFORE    THE    HOUSE   OF    BURGESSES. 

the  American  colonies,  and  to  maintain  an  army  there  at  their 

,         expense.     The  "  Sugar  Act  "  lowered  some  imposts, 

but  announced  the  purpose   of  retaining  a  tax    for 

revenue.     Discontent  was  increased,  and  opposition  became 

bolder.     Samuel  Adams,  of  Boston,*  said  :  "  We  claim  British 


*  Samuel  Adams  (1722-1803)  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  active  opponents  of 
British  rule  in  America.  In  1769,  he  closed  a  public  speech  with  the  declaration: 
"  Independent  we  are  ;  and  independent  we  will  be." 


THE  STAMP  ACT. 


95 


1765. 


rights,  not  by  charter  only  ;  we  are  born  to  them."  He  as 
serted  the  exclusive  right  of  the  colonies  to  tax  themselves, 
and  to  govern  themselves.  The  doctrine  spread,  that  "  Taxa 
tion  without  representation  is  tyranny,"  and  that  "  Resistance 
to  tyrants  is  obedience  to  God." 

THE     STAMP    ACT. 

7.  "  The  Stamp  Act  "  *  was  passed  in  England  while 
such  was  the  feeling  in 
America.     This  Act  re 
quired  the  use  of  stamps, 

of  various  cost, 

on  all  law  pa 
pers,  almanacs,  pamph 
lets,  and  newspapers. 
The  measure  was  bitter 
ly  resented  and  resisted 
by  the  Americans.  It 
was  not  the  form  of  the 
tax,  but  the  fact  of  tax 
ation,  to  which  they  ob 
jected,  f  Patrick  Henry 
offered  resolutions  in 
the  Virginia  Legisla 
ture,  affirming  that  "the  SAMUEL  ADAMS. 

*  A  Stamp  Tax  had  been  suggested  in  1734,  by  Governor  Colby,  of  New  York  ;  and 
again  in  1744,  by  Governor  Clarke. 

When  it  was  proposed,  in  1739,  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  then  Prime  Minister  of 
England,  he  rejected  the  suggestion,  saying :  "  I  will  leave  that  for  some  of  my 
successors,  who  may  have  more  courage  than  I  have,  and  be  less  a  friend  to  com 
merce  than  I  am."  *  *  *  George  Grenville  was  that  rash  successor. 

t  In  the  debates  in  the  British  Parliament  on  this  bill,  Charles  Townshend  re 
marked,  that  the  Americans  were  "children  planted  by  our  care,  and  nourished  by 
our  indulgence."  To  this  Colonel  Barre*  made  the  indignant  reply  :  u  They  planted 
by  your  care  !  No— your  oppression  planted  them  in  America !— they  fled  from  your 
tyranny  to  a  then  uncultivated  and  inhospitable  wilderness,  exposed  to  all  the  hard 
ships  to  which  human  nature  is  liable.  They  nourished  by  your  indulgence  !  No — 
they  grew  by  your  neglect ;  your  care  of  them  was  displayed,  as  soon  as  you  began 
to  care  about  them,  in  sending  persons  to  rule  them  who  were  the  deputies  of  depu 
ties  of  ministers."  *  *  * 


96  HISTORY   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

General  Assembly  of  the  whole  colony  alone  have  the  sole 
right  and  power  to  levy  taxes  on  the  inhabitants  of  the 
colony."  He  closed  his  speech  with  the  celebrated  words  : 
"  Caesar  had  his  Brutus ;  Charles  I.  his  Cromwell ;  and 
George  III." — "Treason!"  cried  the  Speaker— "  may  profit 
by  their  example.  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it !  " 
The  resolutions  were  adopted  by  a  majority  of  only  one.  They 
were  repeated  by  the  other  colonies. 

8.  Delegates  from  nine  colonies  met  at  New  York,  in 
October,  and  prepared  "  A   Declaration  of  Rights  and  Griev 
ances  ; "    a  petition    to    the   king  ;     and    memorials  to  both 
Houses  of  Parliament.     The  agents  for  the  sale  of   stamps 
were  forced  to  resign  their  appointments,  or  were  driven  from 
the  country.      The  stamps  could  not  be  introduced.     They 
were  not  allowed  to  be  landed,  or  they  were  sent  back,  or  deliv 
ered  up,  or  destroyed.      The  merchants  agreed  to  stop  all  im 
portation  from  Great  Britain.     The  people  resolved  to  abstain 
from  the  consumption  of  British  goods.    A  society  was  formed 
for  the  encouragement  of  home  manufactures.     The  Stamp 
Act  was  repealed  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  year,  and  the 
news  of  the  repeal  produced  joy  and  gratitude  in  America.* 

THE     DUTIES    ON    TEA,     Etc.— 1767. 

9.  The  joy  was  of  brief  duration.     A  new  ministry  laid 
duties  on  tea,  paper,  glass,  lead,  etc.     The  indignation  of  the 
Americans  was  rekindled,  and  was  answered  by  harsher  meas 
ures  on  the  part  of  the  British  Government.     Troops  were  sent 
to  Boston  to  put  down  resistance  by  armed  force.     The  Vir 
ginia  Assembly  denied  the  right  of  Parliament  to  tax  the  col 
onies,  and  protested  against  carrying  accused  persons  to  Eng 
land  for  trial.     The  Assembly  was  dissolved  by  the  Governor. 
George  Washington,  at  a  private  meeting  of  the  members,  pro 
posed  resolutions  against  importing  British  commodities.   They 

*  Burke  remarked  at  the  time  that  it  was  "  an  event  that  caused  more  universal 
joy  throughout  the  British  dominions,  than  perhaps  any  other  that  can  be  remem 
bered." 


THE  BOSTON  MASSACRE. 


97 


were  adopted.  The  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  prepared 
and  transmitted  a  circular  letter  to  the  other  colonies,  con 
demning  the  recent  imposition  of  taxes  by  the  mother  coun 
try,  and  inviting  them  to  unite  in  redressing  the  evils  com 
plained  of.  The  Legislature  refused  to  rescind  the  resolu 
tion  of  this  circular,  when  ordered  by  the  Governor  to  do  so. 
The  legislative  body  was  dissolved  by  him  in  consequence. 


I 


THE  FANEUIL  HALL  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 

As  it  was   not  reassembled,  a  convention  was  proposed.     It 
met  at  Boston.* 

THE     BOSTON     MASSACRE. 

10.  The  presence    of  the    soldiery,  for   the  support 
of   the    revenue    laws,  excited    much  bitterness.     A    quarrel 

*  The  convention  met  in  Faneuil  Hall,  the  customary  place  of  assemblage  for  the 
patriots  of  Massachusetts.  Hence  it  is  often  designated  "  The  Cradle  of  American 
Liberty."  It  had  been  built  and  given  to  the  city  by  Peter  Faneuil,  in  17.42.  After 
its  destruction  by  fire  in  1761,  it  was  rebuilt  by  the  town.  It  was  converted  into  a 
theatre  during  the  British  occupation. 


98  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

took  place  between  a  citizen  and  a  soldier.  Each  was  sus- 
tained  by  his  class.  Two  days  later,  the  troops  on 
Parade  were  insulted  and  bullied  by  the  mob.  One  of 


the  soldiers  was  struck.  He  and  some  of  his  fellows 
fired  into  the  crowd.  Three  men  were  killed,  and  several 
wounded.  This  "  Boston  Massacre,"  as  it  was  termed, 
produced  grave  commotion.  The  removal  of  the  troops  from 
the  city  was  demanded  and  enforced.  The  captain  in  com 
mand,  and  the  soldiers  engaged  in  the  disturbance,  were 
brought  to  trial.  They  were  defended  by  John  Adams  *  and 
Josiah  Quincy.  All  but  two  were  acquitted.  These  were  found 
guilty  of  manslaughter. 

11.  The  offensive  duties  were  repealed  by  the  British 
Parliament  on  the  very  day  on  which  the  "  Boston  Massacre  " 
occurred.     The    duty  on  tea  was,  however,  retained,  for  the 
purpose  of  asserting  the  right  of  taxation,  and  of  relieving  the 
East  India  Company,  whose  warehouses  were  crowded  with 
unsold  supplies.     The  Home  Government  stubbornly  main 
tained,  and  the  colonies  strenuously  denied,  the  right  of  tax 
ation.  f     Massachusetts  was  put  under  martial  law,  and  other 

measures  of  coercion  were  proposed.  The  salaries  of 
'     the  high  officers  of  the  Provincial  Government  were 
fixed  by  royal  ordinance,  to  render  them  independent  of  the 
will  of  the  people. 

THE    REGULATORS. 

12.  The  other  colonies  joined  in  the  resistance  to 

the  British  encroachments,  but  not  with  uniform  promptness 
and  resolution.     In  North  Carolina,  the  inland  people  formed 


*  John  Adams  (1735-1826),  afterwards  President.  He  was  one  of  the  committee  to 
draft  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ;  and  one  of  the  negotiators  of  the  Treaty  of 
Paris,  in  1783.  He  died  4th  July,  1826. 

t  The  hatred  entertained  for  these  duties  was  strikingly  displayed.  In  1772,  the 
revenue  schooner  Gaspee  ran  aground  off  Rhode  Island,  while  pursuing  the  Prov 
idence  packet,  which  refused  to  come  to  when  a  shot  was  fired  across  her  bows.  In 
the  middle  of  the  night,  more  than  two  hundred  persons  from  Providence  captured 
the  schooner  and  burnt  it. 


DANIEL  BOONE. 


99 


associations  to  oppose  the  exactions  and  arbitrary  conduct 
,„  of  Governor  Tryon,  and  assumed  the  name  of  "  Reg- 
'  ulators."  Three  years  later  they  wrere  defeated  by 
Tryon  on  the  Alamance  River.  Six  of  the  insurgents  were 
executed,  and  numerous  confiscations  were  made.  Many  per 
sons  engaged  in  the  insurrection,  or,  reduced  by  it  to  poverty, 
fled  beyond  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Their  settlements  on 
the  Watauga  and  the  Nolichuck'y  were  the  beginning  of  the 
State  of  Tennessee.  Daniel  Boone,  and  a  few  others  had 
preceded  them. 

DANIEL    BOONE. 

13.  Daniel  Boone  was  a  plain  yeoman,  with  the  tastes  and 

spirit  of  a  pioneer.     He  was   living  on  the  Yadkin  River,  in 

North  Carolina,  when 

the  insurrection  of  the 

Regulators  broke  out. 

He  started  from  home 

to  explore  the  wilds  of 

Kentucky.      He   was 

taken  prisoner  by  the 

Indians,  but  escaped. 

H  e    continued    h  i  s 

journey,  reached  the 

Ohio,   and    explored 

the  Cumberland  Riv 
er.  Returning  to  the  ^ 

Yadkin,  he    sold    his 

little    property,    and 

set  out  with  his  own  DANIEL  BOONE. 

and  other  families  for  "  The  Dark  and  Bloody  Land."*  He 
was  detained  on  the  Clinch  River,  as  the  Indians  were 
ravaging  the  frontier.  When  the  Shawanee  war  was 

over,  he  proceeded  on  his  route,  and  built  a  fort  on  the  Ken 
tucky  River,  where  Boonesborough  now  stands.  He  was  again 


*  The  Indian  name,  Kain-tuck'ee,  is  said  to  mean"  The  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground.' 


I0o  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

captured  by  the  Indians,  and  again  made  his  escape.  He 
accompanied  General  Clarke  in  his  expeditions  against  the 
tribes  on  the  Ohio.  The  loss  of  his  land,  the  love  of  adven 
ture,  and  the  long  habit  of  a  roving  life,  tempted  him  further 
westward.  He  settled  on  the  Little  O'sage  River,  in  the  heart 
of  Missouri,  and  at  eighty  years  of  age  accompanied  a  hunting 
party  to  the  Great  Osage.  He  was  nearly  ninety  when  he  died  * 
— having  seen  many  States  formed  out  of  the  wilderness  and 
the  prairies  which  he  had  traversed  in  advance  of  settlements. 
He  was  a  notable  example  of  those  daring  and  resolute  men, 
who  have  pushed  the  domain  and  the  civilization  of  the  United 
States  from  Massachusetts  Bay  and  the  Chesapeake  to  the 
Golden  Gate  and  the  Pacific  shores. 

THE    PRINCESS    SUSANNA.— 1771. 

14.  A  singular  occurrence  varied  the  strife  of  these 
eventful  years.      Sarah  Wilson  suddenly  appeared  in  South 
Carolina,  claiming   to  be   the    Princess    Susanna  Carolina,  of 
the    royal   family    of  England. f     She  had  been  an  attendant 
on  one  of  the  queen's  maids  of  honor,  and  had  stolen  much 
valuable  jewelry  from  her  Majesty.     She  was  tried,  convicted, 
and  condemned  to  death.     The  sentence  was  commuted  to 
transportation  and  sale  in  the  colonies.     She  had  been  sold 
in  Maryland,  and  had  escaped  to  Carolina.      She  made  lavish 
promises  of  governments,  regiments,  offices,  and  promotions. 
The  romance  ended  by  her  arrest  near  Charleston,  as  a   run 
away  servant. 

THE    BOSTON    TEA    PARTY.— 1773. 

15.  The  discords  grew  more  bitter  every  day.     The 

non-importation  agreement  was  renewed,  as  the  duty  on  tea 
was  retained.  It  was  little  regarded,  and  was  followed  by  a 
large  increase  in  the  amount  of  British  wares  imported.  Tea 

*  Daniel  Boone  (i73s?-i82o)  settled  in  Missouri,  on  a  Spanish  grant,  in  1799. 

t  A  like  adventure  occurred  in  f72i,  in  Mississippi,  while  under  French  rule.  A 
woman,  claiming  to  be  the  widow  of  the  Czarowitz  Alexis,  the  unhappy  son  of  Peter 
the  Great,  arrived  in  that  country,  and  married  a  French  officer. 


THE  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS.  Ioi 

was,  however,  refused.  No  orders  were  sent  for  it.  The  East  In 
dia  Company's  warehouses  in  London  contained  17,000,000  Ibs. 
which  could  not  be  disposed  of.  To  encourage  sales  in  Amer 
ica,  the  export  duty  was  taken  off  ;  and  the  price  of  tea  was 
thus  rendered  lower  in  the  colonies  than  in  England.  The 
temptation  was  offered  in  vain.  The  Americans  still  refused 
to  take  tea.  Cargoes  were  sent  to  American  ports  without 
being  ordered.  They  were  everywhere  rejected.  At  Boston, 
the  vessels  were  boarded  by  fifty  persons,  disguised  as  Mohawk 
Indians,  and  three  hundred  and  fifty  chests  of  tea  were  emptied 
into  the  harbor,  with  great  public  rejoicing.  This  was  called 
"  The  Boston  Tea  Party."  * 

THE     BOSTON     PORT     BILL.— 1774. 

16.  The    British   Government    was     provoked    to 
stronger  measures  by  this  destruction  of  tea.f     The  har 
bor  of  Boston  was  closed  as  a  commercial  harbor  by  "The 
Boston  Port  Bill."    The  Constitution  of  Massachusetts  was 
altered.     Objectionable  representatives   were  excluded  from 
the  General  Court.     The  seat  of  government  was  transferred 
to  Salem  ;  and  trade  was  removed  to  Marblehead.     General 
Gage,  the  commander  of  the  British  forces,  was  appointed  Gov 
ernor.     Trials  in  certain  causes   were   declared  removable  to 
another  colony,  or  to  Great  Britain. 

THE   CONTINENTAL   CONGRESS.— 1774. 

17.  These    violent    measures     produced     general 
alarm  and   indignation.     The  Virginia   Assembly  protested 


*  About  six  weeks  after  the  destruction  of  this  tea,  Franklin  was  summoned  before 
the  Privy  Council  in  London,  and  was  virulently  denounced  by  Wedderburn,  the  So 
licitor-General.  Franklin  was  removed  from  his  office  of  Deputy-Postmaster-General 
of  the  Colonies,  and  from  his  other  public  appointments. 

t  It  was  the  king  and  the  court  party,  or  the  king's  friends,  who  urged  co 
ercion. 

"  With  the  two  exceptions  of  Johnson  and  Gibbon,  all  the  eminent  and  shining  tal 
ents  of  the  country,  led  on  by  Burke,  were  marshalled  in  support  of  the  colonies." — 
WRAXALL,  Historical  Memoirs. 


102 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


against  them,  and  was  immediately  dissolved  by  the   Earl  of 
Dunmore.     Eighty-nine  of  the  members  met  in  the  ball-room 

or  "  Hall  of  Apol 
lo,"  of  the  Raleigh 
Tavern,  at  Wil- 
liamsburg.  They 
resolved  that  an  at 
tack  on  one  colony 
was  an  attack  on 
all.  They  suggest 
ed  the  appointment t 
of  Committees  of 
Correspondence, 
and  of  deputies  to 
a  General  Congress. 

18.  The  Con 
gress,  which  was 
the  first  Continen 
tal  Congress,  met 
at  Philadelphia  in  the  beginning  of  September.  Eleven 
colonies  were  represented  at  the  meeting,  which  assembled  in 
Carpenter's  Hall.  The  members  entered  into  a  solemn  asso 
ciation  to  secure  the  redress  of  colonial  grievances.  They  re 
solved  not  to  import  goods  from  Great  Britain,  nor  to  export 
American  products  thither,  and  not  to  consume  British  com 
modities  until  the  offensive  acts  were  repealed.  Declarations 
and  addresses  to  the  Crown,  the  British  people,  and  the  col 
onies  were  issued,  in  order  to  proclaim  the  infringement  of 
colonial  rights,  and  to  invite  consideration,  sympathy,  or  con 
currence.  Congress  then  adjourned,  with  the  recommenda 
tion  that  another  should  assemble  in  the  coming  May. 

19.  Civil  War  was  fast  approaching.  Yet  Lord  North, 
the  British  Prime  Minister,  declared  "  his  firm  persuasion  that 
the  troubles  in  America  would  be  settled  happily,  speedily,  and 
without  bloodshed."  General  Gage  fortified  the  neck  which 


CARPENTER'S  HALL. 


BATTLE    OF  POINT  PLEASANT.  103 

connected  Boston  with  the  mainland.  A  Provincial  Congress 
met  at  Concord.  The  militia  was  organized,  minute-men  des 
ignated,  and  generals  commissioned.  Everything  was  ripe  for 
war,  and  ready  for  an  explosion.  The  first  spark  would  fire 
the  train. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  POINT  PLEASANT. 

20.  Dangers  arose  on  the  frontier.  The  Indians  were 
in  arms  on  the  Western  border.  Dunmore  marched  against 
them,  and  reached  Pittsburg  with  the  force  under  his  imme 
diate  command.  He  made  a  new  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations, 
and  proceeded  against  the  Shawanees  on  the  Ohio.  General 
Andrew  Lewis,  with  several  regiments  of  Virginia  riflemen, 
marched  by  way  of  the  Greenbrier  and  Kanawha  (kan-aw '- 
wd)  rivers  to  Point  Pleasant.  Dunmore  had  proposed  to 
meet  him  there,  but  had  not  arrived.  An  engagement  with 
the  Indians  was  accidentally  brought  on  while  Lewis's 
fC\  army  was  encamped  between  the  Kanawha  and  the 

°  °  '  Ohio.  The  battle  lasted  throughout  the  day.  The 
Indians  were  defeated.*  The  loss  of  the  Virginians  was  very 
heavy.  Many  of  their  officers  were  wounded  or  slain.  Colonel 
Charles  Lewis,  the  brother  of  the  general,  was  shot  down 
early  in  the  conflict.  The  victory  was  decisive,  and  freed  Vir 
ginia  from  Indian  occupation,  and  from  regular  Indian  hostil 
ities.  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Shawanees,  and  they  were 
restricted  to  the  further  bank  of  the  Ohio.  To  this  treaty 
Logan  assented,  though  he  would  not  attend  the  council.  The 
Cayu'ga  chief  sent  his  acceptance  with  a  speech  preserved  by 
Jefferson  as  a  striking  example  of  savage  eloquence. f 

*  The  Indians  were  commanded  by  the  gigantic  warrior  Cornstalk,  and  his  son 
Ellinipsico.  The  voice  of  Cornstalk  was  heard  above  the  din  of  battle,  cheering  his 
braves  with  the  cry,  "  Be  strong  !  Be  strong  !  " 

t  The  war  began  with  the  murder  of  thirteen  Indians  along  the  Ohio.  Logan  killed 
the  same  number  of  white  men  in  retaliation.  He  was  not  present  at  the  battle  of 
Point  Pleasant.  He  sent  his  speech  by  an  Indian  interpreter.  In  this  celebrated 
speech  he  said : 

"One  man      *     *     last  spring  cut  off,  unprovoked,  all  the  relations  of 
Logan,  not  sparing  women  or  children.    There  runs  not  a  drop  of  my  blood  in  the 


104  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

21.  A  close  estimate  of  the  population  was  made  by 
the  first  Congress.  Virginia  was  supposed  to  contain  650,000 
inhabitants  ;  Massachusetts,  400,000  ;  and  New  York,  250,000. 


THE  REVOLUTION,  1775. 

22.  The  British  Ministry  were  confident  that  the 
colonies  would  soon  submit,  or  be  subdued.     They  felt 
only  contempt  for  the  courage,  the  steadiness,  and  the  disci 
pline  of  the  colonial  militia.*     They   said  that  the  Americans 
"might  bluster,  but  would  not  fight,  or  think  of  resisting  Gen 
eral  Gage."     The  resistance  grew  more  resolute  with  the  reso 
lution  to  crush  it.     Patrick  Henry  proposed  in   the  Virginia 
Convention  at  Richmond,   that  "  the   colony  be  immediately 
put  in  a  position  of  defence."     He  clearly  discerned  the  com 
ing  conflict.     He  exclaimed  :   "  If  we  wish  to  be  free,  we  must 
fight  :  I  repeat  it,  we  must  fight !     The  war  is  inevitable,  and 
let  it  come  !     Let  it  come  !     I  know  not  what   course  others 
may  take ;  but,  as   for  me,  Give   me  liberty,  or  give  me 
death ! " 

THE     ROUT    AT    LEXINGTON. 

23.  The  war  had  already  come.     A  small  force,  sent 
by  General  Gage  to  seize  some  cannon  at  Salem,  had  been  op 
posed  by  the  country  people  at  the  passage  of  a  little  stream. 
A  stronger  detachment  was  sent  from  Boston  to  capture  the 
arms  and  military  stores  collected  by  the  patriots  at  Concord. 
The  column  set  out  at  midnight  ;  but  its  approach  was  an 
nounced  by  Paul  Revere  (re-veer)  to  John  Adams  and  John 

veins  of  any  living  creature.  This  called  upon  me  for  revenge.  *  *  I  have  *  * 
fully  glutted  my  revenge.  For  my  nation,  I  rejoice  in  the  beams  of  peace  ;  but  noth 
ing  I  have  said  proceeds  from  fear.  Logan  *  *  will  not  turn  on  his  heel  to  save 
his  life.  Who  is  there  to  mourn  for  Logan  ?  Not  one." 

*  It  was  contemptuously  said   in  England,  "that  the  sight  of    a  grenadier's  cap 
would  be  sufficient  to  put  an  American  army  to  flight." 


THE  ROUT  AT  LEXINGTON.  ^5 

Hancock,  at  Lexington.*  The  British  reached  that  place 
about  daybreak,  and  found  the  minute-men  of  the  district 

under  arms.  A  skirmish  ensued.  Eight  Ameri- 
J  ..  cans  were  killed  and  several  were  wounded.  The 

column  pushed  on  to  Concord,  but  the  stores  had 
been  removed.  On  its  return  it  was  beset  by  the  enraged 
militia.  It  was  fired  upon  from  every  vantage  ground  or  place 
of  ambush.  At  Lexington  the  retreat  became  a  rout.  The 
troops  were  pursued  and  shot  down  till  they  reached  Charles 
ton.  It  was  impossible  to  make  a  stand,  though  Lord  Percy 
brought  a  thousand  men  to  their  rescue.  The  British  lost  273 
men  ;  the  Americans,  88.  The  War  of  the  Revolution 
was  begun.  There  could  be  no  peace  without  submission  or 
independence. 

24.  The   skirmish    at    Lexington    was    soon    known 
throughout  the  colonies,  and  roused  the  people  everywhere. 
Twenty  thousand  militia  hastened  to  Boston.     In  Rhode  Isl 
and  forty  cannon  were  carried  off  from  the  batteries.      At 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  the  arsenal  was    sacked,  and  the 
arms  distributed  to  the  volunteers.     Georgia  threw  in  her  for 
tunes  with  the  other  colonies,  and  seized    the   royal   maga 
zines.     In  Mecklenburg,  North  Carolina,  the  people  annulled 
the  royal  authority.     The  forts  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown 
Point,  which  commanded  the  communications  with  Canada, 
were  captured  by  Ethan  Allen  and  Benedict  Arnold. f     Allen 
appeared  before  Ticonderoga  early  in   May,   and  demanded 
its    surrender,   "  in  the  name  of    the  great  Jehovah   and   the 
Continental  Congress."      Crown   Point  was  taken   two  days 
later. 

25.  The  Continental  Congress  reassembled  on  the 


*  There  is  a  very  spirited  poem  by  Longfellow  on  Revere's  midnight  ride,  to  con 
vey  to  the  patriots  at  Lexington  intelligence  of  the  march  of  the  British. 

t  Benedict  Arnold  (1740-1801)  will  reappear  frequently  and  notably  in  the  history 
of  the  Revolutionary  War.  Ethan  Allen  was  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  British 
from  1775  to  1778.  He  died  in  1789. 


io6 


HISTORY   OF  THE   UNt  1E£>  STATES. 


same  day  that  Ticonderoga  surrendered.  It  assumed  for  the 
"  Confederacy  "  the  name  of  "  The  United  Col 
onies  of  North  America.  '  A  second  petition  to 


I775- 
May  10. 


a  return  to 


the  king  was  ordered,  and  the  wish  was  expressed 
their  former  connections  and  friendship 
with  Great  Britain." 
Measures  were  taken 
for  the  vigorous  main 
tenance  of  the  war.  An 
army  of  twenty  thou 
sand  men,  and  the  issue 
of  three  millions  of  dol 
lars  in  paper  money, were 
ordered.  George  Wash 
ington,*  of  Virginia,  was 
appointed  Commander- 
in-chief.  He  resigned 
his  seat  in  the  Congress, 
and  proceeded  to  the 
scene  of  war  before  BOS- 
GENERAL  WARREN. 

THE     BATTLE    OF     BUNKER     HILL. 

26.  The  British  forces  in  Boston  were  strengthened 

by  the  arrival  of  ten  thousand  soldiers,  under  Generals  Howe, 
Clinton,  and  Burgoyne — names  closely  associated  with  the  fur 
ther  prosecution  of  the  war.  With  this  increase  of  force,  Gage 

*  George  Washington  (1732-1799)  has  the  history  of  his  country  for  his  biography. 
He  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  and  was  now  forty-three  years  of  age. 
His  early  youth  was  passed  as  a  surveyor,  and  as  such  he  had  been  employed  by  Lord 
Fairfax.  He  thus  acquired  habits  of  observation,  of  caution,  of  cool  reflection,  of  just 
judgment,  and  of  firm  decision.  He  was  the  friend  of  peace  and  attached  to  Eng 
land,  under  whose  banner  he  had  served.  But  he  was  still  more  the  friend  of  temper 
ate  liberty,  and  was  devoted  to  truth,  to  justice,  and  to  his  country.  His  talents  were 
solid  rather  than  brilliant.  His  nature  was  so  well  poised  that  he  was  as  unshaken 
in  adverse  as  in  prosperous  fortune.  His  ambition  could  not  be  tempted  by  a  crown; 
nor  could  disappointment,  desertion,  and  calumny  provoke  him  to  despair.  He  was 
thus  admirably  fitted  to  guide  the  struggling  colonies  through  the  doubtful  fortunes 
and  multiplied  difficulties  of  the  Revolution,  and  of  the  first  period  of  Independence. 


BATTLE   OF  BUNKER  HILL. 


107 


undertook  the  capture  and  fortification    of    Bunker  Hill, 
which  lay  opposite  the  city,  on  the  further  side  of  the  Charles 
River.  The  design  became  known,  and  Colonel  Prescott  sought 
to  preoccupy  the  position  by  a  night  movement.    In  the  dark 
ness  he  seized  Breed's  Hill,  which  is  a  lower  elevation.    Gage 
sent  twenty-five  hundred  troops  to  dislodge  the  Americans, 
who  numbered  fifteen  hundred,  after  being  joined 
?' ***      by  Generals  Warren  and  Putnam.*     The  men-of- 
'  *   war  in  the  harbor,  and  the  batteries  on  the  Boston 

shore  poured  a  heavy  fire  on  the  American  encampment. 
Charlestown  was  shortly  in  flames.  The  British  advanced 
against  the  hostile  works.  They  were  driven  back  by  a  hot 
and  steady  fire.  A  second  charge  was  made.  It  was  repulsed. 
A  third  charge  was  undertaken, 
with  the  support  of  a  thousand  new 
troops.  The  Americans  did  not 
waver,  but  their  ammunition  was 
exhausted,  and  they  were  com 
pelled  to  retreat.  General  Warren 
was  the  last  to  retire,  and  was  shot 
through  the  head.  The  British 
lost  1,054,  killed  and  wounded. 
The  American  loss  was  145  killed, 
and  304  wounded.  The  fallen 
patriots  are  commemorated  by  a  GENERAL  PUTNAM. 

monument,  the  corner-stone  of  which   was  laid   by  Lafayette 
fifty  years  afterwards. 

THE  ARMY  BEFORE  BOSTON. 

27.  General  Washington  took  command  of  the  army 

investing  Boston  a  fortnight  after  the   battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
He  found  a  patriotic  mob,  rather  than  an  army.     It  consisted 


*  Israel  Putnam  (1718-1790),  a  plain  farmer  and  tavern-keeper,  commanded  the  first 
troops  raised  in  Connecticut  for  the  French  War  in  1755.  His  popular  fame  rests 
largely  on  his  gallop,  in  1779,  down  "  Horseneck  Stairs,"  five  miles  west  of  Stamford. 


I08  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  14,500  men — nearly  all  volunteers  for  brief  periods  of  ser 
vice.  It  was  sanguine,  but  disorderly  ;  eager,  but  undisci 
plined  ;  confident,  but  inefficient ;  and  was  without  the  most 
needful  military  supplies.  The  first  necessity  was  to  intro 
duce  order,  system,  permanence,  and  obedience.  The  fall 
and  winter  months  were  chiefly  employed  in  this  indispensable 
task,  and  in  collecting  military  and  other  stores.  The  invest 
ment  of  Boston  was  maintained,  and  everything  was  prepared 
for  energetic  action  in  the  spring. 

ATTEMPT     TO     CONQUER    CANADA. 

28.  The  last  half  of  the  year  was  not  without  stir 
ring  events.     There  was  reason  to   fear  a  British  invasion 
from  Canada,  which  had  not  joined  in   the  colonial   revolt. 
Two  expeditions  were  prepared  to   avert  this  danger,  and  to 
gain  the  province  for  the  Confederacy.      It  was  expected  that 
the  Canadians  would  sympathize  actively  with  the  scheme,  for 
they  had  not  been  twenty  years  subject  to  the  British  Crown. 
Richard  Montgomery,  an  officer  of  Irish  birth,  descended  Lake 
Champlain,  with  one  army,  and  moved  upon  Montreal.     Ben 
edict  Arnold,  accompanied  by  Aaron  Burr,*  ascended  the  Ken- 
nebec  with  the  other,  and  was    to  join    Montgomery  before 
Quebec. f     Montgomery  found  Montreal  abandoned,  and  took 
it.     He  then  moved  down  the  St.   Lawrence  with  the  scanty 
force  which  did  not  desert  him  as  soon  as  the  term   of  service 
expired. 

29.  Arnold  reached  Quebec  only  two    days  later  than 
the  occupation  of  Montreal.     His  march  had  been  performed 
under  the  most  serious  difficulties.     Exposure  in  a  bleak  cli 
mate  during  the  stormy  months  of  autumn,  flooded   streams, 


*  Aaron  Burr  (1756-1836)  will  appear  prominently  at  a  later  period.  He  was  the 
grandson  of  Jonathan  Edwards— a  mere  boy  at  this  time.  His  only  child,  Theodo- 
sia,  was  lost  at  sea,  January,  1813.  She  was  reported  to  have  been  captured  and 
murdered  by  pirates. 

t  Richard  Montgomery  (1737-1775)  served  under  Wolfe  at  the  capture  of  Quebec. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1772— settled  on  the  Hudson— and  married  in  New  York. 


ATTEMPT  TO  CONQUER  CANADA.  Ic>9 

and  chilling  rains  had  to  be  endured.  There  were  no  roads 
through  the  gloomy  forest.  The  way  had  to  be  picked  through 
fallen  and  tangled  timber.  The  shoes  of  the  soldiers  were  worn 
out  on  the  rugged  and  frozen  soil  ;  their  clothes  hung  from 
them  in  tatters  ;  their  food  was  scanty,  and  failed  altogether 
at  times.  Their  supplies  were  exhausted  before  they  reached 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Colonel  Enos  turned  back  with  a  third  of 
the  troops.  No  obstacles  overcame  the  constancy  and  the  iron 
will  of  Arnold.  On  he  marched.  He  reached  Quebec,  and 
demanded  the  surrender  of  the  city.  The  demand  was  re 
jected.  His  ragged  regiment  inspired  no  alarm.  He  retired 
up  the  river,  to  wait  orders  from  Montgomery. 

30.  The  joint   forces  of  the  two  commanders  did  not 
reach  a  thousand  men.  They  were  far  from  home  and  friends, 
from  support,  and  from   supplies.     They  could   not  return ; 
their  only  hope  was  in  rash  daring.     They  advanced  to  Que 
bec,  and  again  demanded  its  surrender.     The  surrender  was 
again  refused.     A  night  attack  was  made  cm  the  strongly  for- 

_  dried  city,  defended  by  two  hundred  guns.  Arnold 
advanced  on  the  side  of  the  St.  Charles  River. 
Montgomery  led  his  men  along  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
He  was  killed,  and  his  line  shattered  by  a  discharge  of  grape. 
Arnold's  leg  was  broken  by  a  musket  shot,  and  he  was  carried 
to  the  rear.  Captain  Morgan*  captured  the  advanced  batter 
ies.  After  a  gallant  conflict  of  three  hours,  he  was  compelled 
to  surrender  with  his  detachment. 

AFFAIRS     IN     THE     SOUTH. 

31.  Virginia  had  been  actively  employed.     The  day 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  Lord  Dunmore  removed  twenty 
barrels  of   gunpowder   from   the   magazine   at  Williamsburg. 
Patrick  Henry  collected  volunteers  for  their  recovery.     A  con 
flict  was  delayed  by  the  Governor's  agreeing  to  pay  for  the 

*  Daniel  Morgan  (1737-1802)  was  a  waggoner  and  farmer.  In  youth  he  removed 
from  New  Jersey  to  Virginia.  He  was  a  private  under  Braddock.  He  was  with 
Arnold  on  the  march  up  the  Kennebec.  He  died  at  Winchester,  Va. 


HO  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

powder.  Dunmore  then  sought  refuge  on  board  the  Fowey 
man-of-war,  in  York  River,  and  sailed  to  Norfolk  to  prepare 
means  for  the  subjugation  of  the  province.  He  was  defeated 
at  Great  Bridge,  twelve  miles  south  of  Norfolk — a  point  which 
commanded  the  approaches  on  that  side.  Norfolk  could  no 
longer  be  held  by  him.  He  again  found  safety  on  a  man-of- 
,  war.  The  patriots  occupied  the  city.  It  was  fu- 
' '  '  riously  bombarded  by  the  fugitive  Governor,  and 
was  set  on  fire  by  sailors  and  marines.  Nine-tenths 
of  the  buildings,  and  property  valued  at  a  million  and  a  half 
of  dollars,  were  destroyed.  Dunmore  proclaimed  freedom  to 
the  negroes,  and  invited  them  to  take  up  arms  against  their 
masters.  He  endeavored  to  retain  command  of  the  Chesa 
peake,  and  encamped  his  promiscuous  followers  on  an  island, 
under  protection  of  the  fleet.  The  fleet  was  driven  off,  and 
the  encampment  broken  up,  during  the  next  summer,  by  Gen 
eral  Andrew  Lewis.* 

32.  In  North  and    South  Carolina   the  royal   gover 
nors  were  driven  to  seek  security  on  board  the  armed  vessels 
in  the    harbors.     In   the   former   province   a  large   body  of 

,       royalists,  Highlanders,    and  others  were  defeated, 
P   \      during   the   winter,  at  Moore's  Creek,  by   Colonel 
*    Caswell  and  an  inferior  force  of  militia.     The  Rev 
olution  was  spreading  everywhere,  and  the  spirit  of  resistance 
was  becoming  more  resolute.     There  was  little  method  in  the 
several   movements.     The  blow  was  struck  when  the  chance 
of  striking  a  blow  was  offered. 

SECOND   YEAR   OF    THE    REVOLUTION.— 1776. 

33.  There  was  much  complaint  of  the  inaction  of 
General  "Washington.     Congress  urged  an  early  attack  on 

*  Andrew  Lewis,  o-f  Virginia  (1730-1780),  commanded  at  Point  Pleasant.  He  was 
with  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity,  1754,  and  in  Braddock's  defeat.  He  made  the 
treaty  with  the  Six  Nations,  1768.  He  was  recommended  by  Washington  as  one  of 
the  four  Major-Generals  of  the  Continental  Army.  His  statue  is  on  the  Washington 
Monument,  Richmond  ~"*r~ 


THE  jRECO  VER  Y  OF  30 STOAT.  I T  r 

Boston.  The  British  Government  had  been  busy  during  the 
late  months.  They  had  proclaimed  martial  law  throughout 
the  colonies.  They  had  hired  Hessian  and  other  German 
mercenaries  ;  and  encouraged  the  capture  of  colonial  property 
at  sea.  General  Howe  was  in  command  in  Boston,  and  had 
received  strong  reinforcements.  General  Gage  and  General 
Burgoyne  had  returned  to  England. 

THE     RECOVERY     OF     BOSTON. 

34.  Washington  was  prepared  to  gratify  the  wishes  of 
the  people,  and  to  execute  the  orders  of  Congress.  A  heavy 
cannonade  from  the  American  batteries  was  showered  upon 
the  fortifications  o.f  Boston  for  three  successive  nights,  in  the 
beginning  of  March.  On  the  third  night,  Dorchester  Heights, 
which  commanded  the  city  on  the  south,  were  seized  by  2,000 
American  troops.  When  morning  broke,  and  Howe  saw  the 
hostile  guns  frowning  down  upon  him,  he  knew  that  the  city 
and  the  fleet  in  the  harbor  were  a<;  the  mercy  of  the  Americans. 
The  recapture  of  the  heights  was  hopeless.  An  informal 
TV/T  agreement  was  made  for  e  undisturbed  evacua- 
"  tion  of  Boston.*  It  had  Leen  occupied  seven  years 
by  the  British.  The  embarkation  of  the  troops,  and  of  the 
loyalists  who  withdrew  with  them,  was  long  delayed  by  storms. 
At  length  the  fleet  sailed  for  Halifax,  to  await  future  oppor 
tunities  and  further  orders. f  The  Americans  entered  Boston, 
and  General  Putnam  was  placed  in  command  of  the  town. 
The  estates  and  property  of  refugees  were  confiscated  and  sold. 
The  proceeds  were  applied  to  the  public  service.  Washing 
ton  apprehended  that  Howe  would  attack  New  York,  and  has- 


*  Boston  was  regained  by  the  same  strategical  operations  as  were  afterwards  em 
ployed  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte  to  expel  the  British  from  Toulon. 

*  There  is  a  legend  in  Boston,  "  that,  on  the  anniversary  night  of  Britain's  discom 
fiture,  the  ghosts  of  the  ancient  governors  of  Massachusetts  still  glide  through  Pro 
vince  House.    And,  last  of  all,  comes  a  figure  shrouded  in  a  military  cloak,  tossing 
his  clenched  ^ands  into  the  air,  and  stamping  his  iron-shod  boots  upon  the  freestone 
steps,  -"ith  a  semblance  of  feverish  despair,  but  without  the  sound  of  a  foot-tramp." 
— HAWTHORNE. 


U2  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

tened  thither  after  sending  forward  part  of  his  army  for  its 
defence 

THE     BRITISH    PLAN     FOR    THE     CAMPAIGN. 

35.  The  British  proposed  three  objects  for  the  cam 
paign  of  1776  :  to  relieve  Quebec,  which  was  still  threatened 
by  Arnold,  and  invade  the  Northern  Colonies  from  Canada  ; 
to  make  a  descent  upon  the  Southern  Provinces ;  and  to  ac 
quire  the  city  and  colony  of  New  York.      No  fear  was  enter 
tained  for  Boston.     Boston,  however,  was  lost,  and  its  loss  in 
terrupted  and  delayed  other  operations.    Canada  was  relieved. 
General  Clinton  sailed  early  in  the  year  to  execute  the  second 
design,  which  was  the  special  scheme  of  the  king  himself.     He 
proceeded  southwards,  after  touching  at  New  York,  to  unite 
his  forces  with  the  royal  governors. 

BRITISH     REPULSE     AT     FORT     MOCJLTRIE. 

36.  Clinton  was  joined  at  the  Cape  Fear  River  by 

Admiral  Sir  Peter  Parker  with  a  fleet,  which  brought  Corn 
wallis*  and  seven  regiments  from  Ireland.  They  sailed 
against  Charleston,  which  had  been  put  in  a  state  of  defence 
by  the  energy  of  John  Rutledge,  the  first  President  of  South 
Carolina,  under  its  new  Constitution.  General  Charles  Lee  f 
had  arrived  in  time  to  take  command  of  the  defenders,  but  his 
temper  rendered  his  services  unwelcome  and  inefficient. 

37.  The  chief  defence  of  the  city  and  harbor  was  a 
fort  of  palmetto   logs  on  Sullivan's  Island,   mounting  thirty 

*  Charles  Cornwallis  (1738-1805),  Earl  and  afterwards  Marquis  Cornwallis,  served 
in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  He  was  aide-de-camp  to  George  III.,  and  Governor  of  the 
Tower.  He  became  Viceroy  of  Ireland,  and  Governor-General  of  India. 

t  Charles  Lee  (1731-1782)  entered  the  British  army  at  a  very  early  age.  He  distin 
guished  himself  in  the  French  and  Indian  War.  He  lived  with  the  Mohawks,  and 
was  made  a  chief,  under  the  name  of  "  Boiling  Water."  He  served  under  Burgoyne 
in  Portugal.  He  was  aid  to  Poniatowski,  King  of  Poland,  and  was  sent  as  his  Am 
bassador  to  Turkey.  He  returned  to  America  in  1773,  and  resigned  his  commission 
in  the  royal  army,  to  accept  one  in  the  American.  He  was  a  prodigy  of  leanness. 
He  was  highly  accomplished,  but  vain,  arrogant,  and  passionate. 


BRITISH  REPULSE  AT  FORT  MOULTRIE. 


guns.  It  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Moultrie  (mool'tre\  and 
bore  his  name.  Clinton  landed  in  the  rear  of  the  fort.  Lee 
urged  its  abandonment,  declaring  it  "  a  slaughter-pen."  An 
inlet  of  the  sea,  which  could  not  be  forded,  separated  Sullb 
van's  Island  from  Long  Island,  on  which  the  British  had  dis 
embarked.  The  same 
difficulty  frustrated  a 
second  attempt  to  take 
the  fortress  by  land. 
The  fleet  passed  the 

0  T  bar,    an  d 

28  June.    ,      ' 

bombarded 

the  fort  for  ten  hours, 
without  producing  any 
serious  damage.  The 
balls  sank  in  the  soft 
palmetto  trunks,  with 
out  splintering  or  dis 
placing  them.*  Clin 
ton  returned  to  New 

York,  and    the   Caro-  JOHN  RUTLEDGE. 

linas  were  not  annoyed  again  for  two  years. 

38.  A  gallant  act  was  performed  by  Sergeant  Jas 
per  during  the  bombardment.  The  flag-staff  was  broken  by 
a  ball,  and  the  flag  of  South  Carolina  fell  over  the  parapet. 
In  the  midst  of  the  heavy  fire,  Jasper  leapt  down,  recovered 
the  flag,  and  replaced  it  on  the  ramparts. 


THE    DECLARATION     OF     INDEPENDENCE.— 4th   July,    1776. 

39-  The  Virginia  Convention  directed  their  delegates  in 
Congress  "  to  propose  to  that  body  to  declare  the  United  Col 
onies  free,  independent,  and  sovereign  States."  William 

*  The  frigates  sent  to  the  support  of  Clinton  ran  aground,  and  stuck  fast  in  the 
shoals  of  the  "  Middle  Channel."  The  Actaeon  could  not  be  got  off,  and  was  burnt 
by  her  officers  the  next  morning. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Henry  Lee,  one  of  those  delegates  introduced  the  proposition. 
A  committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  suitable   Declara- 


SERGEANT   JASPER    REPLACING    THE    FLAG   ON    FORT    MOULTRIE. 

tion.     It  was  composed  by  Thomas  Jefferson,*  and  was  slight 
ly  altered  by  Benjamin  Franklin  f  and  John  Adams.     It  was 

*  Thomas  Jefferson  (1743-1826)  was  born  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia.  The  lead 
ing  events  in  his  life  are  prominent  in  this  history.  He  was  sent  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1775.  He  was  Governor  of  Virginia  in  1779  ;  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Paris  in  1784  ;  Secretary  of  State  in  1790  ;  Vice-President  in  1797  ;  and  President  in 
1801.  He  was  buried  on  the  mountain-side  below  his  residence  at  Monticello.  Con 
gress  appropriated  $5,000  in  1879  to  erect  a  monument  there.  Nothing  had  been  done 
when  Congress,  in  the  spring  of  1882,  appropriated  $10,000  for  the  purpose.  The  in 
scription  placed  on  Jefferson's  tomb,  by  his  own  direction,  was  :  u  Author  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  of  the  Statute  of  Virginia  for  Religious  Freedom, 
and  Father  of  the  University  of  Virginia." 

t  Benjamin  Franklin  (1706-1790')  was  born  in  Boston,  was  apprenticed  tohisbrother 
as  a  printer  ;  went  to  Philadelphia  at  the  age  of  17  ;  and  visited  London.  He  returned 
to  Philadelphia  in  1726  ;  he  published  "  Poor  Richard's  Almanac  "  in  1732.  In  1752,  he 
drew  lightning  from  the  clouds,  with  a  key  tied  to  the  string  of  a  kite.  In  1753,  he 
was  Postmaster-General  for  America.  In  1757,  he  was  sent  to  England  as  agent  for 
Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  and  Georgia.  He  was  sent  to  France,  and  negoti- 


DECLARA  TION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.  1 15 

accepted  by  Congress,  and  signed  by  the  members*  on  the  4th 
of  July.f  An  oath  was  required  of  all  officers,  acknowledging 
"the  Thirteen  United  States,"  by  name,  "to  be  free,  in 
dependent,  and  sovereign  States." 

THE     PEACE     COMMISSION. 

40.  General  Howe  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
chief  of  the  royal  forces  in  America^  Reinforcements,  and 
the  cooperation  of  a  fleet  under  Lord  Howe,  were  prom 
ised.  The  two  brothers  were  appointed  Peace  Commission 
ers,  with  the  hope  of  winning  the  colonies  back.  To  break 
their  concert,  separate  amnesties  and  separate  restoration  were 
proffered.  The  negotiations  were  protracted,  but  were  fruit 
less,  since  complete  independence  was  demanded.  The  failure 
to  arrange  terms  of  reconciliation  was  attended  with  the  active 
prosecution  of  hostilities,  and  the  endeavor  to  accomplish  the 
third  and  principal  scheme  of  the  British  campaign. 


ated  the  alliance  with  that  country  ;  and  in  1782,  the  Treaty  of  Peace  with  England. 
He  returned,  and  became  President  of  Pennsylvania. 

*  John  Hancock  (1737-1793),  a  wealthy  and  patriotic  merchant  of  Boston,  President 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  was  the  first  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

+  The  citizens  were  collected  in  the  streets  of  Philadelphia,  anxiously  awaiting  the 
decision.  The  bell-ringer  had  been  in  the  steeple  all 
day  in  readiness.  He  had  left  a  boy  below  to  give 
him  prompt  notice.  As  the  time  passed  by,  he  mut 
tered  :  "  They  will  never  do  it !  They  will  never  do 
it !  "  About  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a  loud  hurrah 
came  from  below,  and  the  boy  shouted,  u  Ring ! 
Ring !  "  A  merry  peal  rang  out,  announcing  "  Liber 
ty  through  all  the  land,  unto  all  the  inhabitants  there 
of."  Such  was  the  inscription  on  the  bell.  The  royal 
arms  were  torn  down,  and  burnt  in  !he  street.  Bon 
fires  were  kindled,  and  the  houses  illuminated.  In  New 
York,  the  leaden  statue  of  George  III.  was  thrown 
over,  cut  into  pieces,  and  melted  into  bullets.  In  Bos 
ton,  the  Declaration  was  welcomed  with  cheers.  Like 
demonstrations  were  made  at  Norfolk,  Charleston, 
Savannah,  and  other  places.  The  Declaration  was  LIBERTY  BELL. 

read  to  the  soldiers,  at  the  head  of  the  brigades,  and  received  with  enthusiasm. 

%  Howe's  whole  forces,  if  united,  would  have  amounted  to  about  35,000  men,  in 
cluding  13,000  Hessians.  The  Americans  in  arms  were  reported  to  amount  to  200,000, 
but  they  were  widely  scattered,  and  could  never  be  collected  in  large  bodies. 


n6 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE     BATTLE     OF     LONG     ISLAND. 

41.  Howe  sailed  from  Halifax  in  the  end  of  June,  and 
planted  himself  on  Staten  Island.  Here  he  was  joined  by 
Lord  Howe  and  the  fleet,  and  by  Parker  and  Clinton  from 
South  Carolina.  Ten  thousand  men  and  forty  cannon  were 
landed  on  Long  Island,  to  expel  the  Americans  under  General 
Sullivan,  who  lay  before  Brooklyn.  The  patriots  were  com- 
27  Aug1  pletely  entraPPed-  They  were  assailed  in  front  and 
**  rear,  routed,  and  driven  into  the  town.  Fifteen 
hundred  were  killed  or  captured.  The  shattered  remnant  was 
skilfully  withdrawn  by  Washington,  the  second  midnight,  and 
transferred  to  New  York. 


THE     CAPTURE     OF     NEW    YORK. 

42.  The  English  fleet  commanded  the  harbor  of 

New  York,  t  h  e 
Hudson,  and  the 
East  River.  The 
victorious  troops 
could  be  easily 
landed  at  any 
point.  Many  in 
habitants  of  the 
city  earnestly  fav 
ored  the  royal 
cause.  Washing 
ton's  army  was  dis- 
organized,  and 
crippled  by  deser 
tion.  He  left  the 
city  with  the  main 
body,  and  e  n  - 
JOHN  HANCOCK.  camped  on  Har- 

laem  Heights.     Putnam  remained  behind  with  a  small  force  to 
delay  the    advance    of   the  enemy.      Manhattan   Island  was 


RETREA  T  THROUGH  THE  JERSE  YS.  117 

evacuated.  Forts  Washington  and  Lee,  on  opposite  banks 
of  the  Hudson,  were  retained.  The  Americans  were  driven 
from  the  field  at  White  Plains,  and  Washington  fell  back  to 
a  more  secure  position.  This  was  soon  abandoned,  and  he 
passed  over  into  New  Jersey,  to  obstruct  the  British  advance 
upon  Philadelphia.  General  Charles  Lee  remained  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Hudson,  with  the  New  England  regi 
ments,  whose  term  of  service  had  nearly  expired.  The  Amer 
ican  army. was  utterly  broken  up.  Scarcely  2,500  men  held 
together  in  one  body.  Fortunately,  Howe  was  deficient  in 
enterprise.  His  heart  was  not  in  his  work.  Washington  was 
cautious,  stubborn,  and  resolute  ;  and  the  Northern  winter 
had  arrived. 

THE     RETREAT     THROUGH     THE     JERSEYS. 

43.  Winter  did  not  end  the  campaign.  Fort  Wash 
ington  was  taken  soon  after  Washington  crossed  the  Hudson. 
Cornwallis  followed  him.  Fort  Lee  was  evacuated.  The  Amer 
icans  retreated,  with  the  loss  of  their  guns  and  stores.  Corn 
wallis  still  pressed  forward.  The  Americans  fell  back  behind 
the  Passaic  ;  next,  behind  the  Raritan  ;  next,  to  Princeton  ; 
then  to  Trenton,  where  the  tattered  and  scattered  remnant 
g  _.  crossed  the  Delaware.  The  British  could  not  pass 
the  river  for  want  of  boats.  The  chance  of  captur 
ing  Philadelphia  and  the  Congress  was  lost  by  the  delay. 
Congress  hastened  in  alarm  to  Baltimore.  The  royal  troops 
pitched  their  camp  along  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Delaware. 
During  this  celebrated  retreat  through  the  Jerseys,*  General 
Charles  Lee  had  been  ordered  to  join  the  retiring  army.  Two 
of  his  Jersey  regiments  deserted.  He  was  himself  surprised 
and  captured.  He  was  held  at  first  as  a  deserter  from  the 
royal  service,  but  was  exchanged  after  long  detention. 


*  The  devastation  of  the  Jerseys  by  the  royal  troops,  on  this  march,  seriously  dam 
aged  the  royal  cause  in  that  quarter.  The  British  destroyed  the  College  and  Library 
at  Princeton,  Rittenhouse's  Orrery,  and  the  Public  Library  at  Trenton, 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


THE     PASSAGE     OF    THE     DELAWARE. 

44.  An  early  termination  of  the  war  was  now  expected. 
Seventy  thousand   Americans  had  been   in   arms  during  the 
regular  campaign.     Small  and  scattered  bands — ragged,  worn 
out,   foot-sore,   and   dispirited — alone  remained.     But  Howe 
had  divided  his  forces,  and   sent  Clinton,  with   Parker's  fleet, 
against   Newport,  in  Rhode   Island,  which   was  easily  taken. 
Moreover,   Washington    did  not   despair    while    others    were 
despairing.      On  Christmas  night  he    crossed  the   Delaware 
with  2,400  men,  to  surprise  the  Hessians  at  Trenton,  in  the 
midst  of  their  carousals.     It  was  a  night  of  tempest.     Masses 
of  ice  were  swept  down  by  the  dangerous  current.     The-  pas 
sage  was  rendered  dim  and  ghastly  by  the  falling  snow.     The 
troops  were  not  drawn  up  on  the  Jersey  shore  till  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning.     A  high  wind,  with  driving  sleet,  chilled  the 
men  more  than  the  passage  of  the   river  had   done.     Sullivan 
reported  the  muskets  to  be  wet.     "  Use   the  bayonet,"  said 
Washington,  "  for  the  town  must  be  taken,  and  I  am  resolved 
to  take  it."     It  was  daylight  before  the  attack  began.     The 
Hessians  were  completely  surprised,  and  utterly  routed.  Their 
commander  was  slain  ;  their  stores  were  captured  ;  946  were 
taken  prisoners  ;  only  162  escaped.     The  Americans  did  not 
lose  a  man.     Washington  at  once  recrossed  the  Delaware.  An 
English  writer  of  the  time  remarked  :  "  This   small  success 
wonderfully  raised  the  spirit  of  the  Americans. "     It  was  natural 
that  it  should  do  so.     It  was  a  brilliant  exploit,  following  a 
long  train  of  disasters.     It  revived  hope. 

45.  Congress  endeavored   to  give  permanence  to 
the  army,  and  to  fill   its  scanty  ranks.     Twenty  pounds  in 
money,   and  one  hundred   acres  of   land,  were  offered  as  a 
bounty  to  every  private  who  should  volunteer.     Washington 
was,  for  six  months,  empowered  to  appoint  and  to  remove  all 
officers  below  the  rank  of  brigadier.     This  reveals   the  ineffi 
ciency  of  the  regimental  and  company  commanders.     To  turn 


THIRD   YEAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION.  II9 

his  victory  to  account,  and  to  arrest  the  movements  of  the 
enemy,  Washington  recrossed  the  Delaware,  and  reoccupied 
Trenton,  during  the  closing  days  of  the  year.  Yet  the  diffi 
culties  of  the  time  seemed  too  great  to  be  overcome.  Congress 
had  neither  funds  for  the  army,  nor  credit  with  its  own  people. 
Means  for  the  most  pressing  needs  were  obtained  only  from 
private  liberality,  or  by  the  pledge  of  private  fortunes. 

46.  The  projected  invasion  from  the  North  was  frus 
trated  by  Arnold.     He  had  been  withdrawn  from  Canada,  but 
had  been  ordered  to  oppose  any  advance  from  that  quarter. 
He  hastily  constructed  a  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  en 
gaged  the  British  under  General  Carleton.     Two   of  his  ves 
sels  were  lost ;  one  was  taken,  the  other  sunk.     The  rest  hur 
ried  up  the   lake,  but   were   overtaken.     The  hindmost  was 
captured  ;  the  foremost  reached  Ticonderoga.     The  rest  were 
run  ashore  and  burnt.     The  lake  was  recovered  by  the  Brit 
ish  ;  but  their  advance  had  been  retarded  till  the  approach  of 
winter  rendered  the  prosecution  of  invasion  too  hazardous. 

THIRD  YEAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION,  1777. 

47.  The  third  year  of  the  war  opened  with  dark 
prospects,   notwithstanding  the  success  at   Trenton.     The 
war  had  become  popular  in  England,  though  maintained  at  a 
heavy  outlay,  and  earnestly  opposed  by  an  intelligent  minority. 
It  had  already  cost  Britain  ^20,000,000.     It  had   lost  much 
of  the  early  enthusiasm  of  the  Americans,  in  consequence  of 
frequent   disasters   and  accumulating   burdens.       The   army 
could  scarcely  be  recruited,  even  with  high  bounties.*     The 
militia    could    not   be    depended  on.       Conscription  and  a 
draft  were  proposed  ;  but  every  device  was  preferred  to  the 
inconsistency  and  uncertainty  of  compelling  men  to  fight  for 
their  freedom  and  independence. 

*  The  British  had  previously  offered  bounties  out  of  the  vacant  lands  to  the 
Highlanders,  in  order  to  induce  them  to  volunteer  for  the  war  in  America — where 
many  of  their  fellow-countrymen  were  already  settled. 


120  HISTORY   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    PRINCETON. 

48.  Washington  was  at  Trenton,  with  5,000  untrained 
men.      Cornwallis    had    gone    to    New  York,  on   his  way   to 
England.     He  returned  to  the  Jerseys  on  learning  the  disas 
ters  at  Trenton.     Washington  fell  back  as  he  advanced.     The 
little  stream  of  the  Assipink  divided  the  two  armies.     The 
British  proposed  to  force  its  passage  as    soon  as  the  morning 
came.     Washington  left  his  camp-fires  burning,  and  marched 

rapidly  against  a  British  brigade  at  Princeton. 
'_'  '*  He  fell  suddenly  upon  it  at  sunrise,  and  routed  it. 

The  empty  camp  in  front,  the  cannonade  behind, 
informed  Cornwallis  of  the  stratagem  of  the  Americans,  and  of 
its  success.  He  pursued  them,  but  too  late.  Washington  was 
secure  in  the  highlands  round  Morristown. 

49.  The  British  forces  were  dispersed,  and  their  en 
ergies  were  wasted  on  trivial  and  disconnected  enterprises.   The 
result  was  "  a  war  of  posts,  surprises,  and  skirmishes,  instead 
of  a  war  of  battles."     Connecticut  was  ravaged  by  Tryon,  the 
former  Governor  of  New  York,  and  Newport  was  surprised. 

THE    UNITED    STATES    FLAG. 

50.  A  flag  for  the   Thirteen  United   Colonies  was 

adopted  by  Congress  during  the  summer.  It  had  been  used 
in  the  previous  year  by  the  army  before  Boston.  It  consisted 
of  thirteen  stars  on  a  blue  field,  and  thirteen  alternate  stripes 
of  red  and  white  for  the  fly.* 

ARRIVAL    OF    LAFAVETTE. 

51.  Benjamin  Franklin  and  two  other  Commission 
ers  had  been  sent  to  France  to  invite   its   alliance   with  the 
colonies  in  revolt,  and  to  procure  aid  for  the  maintenance  of 


*  The  flag  was  adopted  by  the  army,  in  1776,  on  the  rejection  of  the  petition  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  and  the  reception  of  the  king's  address, 


ARRIVAL    OF  LAFAYETTE. 


121 


the  war.  They  were  warmly  received,  and  met  with  marked 
encouragement.  A  subsidy  and  other  supplies  were  granted. 
American  vessels  were 
welcomed  into  French 
and  Spanish  ports.  An 
open  alliance  was  post 
poned,  but  numerous  fa 
cilities  were  accorded, 
and  a  strong  feeling  in 
favor  of  the  American 
patriots  was  displayed. 
Applications  for  employ 
ment  in  America  be 
came  so  frequent  as  to 
prove  annoying.  The 
young  Marquis  De  La 
fayette,*  not  yet  twen 
ty-one  years  of  age,  ten 
dered  his  services.  His 
family,  the  British  ambas-  LAFAYETTE. 

sador,  and  the  French  •  king  opposed  his  departure.  He 
bought  the  Duke  of  Kingston's  yacht,  crossed  the  Atlantic, 
arrived  at  Charleston,  was  welcomed  by  Washington  as  a  mem 
ber  of  his  staff,  and  appointed  a  Major-General.  Baron 
DeKalbf  and  other  officers  attended  him. 

52.  About  the  same    time   also  came   Count  Casimir   Pu- 


*  Marie  Jean  Paul  Roche  Gilbert  Metier,  Marquis  De  Lafayette  (1757-1834)  was 
very  prominent  in  three  revolutions:  the  American  Revolution,  the  first  French 
Revolution,  and  the  revolution  in  France  in  July,  1830.  He  belonged  to  one  of  the 
oldest,  noblest,  and  wealthiest  families  of  France.  He  reached  America  in  April, 
1777.  He  revisited  America  in  1784,  on  the  invitation  of  Washington  ;  and  in  1824, 
on  the  invitation  of  Congress.  He  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
National  Guards  of  Paris  two  days  after  the  fall  of  the  Bastile  ;  and  again,  forty 
years  afterwards.  He  was  a  prisoner  of  the  Austrians  at  Olmutz,  1792-1797.  He 
was  almost  rescued  from  captivity  by  Dr.  Bollmann  and  a  young  Carolinian  named 
Huger.  He  was  the  means  of  placing  Louis  Philippe  on  the  French  throne  in  1830. 

+  John,  Baron  DeKalb  (1732-1780),  was  a  native  of  Alsace,  and  was  a  French  Briga 
dier-General.     He  had  been  sent  to  America  as  a  secret  agent  in  1762. 
6 


122 


HISTORY   OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


laski,*   who  had   seized    Stanislaus    (stanis-las)   Poniatowski, 

King  of  Poland,  in  the 
streets  of  Warsaw,  and 
had  been  outlawed  in 
consequence.  T  h  a  d  - 
deus  Kosciusko,!  the 
celebrated  Polish  patri 
ot  was  already  in  the 
country,  having  been 
driven  from  home  by 
a  love  affair.  Baron 
Steuben,|  an  officer  of 
distinction  in  the  wars 
of  Frederick  the  Great, 
came  the  next  year.§ 
Other  foreigners  also 
KOSCIUSKO.  arrived. 


BURGOVNE'S     INVASION. 


53.  The  project  of  an  invasion  from  Canada  was 
renewed.  It  was  strongly  urged  by  Carleton,  the  Governor. 
It  was  hoped  that  New  England  might  be  cut  off  from  the 


*  Casimir  Pulaski  (1747-1779)  was  a  Lithuanian  noble.  He  rebelled  against  the 
King  of  Poland  in  1769.  His  father  was  captured  and  executed.  He  was  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Polish  insurgents  in  1770.  Stanislaus  was  seized  by  him  in  1771. 

t  Thaddeus  Kosciusko  (1755-1817)  was  of  a  noble  Lithuanian  family.  He  formed 
an  unhappy  attachment  for  the  daughter  of  the  Grand  Marshal  of  Lithuania,  which 
occasioned  his  coming  to  America  in  1776.  He  was  the  engineer  of  the  works  at 
West  Point.  Having  returned  to  Poland,  he  became  Major-General  of  the  patriots 
in  1789.  In  1794,  he  was  Dictator  of  Poland.  He  was  captured  by  the  Russians  and 
imprisoned.  He  was  released  in  1796,  and  revisited  the  United  States  the  next  year. 
In  1806  he  declined  Napoleon's  invitations. 

$  Frederic  William  Augustus,  Baron  Von  Steuben  (1731-1705),  had  been  aide-de 
camp  of  Frederick  of  Prussia,  and  was  a  Lieutenant-General  in  Baden.  He  died 
at  Steubenville.  To  none  of  the  foreign  officers  was  the  revolutionary  army  more 
indebted  than  to  him. 

§  The  eagerness  of  foreigners  for  appointments  in  the  American  army  is  shown  by 
an  advertisement,  which  appeared  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette,  six  w«eks  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington:  "  A  gentleman,  who  served  all  last  war  in  the  King  of  Prus 
sia's  army,  offers  his  services  to  the  province  of  Pennsylvania." 


BURGOYNE' S  INVASION.  I23 

other  colonies  by  a  simultaneous  advance  up  the  Hudson. 
Sir  John  Burgoyne*  was  appointed  to  command  the  expedi 
tion  from  the  north.  Carleton  tendered  his  resignation  in 
consequence  of  being  thus  superseded.  Burgoyne  was  ordered 
to  engage  the  services  of  the  Indians.  He  obeyed  his  orders, 
though  disinclined  to  employ  them,  as  Carleton  had  been. 
With  7,000  British  and  German  troops,  and  a  large  body  of 
savages,  he  ascended  Lake  Champlain.  St.  Clair  withdrew 
from  Ticonderoga,  abandoned  I^ort  Edward,  and  fell  back  on 
the  Mohawk  River.  A  sad  story  is  associated  with  this  with 
drawal.  Jenny  Macrae,  a  young  and  beautiful  girl,  was  be 
trothed  to  an  English  officer.  She  felHnto  the  hands  of  the 
Indians,  and  was  shot  and  scalped  in  their  flight. f 

54.  Burgoyne's  advance  through  the  forest,  after 
leaving  the  lake,  was  slow  and  difficult.  He  sometimes  made 
scarcely  more  than  a  mile  in  the  day.  He  was  a  fortnight  in 
transporting  his  supplies  to  the  Hudson  River,  a  distance  of 
eighteen  miles.  He  was  rarely  able  to  collect  provisions  suf 
ficient  for  more  than  four  days.  A  strong  detachment  was 
sent,  under  a  German  officer,  to  seize  the  stores  at  Benning- 
ton.  It  was  defeated  by  Colonel  Stark  and  the  Vermont 
militia.  The  reinforcements  were  also  defeated.  Stark  is 
said  to  have  cheered  his  men  by  declaring  :  "  We  must  beat 
to-day,  or  Molly  Stark's  a  widow."  J  Another  force  had  been 


*  Sir  John  Burgoyne  (1730-1792)  had  distinguished  himself  as  a  Brigadier-General 
in  Portugal,  in  1762.  His  surrender  at  Saratoga  deprived  him  of  the  personal  regard 
of  George  III.  He  was  tried  before  a  committee  of  Parliament,  and  was  vindicated. 
He  wrote  well,  spok~  well,  and  was  a  popular  dramatist. 

t  The  story  of  Jenny  Macrae  (mac-ra1),  as  told  by  Bancroft,  and  as  repeated  by 
most  others  who  have  noticed  her  fate,  represenls  her  as  having  been  tomahawked 
by  one  Indian  in  a  quarrel  with  another  for  the  possession  of  the  captive.  This  tra 
dition  has  been  denied,  on  the  strength  of  later  investigations  and  further  testimony. 
She  was  undesignedly  shot  by  some  American  troops,  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Indians 
who  had  captured  her.  She  was  scalped  ;  and  the  scalp,  with  her  long  and  beautiful 
hair,  was  carried  to  Burgoyne.  She  was  only  twenty  years  of  age. 

The  tale  was  commented  on  by  Burke,  in  the  British  Parliament,  as  "  the  murder 
of  Miss  Macrae,  on  the  morning  of  her  marriage." 

$  Doubts  have  been  expressed  of  the  truth  of  this  story.  The  name  of  Stark's -wife 
seems  to  have  been  Elizabeth,  not  Molly. 


I24 


HISTORY   OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


sent  to  his  right,  to  sweep  the  Mohawk  Valley.  It  was  com 
posed  largely  of  Indians  under  Brant.  Fort  Schuyler  (Rome) 
was  besieged.  General  Herkimer  fell  into  an  ambuscade  at 
Oris'kany,  and  was  mortally  wounded.  On  the  approach 
of  Arnold,  the  Indians  deserted,  and  the  expedition  of  St. 
Leger's  was  completely  frustrated.  General  Schuyler  was 
removed  from  the  command  of  the  American  army  in  the 
North,  as  disaster  was  ascribed  to  his  indecision  and  incapac 
ity.  Horatio  Gates,*  a  man  more  vain,  but  not  more  able, 
was  appointed  in  his  place. 

THE  SURRENDER  OF  BURGOYNE. 

55.  Both  wings  of  Burgoyne's  army  had  thus  been 
defeated.  His  force  was  reduced  to  6,000  men.  Washing 
ton  had  sent  some  of  his  best  officers  to  oppose  him — Arnold, 

Lincoln,  Morgan.     The  hope  of 
a  successful  invasion  had  almost 
vanished.       Still    Burgoyne 
pressed  forward,  looking  for  the 
advance    expected    from    New 
York.     No  help  came.     An  en 
gagement  took  place  on  Bemis's 
Heights,  near  Stillwater.    It  was 
bloody,    but    indeci 
sive.     A  second  bat 
tle,  more  damaging  to 
the  invaders,  was  fought  on  near 
ly  the   same  ground.     Morgan's 
Virginia  Rifles  shot  down  Gen 
eral  Fraser,f  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  esteemed  of  the  British 


19  Sept. 
7  Oct. 


GENERAL    BURGOYNE. 


*  Horatio  Gates  (1728-1806)  was  born  in  England,  and  .had  been  an  officer  in  the 
English  army.  He  was  with  Braddock  in  his  defeat.  He  took  up  his  abode  in  Vir 
ginia,  in  1778,  he  was  involved  in  intrigues  to  supplant  Washington.  When  ap 
pointed  to  the  command  of  the  Southern  army,  General  Charles  Lee  said  to  him  : 
"  Take  care  that  you  do  not  exchange  Northern  laurels  for  Southern  -willows" 

t  General  Fraser  was  the  son  of  the  notorious  Simon  Eraser,  Lord  Lovat,  who  was 
beheaded  in  1747,  with  forfeiture  of  his  estates,  for  complicity  in  the  Jacobite  rebel- 


BATTLE   OF    THE  BRANDYWINE. 


I  2 


17  Oct. 


officers.  Burgoyne  retreated  to  Saratoga  with  shattered 
forces,  only  2,000  of  which  were  British.  He  was  surrounded 
by  thrice  his  number.  He  had  barely  rations  for  five  days. 

Clinton   had  moved  from  Ne\v  York,  but  too  late. 

There  was  no  escape.  The  whole  army  surrendered. 
It  was  stipulated  that  it  should  be  sent  back  to  England. 
Congress  did  not  execute  the  terms  of  the  convention.  Bur 
goyne  himself  was  permitted  to  go  home  on  parole.  He  was 
ultimately  exchanged  for  LaurEns,  the  American  envoy  to 
Holland,  who  was  captured  at  sea. 


BATTLE    OF    THE    BRANDYWINE,   AND     LOSS    OF     PHILA 
DELPHIA. 

56.  The  surrender  of  Burgoyne  exercised  a  decisive 
influence  on  the  for 
tunes  of  the  war. 
France  had  through 
out  given  much  secret 
aid  to  the  revolted 
colonies.  It  soon  en 
tered  into  open  alli 
ance  with  them,  and 
engaged  in  war  with 
Great  Britain.  The 
struggle  was  earnestly 
maintained  in  Amer 
ica  ;  but  the  brilliant 
success  at  Saratoga 
was  balanced  by 
serious  reverses  else 
where.  Sir  William 
Howe  withdrew  from 
the  Jerseys  to  attack  Philadelphia  by  water. 


GENERAL   GATES. 


Learning 


lion  of  1745.     George  III.  was  deeply  affected  by  the  consequences  descending  upon 
his  son,  and  furthered  his  fortunes  in  many  ways. 


I26  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

that  the  Delaware  was  obstructed,  he  directed  his  course  to 
the   head  of   Chesapeake   Bay.     Washington,  who  had  been 
joined   by  Lafayette,  and  other  foreign  officers,  took  up  his 
«  position  at  Wilmington.    When  Howe  approached, 

he  retreated  behind  the  Brandywine.  He  was 
attacked  here,  and  was  dislodged  with  heavy  loss.  Lafayette 
was  severely  wounded.  Philadelphia  was  abandoned,  and  was 
occupied  by  the  British.  Two  months  later,  Lord  Howe  ar 
rived  with  the  fleet. 

57.  Washington  attempted  to  repeat  the  operation 
which  had  been  attended  with  such  striking  success  at  Tren 
ton  and  at  Princeton.       Howe's  main  camp  was  at  German- 
town.     It  had  been  weakened  by  sending  off  numerous  de- 

_  tachments.  Washington  reached  Germantown  by 
a  night  march,  and  surprised  the  British.  The 
ground  was  difficult.  A  heavy  fog  concealed  the  movements. 
The  attacking  columns  were  thrown  into  alarm  and  confusion. 
The  ammunition  was  soon  exhausted.  Expected  victory  was 
converted  into  bloody  defeat.  Washington  remained  in  his 
strong  lines,  when  Howe  challenged  him  to  battle,  two  months 
afterwards.  He  took  up  his  winter  quarters  at  Valley  Forge, 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  river  Schuylkill. 

VALLEY     FORGE. 

58.  The  winter  at  Valley  Forge  has  been  celebrated 
for  the  hardships  endured,  and  for  the   resolution  which  tri 
umphed  over  despondency  and  peril.     The    hardships  were 
great.     They  have  since  been  exceeded  and  more  patiently 
borne.     The  resolution  displayed  was  due  chiefly  to  the  firm 
ness  of  Washington.    The  army  was  scanty  in  numbers,*  weak, 
disheartened,  and    unfurnished  for  the  severities  of  the  cli 
mate.     More  than  a  fourth  of  the  men  were   "  barefoot,  and 
otherwise  naked."     Blankets  and  clothing  were  alike  wanting. 


*  In  February,  1778,  there  were  only  five  thousand  men  fit  for  duty  to  be  found  in 
camp. 


MEASURES  OF  CONGRESS. 


127 


Food  was  scarce,  even  amid  the  abundance  of  the  country 
around  them.  Dirt  and  misery  produced  disease.  The  rude  log 
huts,  disposed  like  the  streets  of  a  town,  sheltered  eleven  thou 
sand  men,  most  of  whom  straggled  off  and  disappeared  in  this 
period  of  distress.  Washington  shared  the  sorrows  of  his  men, 
and  bore  with  serenity  more  trying  sorrows  of  his  own.  He  was 
exposed  to  calumny,  jealousy,  and  intrigue.  His  officers  deserted 
him,  charges  were  multiplied  against  him,  and  efforts  were  made 
to  remove  him  from  the  chief  command.  One  of  his  bitterest 
assailants  was 
made  Inspector- 
General.  This  new 
appointee  was  soon 
succeeded  by  Bar 
on  Steuben,  whose 
energy  and  intelli 
gence  drilled  the 
d  is  o  r  ganized 
troops  into  effi 
cient  soldiers.  In 
all  trial,  in  all 
doubt,  in  all  gloom, 
Washington  pre 
served  his  cool 
judgment,  his 
steady  determina 
tion,  his  unselfish 
patriotism.  BARON  STEUBEN. 

MEASURES     OF    CONGRESS. 

59.  Congress  had  been  busily  employed  during  these 
grave  military  transactions.  It  appointed  a  new  Committee  of 
WTaF,  with  Gates  at  its  head.  It  adopted  the  "  Articles  of 
Confederation  and  Perpetual  Union,"  which  did  not  re 
ceive  the  assent  of  the  several  colonies  till  1781.  It  endeav- 


I28  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

ored  to  restore  the  value  of  the  currency,  which  had  already 
fallen  to  a  quarter  of  its  nominal  value.  It  took  indiscreet 
and  ineffectual  measures  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  ob 
ject.  It  also  decreed  the  amount  of  the  contributions  to  be 
furnished  respectively  by  the  States  of  the  Confederation,  for 
the  general  purposes  of  the  Union. 

FOURTH    YEAR    OF    THE    REVOLUTION,    1778. 

60.  The  alliance  with  France  was  completed  during 

the  winter.     The  war  ceased  to  be  simply  a  struggle  between 

the  mother  country  and  her  colonies.     Hostilities 

,  P/  /  were  no  longer  confined  to  America.  The  treaty 
stipulated  "  the  effectual  maintaining  of  the  lib 
erty,  sovereignty,  and  independence  of  the  Thirteen  United 
States  of  America,  as  well  in  matters  of  government  as  of  com 
merce."  Independence  had  indeed  become  the  determina 
tion  of  the  main  part  of  the  American  people.  The  excesses 
of  the  British  Government,  the  severities  of  the  military,  the 
ravages  and  outrages  of  the  war,  the  savage  deeds  of  the  In 
dians,  had  embittered  their  feelings  and  rooted  out  old  attach 
ments.  Their  long  resistance  while  conducting  the  war  alone, 
gave  them  renewed  confidence  now  that  they  had  the  avowed 
support  of  France. 


THE     DEATH    OF    CHATHAM. 


61.  The  British  had  already  sacrificed  twenty  thou 
sand  men  and  ^£25, 000,000  in  the  effort  to  reestablish  their 
authority.  They  had  recovered  nothing  beyond  the  range  of 
their  guns.  Henceforth  France  was  enlisted  in  the  war.  In 
dependence  seemed  to  be  assured.  Proposals  of  conciliation, 
supported  in  Parliament  by  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  were  re 
jected,  because  they  did  not  concede  independence.  When 
Richmond  moved  his  resolutions,  they  were  opposed  by  Chat 
ham,  in  Chatham's  last  speech.  The  old  earl,  recently  risen 
from  a  sick-bed,  feeble  with  age  and  tottering  with  gout,  rested 


CONDITION  OF   GREAT  BRITAIN. 


129 


on  his  son  and  his  son-in-law,  and  denounced  the  proposal  in 
the  House  of  Lords.*  When  he  attempted  a  second  reply, 
he  swooned,  and  was  carried  from  the  hall.  He  died  a  month 
later,  and  was  buried  at  the  public  expense,  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

CONDITION    OF    GREAT     BRITAIN. 

62.  The  situation  of  Great  Britain  was  alarming. 

The  hope  of  subjugating  the  Americans  had  vanished  from 
nearly  every  mind 
except  from  the 
mind  of  the  stub 
born  and  half-wit 
ted  king.  Lord 
North,  the  Prime 
Minister,  was  in 
despair.  He  de 
sired  to  close  the 
war,  and  was  re 
strained  from  re 
signing  his  high 
office  only  by  the 
personal  entreaty 
of  his  sovereign. 
The  war  was  fear- 
fully  expensive. 
Commerce  and 
manufactures  were 
crippled  by  it.  The  revenues  were  overtaxed.  The  national 
debt  was  becoming  insupportable.  The  army  in  America  was 
recruited  with  difficulty.  A  new  and  greater  war  was  now  to 


SIR    HENRY    CLINTON. 


*  In  this  speech  he  said,  "  I  am  old  and  infirm  ;  I  have  one  foot,   more  than  one 
foot,  in  the  grave.     I  rejoice  that  the  grave  has  not  closed  upon  me  ;  that  I  am  still 
able  to  vote  against  the  dismemberment  of   this  ancient  and  most  noble  monarchy. 
Let  us  at  least  make  one  effort,  and  if  we  must  fall,  let  us  fall  like  men  !  " 
6 


1 30  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

be  added  to  the  older  one,  and  it  was  strongly  apprehended 
that  other  enemies  would  spring  up.* 

63.  Sir  William  Howe  had  served  reluctantly  against 
the  Americans.     His  resignation  was  at  length  accepted.     He 
was  succeeded  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,!  who  was  accompanied 
by  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  and  other  peace  commissioners.     A 
singular  incident  arose  out  of  this  vain  effort  at  conciliation. 
The  young  Lafayette  challenged  the  earl,  for  harsh  reflections 
on  the  King  of  France,  in  one  of  his   communications.     The 
challenge  was  of  course  declined  by  Carlisle,  who  answered 
that  he  was  responsible  for  his  public  acts  only  to  his  own 
sovereign. 

RECOVERY     OF     PHILADELPHIA     AND     BATTLE     OF 
MONMOUTH. 

64.  Philadelphia  could  not  be  held  by  the  British, 

as  a  French  fleet  of  twelve  vessels  of  the  line  was  expected  in 
the  Delaware.     The  city  was  evacuated  as  soon  as  the  peace 
negotiations  proved  hopeless.     The   army  crossed   the  river, 
and  moved  slowly  towards  New  York.    The  heavy  stores  were 
sent  round  by  sea.      Washington   left  Valley   Forge,  with  a 
force  nearly  equal  to  Clinton's,  and   hung  on  his  retreating 
steps.     He  overtook  the  British  rear  at  Monmouth  Court - 
g       House.     General  Charles  Lee,  who  led  the  ad- 
~  {.     *       vance,  was  ordered  to  make  an  immediate  attack, 
if  possible  ;    and    was  promised  speedy  support. 
The  engagement  was  begun  with  spirit,  and  resisted  with  cour 
age.      Lee  withdrew  to  await  the  arrival  of  the  main  body. 
The  retiring  troops  were  closely  pressed  by   the   British,  and 
thrown  into  some   confusion.     Washington  rode   up   and  re- 

*  A  contemporary  annalist,  who  was  surely  Burke,  observed  :  "  In  this  double  war 
fare  with  old  friends  and  old  enemies,  not  only  bereaved  of  her  natural  strength,  but 
a  great  part  of  it  turned  against  her,  she  (Britain)  is  left  alone  to  endure  the  unequal 
combat,  abandoned  by  all  mankind,  and  without  even  the  pretence  of  a  friend,  or  the 
name  of  an  ally  in  the  world." 

t  Sir  Henry  Clinton  (  -1795),  son  of  George  Clinton,  Governor  of  New  York  in 
1743,  and  grandson  of  the  Earl  of  Lincoln. 


THE  MASSACRE   OF    WYOMING.  131 

bilked  Lee  with  harshness  and  passion.*  He  rallied  the  dis 
ordered  lines,  drew  up  the  main  body,  and  renewed  the  battle. 
The  British  were  repulsed,  but  no  further  advantage  was 
gained.  The  men  were  worn  out,  the  heat  was  excessive,  and 
night  was  at  hand.  Fifty-nine  soldiers  had  perished  by  heat 
alone.  The  British  retreated  during  the  night  to  the  high 
grounds  of  Neversink.f  The  march  through  the  Jerseys  cost 
them  two  thousand  men. 

65.  The  French  fleet,  commanded  by  Count  D'Estaing 
(des-tang'},  appeared  on  the  coast  at  the  time  of  Clinton's  re 
treat  to  New  York.     An   attack  on   that  city  was  proposed, 
but  was  deemed  unadvisable.     D'Estaing  sailed  against  New 
port.     Greene  J    and  Lafayette  marched  against  it,  with  ten 
thousand  men.     Lord  Howe  followed  D'Estaing.     A   storm 
separated  the  fleets  after  an  indecisive  action.     The  French 
vessels  were  much  damaged,  and  sought   Boston   for  repairs. 
They  were  pursued  by  the  British,  who  had  also  suffered  seri 
ous  injury.      Sullivan  was  compelled  to  renounce  the  invest 
ment  of  Newport.     Next  day  Clinton   landed  with  four  thou 
sand  men  from  New  York,  for  its  defence. 

THE    MASSACRE    OF    WYOMING. 

66.  Little  was  achieved  on  either  side  by  this  cam 
paign.     The  peace  negotiations  retarded  its  opening.     Both 
parties  were  sorely  straitened  for  means,  and  anxious  about  the 
results  of  the  French  alliance.     Philadelphia  was  regained  by 
the  patriots,  and  New  Jersey  cleared  of  the  British.     That  was 
all.     But  the  year  was  rendered  memorable  by  a  tale  of  Indian 


*  For  his  conduct  in  this  battle,  Lee  was  tried  by  a  court  martial,  and  was  sus 
pended  for  twelve  months.    He  was  afterwards  dismissed  from  the  army  in  conse 
quence  of  disputes  with  Washington. 

t  The  peninsula  of  Neversink  had  been  cut  off  from  the  mainland,  and  converted 
into  an  island,  during  the  preceding  winter,  by  a  breach  of  the  sea. 

*  Nathaniel  Greene  (1740-1786)  was  of  Quaker  parentage.     He  took  up  arms  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  was  commissioned  as  a  brigadier.     He  accompanied  Ar 
nold  in  the  terrible  march  to  Quebec.     He  died  in  Georgia  of  sunstroke.     He  was 
buried  at  Savannah,  but  his  tomb  is  wholly  unknown. 


132 


HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


horrors,  and  by  a  very  different  tale  of  Virginia  daring  and  ad-% 
venture.     The  Vale  of  Wyoming,  and  the  massacre  per 
petrated  there,  have  been  commemorated  in  verse  by  one  of 
the  most  polished  English  poets,  with  more  grace  than  accu 
racy  : 

On  Susquehanna's  side,  fair  Wyoming  ! 
Although  the  wild  flower  on  thy  ruined  wall, 
And  roofless  homes,  a  sad  remembrance  bring 
Of  what  thy  gentle  people  did  befall  ; 
Yet  thou  wert  once  the  loveliest  land  of  all 
That  see  the  Atlantic  wave  thy  morn  restore. 

67.  The  Valley  of  Wyoming  lies  on  both  sides  of  the 
Susquehanna,  below  the  junction  of  the  Lackawanna.     It  is 

inclosed  between  two  mountain 
ranges.  The  soil  is  rich  ;  the 
climate  pleasant  and  healthful. 
There  is  a  charming  intermixture 
of  hill  and  glade,  of  meadow  and 
upland.  It  was  claimed  by  both 
Pennsylvania  and  Connecticut. 
It  had  been  recently  settled  by 
emigrants  from  the  latter  prov 
ince.  The  discords  in  regard  to 
its  ownership  were  succeeded  at 
the  Revolution  by  other  and  worse 
discords.  The  partisans  of  the 
royal  cause  were  numerous,  and 
complained  of  severe  treatment 
WYOMING  MONUMENT.  from  the  more  numerous  advo 

cates  of  independence.  Many  fled  to  the  Indians,  whom  they 
instigated  to  plunder  the  settlements  from  which  they  were 
exiled.  An  assault  on  the  valley  was  made  in  1777.  A  more 
furious  attack  was  made  the  ensuing  summer. 
Colonel  John  Butler,  one  of  the  refugees,  led  a 
large  body  of  Indians,  and  a  larger  body  of  Tories 
disguised  as  Indians,  against  the  dwellers  in  Wyoming,  who 


1778. 

4  July. 


CONQUEST  OF  THE   NOKTIl-^EST.  133 

iad  been  lulled  into  security  by  treacherous  devices.  Most  of 
the  men  of  military  age  were  absent  with  the  army.  The  small 
force  left  behind  was  induced  to  leave  the  principal  fort,  were 
drawn  into  an  ambush,  surrounded,  and  cut  to  pieces.  The 
savage  host  pushed  on,  took  Fort  Wyoming,  and  massacred 
the  captives.  Men,  women,  and  children  were  brutally  mur 
dered.  The  few  that  escaped  fled  beyond  the  Delaware  and 
the  Hudson,  and  implored  their  kindred  to  avenge  them.  Ven 
geance  was  not  delayed.  Unadilla,  a  village  occupied  by  In 
dians  and  Tories,  was  destroyed.  Vengeance  begets  vengeance, 
and  the  settlement  in  the  Cherry  Valley,  at  the  head  of*the 
Eastern  Susquehanna,  was  surprised  and  laid  waste  by  a  sav 
age  attack. 

THE    CONQUEST    OF    THE    NORTH-WEST. 

68.  The  Virginia  adventure  was  the  conquest  of 
the  North-west.  The  British  Government  did  not  only  em 
ploy  Indian  auxiliaries,  but  from  the  beginning  of  the  war  had 
incited  the  Indians  to  assail  the  long  frontier  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  Chattahoo'chee.  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania 
were  specially  endangered.  Before  Congress  took  any  de 
cided  action,  Colonel  Clarke  *  marched  against  the  Indians 
beyond  the  Ohio.  He  crossed  that  river,  hastened  inland, 
captured  Kaskaskia  and  other  places.  Vincennes  (vin-sens'} 
was  taken  by  Hamilton,  the  British  commander  in -that 
quarter.  It  was  speedily  recovered  by  Clarke,  who  took  Ham 
ilton  prisoner  and  sent  him  to  Virginia.  The  North-west  was 
claimed  as  a  conquest,  and  was  annexed  to  Virginia  as  the 
County  of  Illinois. 


*  General  George  Rogers  Clarke  (1752-1818)  was  born  in  Virginia.  He  commanded 
a  company  in  Dunmore's  expedition,  1774.  He  removed  to  Kentucky  in  1775.  Heap- 
plied  to  Congress  and  to  Virginia  for  the  reimbursement  of  his  expenses  in  this  con 
quest.  His  application  was  not  granted.  The  State  of  Virginia  presented  him  with 
a  sword.  He  stuck  the  blade  in  the  ground  and  broke  it,  saying  :  u  Tell  Virginia  to 
pay  her  debts,  and  then  vote  honors  to  the  men  who  served  her."  The  State  after 
wards  gave  him  thirty  thousand  acres  of  land,  most  of  which  he  distributed  among 
the  creditors  who  had  furnished  the  means  for  his  important  expedition. 


I34  HISTORY  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES. 


TRANSFER     OF    THE     WAR     TO     THE     SOUTH. 

69.  The  war  so  far  had  been  indecisive.     The  South 
ern  States  had  been  abandoned,  and  had  been  apparently  lost 
to  Britain.     The  city  of  New  York,  Newport,  and  a  few  other 
places,  with  the  country  around  them,  constituted  all  that  the 
British  retained  in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.  The  Amer 
icans  had  received  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  had  regained 
Boston  and  Philadelphia,  but  had  apparently  made  little  im 
pression  on  the  British  power.     Even  the  alliance  with  France 
hacVproduced  small  benefit  and  much  dissatisfaction.     Serious 
conflicts  took  place  between  the  French  and  the  Americans. 
It  appeared  to  the  British  Government  that  important  advan 
tages  might  be   expected   from  shifting   the   war   to   the  rich 
Southern  colonies,  which  chiefly  upheld  the  financial  credit  of 
the  Confederacy  in  Europe,  and  through  which  the  Americans 
received  most  of  their  military  and  other  supplies.   This  move 
ment  would,  moreover,  turn  the  flank  and  threaten  the  rear 
of  the  provinces. 

70.  Colonel  Campbell  and  thirty-five  hundred  men 

were  conveyed  by  the  fleet  to  Savannah.  General  Prevost 
(pre-vo)  was  ordered  to  join  him  from  Florida,  and  to  take 
command.  Colonel  Howe,  who  had  twelve  hundred  men  at 
Savannah,  was  assailed  in  front  and  rear,  and  completely  de 
feated.  The  city  was  entered  by  the  British  at  the  end  of  De 
cember.  Augusta  was  captured  early  in  the  next  year  ;  and 
Georgia  was  recovered  by  the  British. 

FIFTH    YEAR    OF    THE    REVOLUTION,  1779. 

71.  The    operations    of   the    fifth    campaign   were 
trivial,  but  not  without  important  effects.     Small  forces  may 
produce  as  much  result  as  large  armies,  when  opposed  only  by 
small  forces.     Courage  and   sagacity  may  be  as  signally  dis 
played  with  few  men  as  with  thousands.      It  is,  however,  true 


FIFTH    YEAR   OF    THE   REVOLUTION. 


'35 


that  the  success  of  the  Revolution  was  largely  due  to  "  the 
physical  difficulty  "  of  penetrating  the  vast  and  unsettled  coun 
try.  The  British  warred  against  nature,  as  well  as  against  the 
rights  of  freemen.  They  had  expended  immense  resources, 
without  adequate  return.  Their  supplies  of  men,  money,  and 
materials  were  at  a  low  ebb,  when  new  and  more  powerful 
enemies  were  gathering  for  the  fray.  The  condition  of  Eng 
lish  affairs  was  deemed  more  perilous  than  had  been  known  for 
a  century.  A  strong  detachment  of  Clinton's  army  had  been 
sent  to  the  West  Indies.  His  reinforcements  from  England 
did  not  reach  him  till  the  end  of  August,  when  the  campaign 
ing  season  was  nearly  over.  The  British  fleets  were  so  re 
duced  that  they  could 
not  furnish  convoys  for 
the  merchantmen,  or  pre 
vent  the  dread  of  French 
ascendency  in  the  Brit 
ish  Channel.  The  Amer 
icans  were  scarcely  bet 
ter  off.  They  could 
neither  expel  the  British 
from  the  Northern  ports 
nor  offer  effectual  resist 
ance  in  the  South.  The 
currency  was  wretchedly 
depreciated  (see  section 
91).  The  finances  were 
almost  hopeless.  Men  were  wanting  for  the  armies.  Means 
were  equally  wanting  to  arm,  to  maintain,  and  to  pay  them.  It 
was  a  time  of  petty  warfare  and  of  irregular  operations  ;— a 
time  noted  for  the  boldness  of  partisan  chiefs  and  guerrilla 
bands. 

72.  Georgia  was  overrun  and  occupied  by  the  Brit 
ish,  but  they  were  not  left  undisturbed.     Pickens  *  attacked  a 


GENERAL  GREENE. 


1  Colonel  Andrew  Pickens  (1739-1817),  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  of  Irish  parents 


T36  HISTORY    OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

body  of  North  Carolina  Tories  on  their  way  to  Augusta,  and. 
hanged  five  of  them  for  treason.  Retaliation  followed.  The 
bitterness  of  the  war  was  further  envenomed.  General  Lin 
coln,*  who  now  commanded  in  the  South,  obtained  possession 
of  Augusta,  but  was  obliged  to  abandon  it. 

73.  The  British  commander,  Prevost,  crossed  the  Savannah, 
drove  Moultrie  before  him,  and  advanced  upon  Charleston. 
The  rivers    and    swamps  in   that  realm   of  swamps  were  all 
flooded,  and  communications  were  interrupted.     The  city  was 
summoned  to  surrender.     A  proposal  was  made  that  the  State 
should  remain  neutral,  and  have  its  fate  determined  by  the 
issue  of  the  war.     The  offer  was  rejected  and  the  opportunity 
was  lost.     Defences  had  been  thrown  up,  defenders  arrived, 
and  the  British  were  obliged  to   retire.     The  summer's  heat 
prevented  further  movements,  which  were  not   systematically 
resumed  till  the  winter. 

74.  A  descent  had  been  made  on  the  Virginia  coast, 

while  Prevost  was  proceeding  against  Charleston.  Portsmouth, 
Gosport,  and  Norfolk  were  taken.  A  hundred  and  thirty  mer 
chantmen,  eight  small  Virginia  war  vessels,  and  an  unfinished 
frigate,  were  burnt.  Three  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco, 
with  other  booty,  were  carried  off.  The  damage  inflicted  was 
estimated  at  two  millions  of  dollars. 

75.  The  commerce  and  the  little  navy  of  the  col 
onies  received  a  heavy  blow  by  this  destruction.     An  active 
trade  had  been  carried  on  under  foreign  flags.    Privateers  had 
been  encouraged,!  and  had  made  numerous  and  valuable  cap- 


*  General  Benjamin  Lincoln  (1733-1810)  was  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  seriously 
wounded  at  Saratoga,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  surrender  of  Charleston. 

1  The  Duke  of  Richmond  stated  in  the  House  of  Peers,  nth  February,  1778,  on 
moving  resolutions  for  a  suspension  of  arms,  that  the  number  of  vessels  captured 
by  the  Americans,  and  condemned  as  prizes,  amounted  to  five  hundred  and  fifty-nine, 
valued  at  $13,000,000. 

The  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  said,  about  the  same  time,  that  the  scarcity  of  sea 
men  was  due  to  the  want  of  the  American  sailors  who  served  to  man  the  fleets.  These 
he  estimated  at  eighteen  thousand,  and.  as  they  were  serving  on  the  opposite  side,  the 
practical  difference  amounted  to  thirty-six  thousand  men. 


JOIIX  PAUL    JONES.  137 

tures.  A  public  navy  had  been  early  decreed  by  Congress. 
Three  years  before  this  time,  Hopkins  had  been  sent  out  with 
five  frigates  against  the  Bahamas.  Earnest  efforts  had  been 
made  to  build  war  vessels. 

THE     BON     HOMME*    RICHARD     AND     THE     SERAPIS. 

76.  John  Paul  Jones,*  a  Scotchman,  acquired  reputa 
tion  by  his  daring  at  sea.     In  the  preceding  year  he  had  at 
tempted  to   burn  Whitehaven,  on  the  north-western  coast  of 
England,  and  had  spread  panic  along  the  neighboring  shores, 
He  had  then  plundered  the  house  of  Lord  Selkirk,  by  whom 
he  had  been  formerly  employed  as  a  gardener.     In  the  close 

c  of  the  present  summer  he  encountered  two  British 

23  bept.  frigates      He  iashe(j  his  vessel,  the  Bon  Homme 

Richard  (bon  om  ree-shar]  to  his  assailant,  the  Serapis  (ser- 
dpis],  and  endeavored  to  set  it  on  fire.  Both  ships  were  at 
times  in  flames  together.  After  a  hotly  contested  action,  the 
Serapis  struck  her  flag.  Jones's  own  vessel  was  sinking,  and 
sank  the  next  day.f  He  had  transferred  his  crew  to  the  cap 
tured  ship.  The  other  British  frigate  surrendered  to  one  of 
Jones's  flotilla,  and  he  sailed  to  the  Texel|  with  his  prizes.  A 
bitter  correspondence  ensued  between  the  British  ambassador 
and  the  Dutch  Government,  and  contributed  to  add  Holland 
to  the  enemies  of  England. 

77.  The  northern  campaign   was    of  little   impor 
tance.     An  invasion  of  Canada  was  projected,  but  was  dis 
couraged  by  Washington.     Stony  Point  and  Verplanck's  Point, 


*  John  Paul,  who  assumed  the  name  of  Jones  (1747-1792),  was  appointed  to  the  sea 
in  the  Virginia  trade.  He  became  commander  of  a  slaver.  In  ^773,  he  settled  in 
Virginia.  He  was  in  France,  on  public  business,  in  1786-7.  He  was  made  Rear-Admiral 
of  the  Russian  squadron  in  the  Baltic,  in  1788  ;  but,  as  sixty  British  officers  in  that 
fleet  refused  to  serve  with  him,  he  was  employed  against  the  Turks.  He  died  in 
Paris. 

t  The  officers  of  the  Bon  Homme  Richard  were  Americans,  but  the  crew  were 
mainly  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Portuguese,  Norwegians,  Germans,  Spaniards,  Swedes. 
"  Indians  and  Malays,"  with  a  few  Sandwich  Islanders. 

%  The  Texel  is  an  island  of  the  North  Sea,  near  the  coast  of  Holland. 


I38  HISTORY  OF  THE    UNITED   STATES. 

on  opposite  banks  of  the  Hudson,  were  taken  by  Clinton  in 
order  to  open  the  navigation  of  the  river.  General  Wayne  re 
captured  the  former  by  a  midnight  attack.  A  few  days  later, 
Paulus  Hook,  opposite  to  New  York  City,  was  surprised  by 
Major  Henry  Lee,*  a  young  officer  of  high  promise.  Connec 
ticut  was  ravaged  by  Governor  Tryon.  New  Haven  and  other 
towns  were  burnt. 

78.  General  Sullivan  was  sent  with  five  thousand  men 
against  the  Six  Nations,  to  punish  them  for  the  outrages 
in  the  Wyoming  and  Cherry  valleys.     He   routed  them  near 
Elmira  in  the  Genesee  Valley,  the  rich  and  cultivated  domain 
of  the  Senecas.     Eighteen  villages    were   burnt,  many  more 
were  devastated.   The  crops  and  the  fruit-trees  were  destroyed, 
and  the  beautiful  region  was  left  desolate.     The  Indian  set 
tlements  along  the  Alleghany  River   were  ravaged  by  another 
expedition. 

79.  Spain  joined  the  alliance  against  England  during 
the  summer.f     France  had  advised  the  colonies  to  propose 
terms  of  peace.     This  they  declined  to  do,  as  Canada,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  were   not   embraced 
in  the  proposals  suggested.     The  war  thus  went  on.     Jay  was 
appointed  as  ambassador  to   Spain,  to  negotiate  for  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  and  for  a  loan  of  five  millions 
of  dollars,  to  replenish  the  empty  Federal  treasury. 

THE     REPULSE     AT     SAVANNAH. 

80.  The  French  fleet,  under  D'Estaing,  sailed  for 
Georgia,  after  capturing  Grenada,  in  the  West  Indies.    It  was 
intended  to  make  an  attack  on  New  York,  in  concert  with 
Washington,  as  soon  as  Savannah  was  reduced.     D'Estaing 

*  Major-General  Henry  Lee  (1756-1818),  usually  known  as  "Light-Horse  Harry," 
was  the   commander  of   "Lee's   Legion."     He  delivered  the  funeral  oration  over 
Washington.     He  never  recovered  from  the  injuries  received  in  suppressing  a  not 
Baltimore.     In  1808,  he  wrote  ll  Memoirs  of  the  War  "  of  the  Revolution. 

t  This  alliance  furnished  the  occasion  for  the  celebrated  but  unsuccessful  siege  o 
Gibraltar,  by  the  Spaniards  and  French,  1779-1783- 


SIXTH  YEAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


139 


invested  the  town,  and  Lincoln  marched  to  his  support.  A 
demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  place  was  rejected.  The 
siege  lingered.  The  time  for  maritime  enterprises  was  pass 
ing  away.  The  impetuous  Frenchman  insisted  that 
the  city  should  be  stormed,  or  the  siege  raised. 
The  assault  was  made  and  repulsed.  D'Estaing  was 
wounded.  Pulaski  received  a  fatal  shot.*  Sergeant  Jasper 
was  killed  while  planting  the  flag  of  South  Carolina  on  the 
ramparts.  D'Estaing  sailed  sullenly  away.  Lincoln  went  back 
to  Charleston. 

81.  Clinton  prepared  to  carry  out  his -designs  against  the 
southern  colonies  as  soon  as  the  menace  to  New  York  was  re 
moved  with  D'Estaing's  failure.     Washington  placed  his  men 
in  winter  quarters  at  West  Point,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hud 
son,  and  at  Morristown,  in  New  Jersey.     The  winter  was  of 
unusual  length  and  severity  ;  f  and  was  of  itself  sufficient  to 
prevent  any  important  military  operations  in  the  north  ;  espe 
cially  as  both  armies  were  very  low  in  numbers  in  that  quarter. 

SIXTH    YEAR    OF   THE    REVOLUTION,  1780. 

82.  Clinton  sailed  from  New  York  for  Charleston 

in  the  last  days  of  December.     He   took  with  him  five  thou 
sand  soldiers,  two  thousand  marines,  and  a  fleet.     He  invested 
the  city  and  demanded  its  surrender.     The  demand  was  re 
jected  and  the  place  was  bombarded.     The  demand  was  re 
peated  and  again  refused.     The  city  was  again  cannonaded 
for  two  days.     It  then  capitulated.     A  promiscuous  body  of 
M         troops,  five  or  six  thousand  in  number,  four  hun 
dred  pieces  of   artillery,   four  frigates,  and   other 
prizes,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British.     Scarcely  any  hostile 

*  There  is  a  monument  to  Pulaski  in  Savannah. 

t  "  A  winter  unequalled  in  that  climate  for  its  length  and  severity.  *  *  *  The 
North  River,  with  the  straits  and  channels  by  which  they  are  divided  and  surrounded, 
were  everywhere  clothed  with  ice  of  such  strength  and  thickness,  as  would  have  ad 
mitted  the  passage  of  armies,  with  their  heaviest  carriages  and  artillery." — Annual 
Register,  1780. 


I4o  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

force  was  left  in  the  province,  the  provincial   cavalry  having 
been  routed  a  month  earlier  at  Monk's  Corner. 

83.  Clinton  called  for  a  loyal  militia,  to  hold  and  se 
cure  his  conquest.     He  promised  amnesty  to  all  who  renewed 
their  allegiance.     He  denounced  confiscation  and  other  pen 
alties  against  those  who  failed  to   accept  his   offer.     Troops 
were  dispatched  in  various  directions  without  meeting  an  ene 
my.     Colonel  Buford's  regiment  of  the  Virginia  line  alone  re 
mained  with  its  colors.     It  turned  back  when  Charleston  fell. 
Colonel   Tarleton  *  pursued  it  with  furious  haste,  overtook  it 
at  the  Waxhaws,f  cut  it  to  pieces,  slew  one  hundred  and  thir 
teen  of  the  force,  took  two  hundred,  and  had  only  five  of  his 
own  men  killed  and  twelve  wounded.     By  the  end  of  May, 
South  Carolina  seemed  to  be  effectually  subdued.     Clinton 
so  informed  the  Home  Administration.     He  returned  exult- 
ingly  to  New  York,  leaving  Cornwallis  with  four  thousand  men 
to  retain  and  extend  the  conquest. 

THE     BATTLE     OF    CAMDEN. 

84.  The  speech  from  the  throne  mentioned  "  the  late 
and  prosperous  turn  of  affairs."  The  fruits  of  war  often  wither  in 
the  hands  that  gather  them.     Armed  men  sprang  up  suddenly 
from  the  soil,  and  found  bold  and  earnest  chiefs  to  direct  them. 
DeKalb  had  been  ordered  with  the  Maryland  and  Delaware 
troops  to  the  relief  of    Charleston.     He   was  superseded  by 
Gates,  who  reached  Camden  with  little  molestation.     Gates 
had  four  thousand  men,  but  his  effective  force  was  reduced  by 
details  and  by  sickness,  caused  by  living  during  the  march  on 
green  corn  and  unripe  peaches.     Cornwallis  had  barely  half 
this  number,  but  he  had  been  joined  by  Lord  Rawdon,|  and 


*  Sir  Banastre  Tarleton  (1754-1833),  a  man  of  savage  temper,  served  only  in  Amer 
ica,  and  closed  his  military  career  at  Yorktown. 

t  The  Waxhaws  was  a  settlement  on  Waxhaw  Creek,  close  to  the  North  Carolina 
line. 

%  Francis  Rawdon  Hastings  (1754-1825),  son  of  Earl  Moira,  was  successively  Lord 
Rawdon,  Earl  Moira,  and  Marquis  of  Hastings.  He  was  Governor-General  of  India, 
1812-1822. 


THE  GUERRILLA   CHIEFS. 


141 


1780. 

16  Aug. 


concluded  that  "  there  was  little  to  lose  by  a  defeat  and  much 
to  gain  by  a  victory."  Each  commander  planned  a  surprise  in 
the  darkness.  About  midnight  the  two  armies 
blundered  into  each  other.  The  battle  opened 
at  dawn.  Most  of  the  American  militia  ran  at  the 
first  charge.  DeKalb  was  slain,  and  the  regulars  were  driven 
from  the  field.  Two  thousand  of  the  vanquished  were  lost. 
Their  artillery  and  baggage  were  abandoned.  Gates  escaped 
with  a  few  companies  to  Charlotte,  and  thence  hastened  to 
Salisbury  (solz'ber-e)  and  Hillsboro. 

THE     GUERRILLA    CHIEFS. 

85.  General  Sumter,*  a  gallant  leader  of  a  partisan  force, 
withdrew  by  rapid 
marches  from  an  ex 
posed  position,  on 
the  flight  of  Gates. 
Tarleton  pursued, 
scattered  his  eight 
hundred  men  by  at 
tacking  them  in  the 
rear  with  one  hun 
dred  and  sixty.  Gates 
was  thus  deprived  of 
all  hopes  of  rallying 
his  forces.  He  had 
been  followed  by  the 
remnant  of  the  army 
defeated  at  Camden. 
He  was  brought  to 
trial  before  a  Court  of  Inquiry,  and  General  Nathaniel  Greene 
was  named  by  Washington  as  his  successor  in  command.  The 
war  was  maintained  in  South  Carolina  only  by  Sumter,  Marion, 
and  other  partisan  chiefs. 


GKNERAL    SUMTER. 


*  Thomas  Sumter  (1734-1832)  was  of  Irish  origin,  and  born  either  in   Ireland,  or  in 
Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  whence  the  family  emigrated  to  South  Carolina. 


142 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


86.  Francis  Mar'ion  *  was  a  small,  spare,  silent,  simple,  hard- 
favored  man ;  active,  acute,  and  watchful.  The  swampy  and 
sickly  region  between  the  Pedee  and  Santee  rivers  was  the  scene 
of  his  irritating  warfare.  From  unsuspected  hiding-places 

he  darted  upon  weak 
posts  or  inviting  con 
voys.  General  Sum- 
ter,  who  rendered  al 
most  equal  service, was 
two  years  younger, 
larger,  handsomer,  and 
less  cunning.  Gen 
eral  Andrew  Pickens 
harassed  the  British 
stations  and  the  loy 
alists  round  Augusta. 
These  guerrilla  chief 
tains  were  active 
along  the  border  be 
tween  the  Carolinas. 
From  such  irregular  warfare  the  Prussian  Bulow  conceived  his 
ideal  of  an  army  of  skirmishers. 


FRANCIS    MARION. 


THE     BATTLE     OF     KING'S     MOUNTAIN. 

87.  The  conquest  of  North  Carolina  was  expected 

to  follow  the  recovery  of  South  Carolina.  Cornwallis  advanced, 
spreading  his  troops  abroad  to   repress  patriotic  movements, 


*  Francis  Marion  (1732-1795),  "The  Swamp  Fox,"  as  he  was  called,  was  almost 
uneducated.  In  1759  he  served  against  the  Cherokees.  He  was  in  the  battle  on 
Sullivan's  Island.  He  organized  his  partisan  brigade  after  the  battle  of  Camden. 

When  he  first  presented  himself  in  the  camp  of  General  Gates,  on  the  march  to  Cam- 
den,  he  and  his  motley  followers  presented  a  most  uncouth  and  ludicrous  appearance, 
and  excited  the  laughter  of  the  troops.  His  company  consisted  of  twenty  men  and 
boys,  white  and  black,  with  defective  and  grotesque  equipments,  wretchedly  clothed, 
with  small  skin  caps  on  their  heads,  but  all  of  them  mounted  on  horses  as  various, 
and,  for  the  most  part,  as  shabby  as  themselves. 


FRENCH  REINFORCEMENTS. 


M3 


and  to  quicken  Tory  zeal.     On  the  left  wing  of  his  army,  Colo 
nel  Ferguson,  an  officer  of  great  energy  and  courage,  assembled 
the  Tories  from  the  western  and  central  districts  of  both  prov 
inces.     He  retired  before  Colonels  Shelby,*  Campbell,f  and 
Sevier  (se-veer),  \  who  were  leading  against  him  the  musters 
from  the  Holston,  Clinch,  and  New  River  valleys.     He  was 
assailed  at  King's  Mountain, §  a  strong  position  on  the  edge 
£         of  the  two  Carolinas.     Three  assaults  were  repulsed 
I  with  the  bayonet ;  but  one  hundred  and  fifty  of 

his  best  and  bravest  men  fell  by  the  rifles  of  the 
mountaineers.  Ferguson  was  slain.  The  survivors,  eight  hun 
dred  in  number,  surrendered.  Many  of  the  captives  were 
hanged.  The  left  flank  of  CornWallis  was  exposed  by  this 
event.  He  marched  back  to  Winnsborough,  in  South  Caro 
lina.  This  was  a  heavy  reverse.  The  partisan  corps  were 
cheered.  Hope  was  revived  throughout  the  land.  Time  was 
afforded  for  Greene  to  gather  and  reorganize  his  command. 

REINFORCEMENTS    FROM    FRANCE. 

88.  The  northern  armies  were  greatly  reduced  in 

numbers,  and  were  almost  idle  during  the  season.  Events  of 
grave  interest  transpired.  Lafayette  returned  home  to  accept 
a  commission  as  Major-General  in  the  army  destined  for  the 
invasion  of  Britain,  and  to  solicit  increased  assistance  for  the 
Americans.  Count  Rochambeau  (rosh-am-bo)  brought  to 


*  General  Isaac  Shelby  (1750-1826)  was  originally  from  Maryland.   He  was  with  his 
father  at  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant.     He  was  the  first  governor  of  Kentucky,  in 
1802,  and  governor  again  in  1812. 

t  General  William  Campbell  (1746-1781)  was  an  officer  of  distinction,  and  of  still 
greater  promise.  He  died  young.  He  was  mortally  wounded  in  leading  a  charge  at 
the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs. 

*  General  John  Sevier  (1740-1815)  was  of  French  descent.  The  original  family  name 
was  Xavier.     He  was  in  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant.    He  was  elected  governor  of 
the  transitory  "  State  of  Frankland,"  and  was  the  first  governor  of  Tennessee. 

§  King's  Mountain  received  its  name  from  a  settler  of  the  name  of  King,  who  dwelt 
at  its  foot.  The  range  is  a  low  elevation,  running  from  north-east  to  south-west, 
partly  in  North  Carolina,  and  partly  in  South  Carolina.  The  ridge  is  sixteen  miles 
long.  The  place  where  the  battle  was  fought  is  in  the  north  of  York  District,  South 
Carolina,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  North  Carolina  line.  The  summit  at 
that  place  is  only  sixty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  country. 


T44 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


Newport  harbor  six  thousand  troops,  and  seven  ships  of  the 
line,  with  frigates  and  transports.  Six  British  men-of-war  pre 
pared  to  pursue  them.  On  these  Clinton  embarked  six  thou 
sand  soldiers  to  assail 
the  French  at  New 
port.  The  troops 
were  soon  disem 
barked,  from  appre- 
hension  of  an  attack 
on  New  York  by 
Washington.  The 
fleet  proceeded  on  its 
way,  and  blockaded 
the  French  vessels  at 
their  moorings.  The 
second  division  of  the 
French  fleet  was 
blockaded  in  the  har 
bor  of  Brest.  Little 
advantage  had  yet  been  derived  from  the  French  alliance. 
There  was  hazard  that  no  American  army  could  be  raised  for 
the  next  year.  Washington,  therefore,  visited  Rochambeau 
at  Newport,  to  devise  a  plan  for  future  operations. 


GENERAL   MORGAN. 


ARNOLD'S    TREASON. 

89.  Washington's  absence  was  used  for  the  execution 
of  a  treacherous  design.  General  Arnold  commanded  the 
fort  at  West  Point,  which  guarded  the  upper  Hudson.  He 
had  won  admiration  and  renown  by  his  daring,  and  popular 
favor  by  his  services  and  wounds.  His  character  did  not  in 
spire  confidence.  He  was  a  disappointed  man  ;  he  was  ex 
travagant  ;  he  was  greedy,  and  distrustful  of  the  event  of  the 
struggle.  He  had  already  been  in  correspondence  with  Clin 
ton.  He  had  sought  and  obtained  from  Washington  the 
command  of  West  Point  in  order  to  betray  it 


ARNOLD'S    TREASON.  145 

Major  Andre  *  (aridrd),  an  amiable  young  officer  of  varied 
accomplishments,  was  persuaded  to  meet  Arnold  for  the  pur 
pose  of  completing  the  arrangements  for  the  betrayal  of  the 
fort.  He  was  conveyed  up  the  Hudson  to  the  neighborhood 
of  the  American  lines.  He  was  induced  by  Arnold  to  enter 
the  lines  ;  and  he  imprudently  delayed  his  return.  The  next 
night  he  could  not  reach  the  British  sloop  which  was  watching 
in  the  stream.  He  was  forced  to  go  back  to  New  York  by 
land,  and  in  disguise.  He  had,  apparently,  passed  all  danger, 
when  he  was  seized  near  Tarrytown,  a  place  between  the 
lines.  Important  papers,  in  regard  to  the  delivery  of  the  fort, 
were  found  in  his  stockings.  He  was  detained.  He  was  tried 
by  court-martial,  and  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  as  a  spy. 
Clinton  made  every  effort  to  save  him.  Every  effort  was  vain, 
s  as  he  would  not  deliver  up  Arnold  in  exchange. f 
^  '  The  sentence  was  confirmed.  Andre  was  hanged, 
despite  his  entreaties  to  be  shot  as  a  soldier.  Ar 
nold  heard  of  Andre's  capture  in  time  to  make  his  escape. 
He  entered  the  British  service,  lived  in  contempt,  and  died 
near  London.  His  sons  drew  British  pensions  as  late  as 
1838. 

GREAT     BRITAIN    AND     HER    ENEMIES     IN     EUROPE. 

90.  Holland  united  her  armies  with  the  allied  States 

at  the  close  of  the  year.  This  intervention  in  the  war  proved 
to  be  Holland's  ruin,  but  was  of  slight  advantage  to  the  con 
federated  colonies.  The  entrance  of  Spain  into  the  conflict 
caused  grievous  losses  to  that  country,  and  augmented  Eng- 


*  John  Andr£  (1757-1780)  was  of  a  Swiss  family  from  Geneva.  He  was  handsome, 
elegant,  and  abounding  in  wit  and  humor.  The  composition  of  "  Yankee  Doodle  " 
has  been  ascribed  to  him.  A  monument  in  his  honor  was  erected  in  Westminster 
Abbey  by  George  III.  The  inscription  declared  him  "  universally  beloved  and  es 
teemed  in  the  army  in  which  he  served,  and  lamented  even  by  his  foes."  His  remains 
were  removed  to  the  abbey  in  1821. 

t  It  was  between  the  capture  and  execution  of  Andnf  that  Sergeant  Champe,  of 
Virginia,  deserted,  with  the  permission  of  Washington,  and  made  a  desperate  at  tempt 
to  kidnap  Arnold  in  the  city  of  New  York.  This  daring  adventure  furnishes  the 
foundation  of  Cooper's  novel,  "The  Spy." 

7 


i46 


HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


land's  burdens,  without  producing  any  improvement  in 
American  affairs.  The  British  and  American  armies  were  idle 
in  the  north.  In  the  south,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  had 
been  regained  by  the  forces  of  Britain.  Virginia  might  prob 
ably  be  recovered  in  another  campaign.  With  the  richer  half 
of  the  Union  shorn  away,  speedy  and  complete  triumph  might 
be  anticipated.  But  Britain  was  at  war  with  the  world.  She 
had  to  contend  with  France,  Spain,  and  Holland,  as  well  as 
with  her  own  colonies.  The  northern  powers  assumed  a  hos 
tile  attitude  towards  her,  by  the  Armed  Neutrality,*  which 
Catharine  of  Russia  was  tricked  into  signing,  after  having 
offered  her  aid  for  the  subjugation  of  the  American  insur 
gents.  The  long  and  desperate  siege  of  Gibraltar  by  the 
Spaniards  and  the  French  taxed  the  energies  and  consumed 
the  resources  of  Britain.  Her  commerce  was  declining  ;  her 
taxation  becoming  more  burdensome  ;  her  crops  had  failed, 
and  her  financial  condition  was  rendered  alarming  by  the 
enormous  growth  of  the  national  debt.  The  spirit  of  the 
people  was  profoundly  depressed.  The  Americans  had  time, 
nature,  extent  of  waste  territory,  and  the  chances  of  the 

future  on  their  side.  Their 
greatest  difficulty  and  their 
chief  danger  lay  in  the  worth- 
lessness  of  their  currency,  and 
in  the  uncertainty  of  the  State 
contributions  to  the  expenses 

PINE-TREE    SHILLING.f  Of  the   War. 


THE     PAPER    MONEY     OF   THE    REVOLUTION. 

91.  The  Revolutionary  War  furnished  neither  the 
first  nor  the  last  example  of  an  attempt  to  sustain  a  gov- 


*  The  Armed  Neutrality  was  a  coalition  of  the  Northern  States  of  Europe,  in  1780, 
to  resist  any  naval  aggression  on  neutral  rights.  It  was  directed  against  Britain. 

t  No  coins  were  struck  by  the  General  Government  till  after  the  Revolutionary 
War.  The  only  metallic  money  previously  made  was  the  small  coinage  of  Massa 
chusetts,  coined  from  1652  to  i68f ,  of  which  the  "  Pine-tree  Shilling  "  was  a  part. 


PAPER   MONEY  OF    THE   REVOLUTION. 


147 


ment,  and  to  maintain  armies,  by  paper  promises  to  pay  speci 
fied  sums,  as  soon  as  the  uncertain  issue  of  war  might  prove 
favorable.  Such  notes  have  always  declined  in  value.  The 


THUBiBcKtulcMlM 
Bearer   to  receive 
SIX  SPANISH  MILLEE 

DOLL.A.RS  .  or  tv 

Value  tfUTitof  in  Or  OLE 


CONTINENTAL    PAPER   MONEY. 


United  States  began  by  issuing  two  millions  of  paper  dollars 
in  the  summer  of  1775.  By  the  end  of  1779  they  had  issued 
two  hundred  millions.  The  value  of  the  notes  was  well  kept 
up  till  twenty  millions  had  been  issued.  When  two  hundred 
millions  were  abroad,  thirty  dollars  of  Continental  currency 
were  worth  only  one  silver  dollar.  The  old  notes  were  called 
in,  to  be  exchanged  for  notes  of  a  new  tenor,  at  the  rate 
of  forty  of  the  old  for  one  of  the  new.*  The  notes  of  the  old 
and  of  the  new  tenor  fell  together.  In  1781,  one  hundred  dol 
lars  in  paper  were  given  for  one  dollar  in  specie  ;  then,  five 
hundred  ;  finally,  a  thousand,  f  Both  old  and  new  vanished 
from  circulation.  The  stoppage  of  hostilities  by  the  surrender 


*  The  procedure  and  experience  of  revolutionary  currency  was  exactly  paralleled 
by  those  of  the  French  Revolution  and  of  the  Southern  Confederacy. 

t  A  tavern  dinner  cost  $500  ;  a  pair  of  boots,  $5oo  ;  the  shoeing  of  a  horse,  $700,  and 
a  sorry  cow  was  purchased  with  a  sulky-box  crammed  with  Continental  paper. 


I48  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

of  Cornwallis,  the  promise  of  peace,  and  a  return  to  a  specie 
basis,  slowly  restored  the  finances  of  the  country. 


SEVENTH   YEAR   OF   THE   REVOLUTION,  1781. 

92.  The  last  year  of  actual  war  opened  with  deep 
ening  gloom.     Officers  were  unpaid,  and  threw  up  their  com 
missions.     Veterans  went  home,  and  left  their  places  to   be 
ineffectually  filled  by  recruits  and   raw   levies.     The  soldiers 
refused  the   Continental   currency,  though  unfed,  unclothed, 
and  unpaid.     They  had  been  without  adequate  supplies  for 
months,   and   were  aggrieved.     The  Pennsylvania  regiments 
revolted  in  their  winter  quarters.     Two  Connecticut  regiments 
did  the  same  thing.     A  mutiny  of  the  New  Jersey  troops  was 
suppressed  by  Washington.     It  was  impossible  to  keep  up  the 
numbers  of  the  dissolving  army.     "  The  Articles  of  Confeder 
ation  "  were,  however,  at   length    accepted  by  Maryland,  and 
the  country  had  a  Constitution  and  a  prescribed  form  of  gov 
ernment.     Some  improvement  of  the  finances  might  also  be 
hoped  for,  after  Robert  Morris  *  had  been  appointed  to  super 
intend  them,  and  to  restore  transactions  to  a  specie  basis.     A 
National   Bank  was  also   projected.     Immediate  wants  were 
supplied  by  Morris,  by  an  advance  from  the   French  military 
chest,  and  by  a  small  Dutch  loan. 

93.  The  important  operations  of  1781  were  confined 
to  the  Southern  country.      They  were  decisive.      Three 
thousand    British    troops    had    been  sent,  the  last  autumn,  to 
Norfolk,  in  Virginia,  but  had  been  ordered  round  to   Charles 
ton.     In  the  first  days  of  the  new  year,  Arnold,  now  a  British 
Major-General,  sailed  up  James  River  with   a  small   force,  to 
aid  the  projected  movements  of  Cornwallis.     Richmond  was 
occupied  without  a  battle,  and  plundered.     Mr.  Jefferson,  then 

*  Robert  Morris  (1733-1806'!  was  born  in  England,  but  was  brought  to  America  in 
childhood,  and  was  educated  in  Philadelphia.  He  acquired  a  vast  fortune  by  mercan 
tile  pursuits,  but  died  comparatively  poor.  He  often  raised  on  his  own  personal 
credit  the  means  that  Washington,  or  Congress,  urgently  needed. 


CORNWALLIS   THREATENS  NORTH  CAROLINA.     I4g 

governor,  and  most  of  the  richer  citizens,  had  promptly  fled. 
The  invaders  fell  back  to  Portsmouth.  General  Phillips  came 
with  additional  troops  and  assumed  the  command.  After  a 
skirmish  with  Steuben  and  the  militia,  he  occupied  Petersburg, 
and  destroyed  much  tobacco  and  other  property.  He  moved 
on  Richmond,  but  Lafayette  had  arrived  with  a  body  of  reg 
ulars.  He  turned  aside,  devastated  plantations,  and  died. 
Arnold  resumed  the  command  in  Virginia,  and  waited  for 
Cornwallis  to  arrive. 

CORNWALLIS    THREATENS     NORTH     CAROLINA. 

94.  Cornwallis  had  spent  the  winter  in  preparing  for 
a  renewed  attempt  to  subjugate  North  Carolina.  General 
Greene,  after  reorganizing  the  American  forces,  resolved  to 
anticipate  this  attempt.     He  advanced  to  Cheraw,  where  he 
posted  his  main  body,  and  stationed  Morgan,  with  a  thousand 
men,  at  the  confluence  of    the  Pacolet    (pak-o-let'}    with  the 
Broad    River.       Tarleton    hastened    to    dislodge    this   body. 
Morgan  withdrew  to  more  favorable  ground,  at  a  place  called 
The  Cowpens.*     The  attack  was  boldly  made  and  boldly 
repelled.     Colonel    Washington    engaged    Tarleton,  hand  to 
hand,  and  wounded  him  severely.! 

THE     CHASE     OF     MORGAN. 

95.  Morgan  hurried  towards  Virginia  with  his  prison 
ers.     Cornwallis  pursued.     Morgan  crossed  the  Catawba  one 
morning.     A  heavy  rain  prevented   Cornwallis  from  crossing 
in  the  evening.     The  British  were   similarly  checked   at  the 


*  The  name  of  The  Cowpens  was  given  to  the  scene  of  Morgan's  exploit,  because 
h  was  not  distant  from  well-known  inclosures,  where  the  cattle,  which  had  grazed 
through  the  summer  on  the  abundant  pastures  of  Thicketty  Mountain,  were  collected 
by  their  owners  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  to  be  sorted  for  slaughtering  as  beef,  or  for 
keeping  through  the  winter. 

t  William  Augustine  Washington  (1752-18^)  was  of  Virginia,  and  a  relative  of 
General  Washington.  He  settled  in  South  Carolina  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution. 
Tarleton  having  spoken  with  contempt  of  Washington's  inability  to  write,  a  lady  re 
plied  that  "  he  knew  how  to  make  his  mark." 


150  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Yadkin.  Greene  spurred  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  across 
the  country,  and  joined  Morgan  before  he  had  reached  the 
Yadkin.  He  ordered  his  main  force  at  Cheraw  to  hasten  to 
Guilford  Court-House.  Here  he  joined  it  with  Morgan's 
command.  The  retreat  was  continued  beyond  the  Dan  River. 
For  the  third  time  in  this  long  race  the  Americans  escaped, 
Cornwallis  reaching  the  stream  as  Greene's  rear-guard  passed 
over.  North  Carolina  seemed  to  be  secured  by  the  British. 

BATTLE    OF    GUILFORD    COURT-HOUSE. 

96.  Greene  fell  behind  the  Dan  to  gather  from  Virginia 
reinforcements,  which    made   his    army    twice,  perhaps  more 
than  twice,  as  large  as  that  of  his  opponent.     The  hostile  forces 

met   at   Guilford  Court-House.      The   North 

Carolina  militia  in  the  first  line    fled  ;  the  Virgin- 
15  March.  .  ,    ,  ,     .      A,     ,,  ... 

ians  were  pushed  back  ;  the  Maryland  line  gave 

way.  The  rout  was  arrested  by  the  other  troops,  and  by  Col 
onel  Washington's  horse.  Greene  withdrew.  The  doubtful 
victory  did  not  benefit  Cornwallis.  His  army  was  broken  ; 
his  men  were  starving.  He  retired  to  Wilmington,  and  was 
harassed  on  his  retreat  by  Colonel  Harry  Lee. 

HOBKIRK'S     HILL. 

97.  A  bold  dash  for  the  recovery  of  South  Carolina 

was  made  by  Greene,  as  Lord  Cornwallis  was  no  longer  in  his 
front.    He  planted  himself  at  Hobkirk's  Hill,  near  Camden. 
_         Lord  Rawdon,  who  had  been  left  in  charge  of  the 
{     '.«    Southern    province,  hoped    to    surprise  him  by   a 
flank  attack,  but  was  foiled  at  first.     The  Ameri 
can  centre  was,  however,  crushed  in,  and  Greene  Ordered  a  re 
treat.     Rawdon  was  imperilled  by  the  successes  of  Marion  and 
Lee  in  his  rear,  and  by  the  resumption  of  arms  throughout  the 
districts  behind  him.     He    returned    to    Charleston,  and  the 
country  beyond  the  Santee  was  lost  to  him. 


BA  TTLE  OF  BUT  A  W  SPRINGS. 


THE     EXECUTION     OF    COLONEL     HAYNE. 

98.  The  passions  of  Whigs  and  Tories  rendered  the  wai 
peculiarly  vio 
lent  and  bit 
ter  in  the  Car- 
olinas.  Atroc- 
ities  were 
committed  on 
both  sides. 
Colonel  Isaac 
Hayne,*  a 
gentleman  of 
high  charac 
ter  and  posi 
tion,  was  cap 
tured,  accused 
of  violating 
h  i  s  pledges, 
and  hanged 
without  a  legal 
trial.  Greene 
threatened  re 
taliation,  but 


COLONEL    HENRY    LEE. 


active  hostilities  were  closed  before  the  threat  was  executed. 

THE     BATTLE     OF    EUTAW     SPRINGS. 

99.  Carolina  did  not   remain  much  longer   under 
British  control.     An  indecisive  action  took  place  at  Eutaw 
Springs  f  near  the  Santee  River,  between  General 
Greene    and    Colonel    Stewart,    the    successor  of 


1781. 


P       Rawdon.     The  forces  were  nearly  equal,  and  the 
battle  was  hotly  contested.       Both  sides  claimed  the  victory  ; 


*  Isaac  Hayne  (1745-1781)  was  a  wealthy  planter.  He  accepted  British  protection, 
and  took  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Summoned  to  take  arms  on  the  British  side,  he  re 
fused,  and  joined  the  patriot  bands.  He  was  captured  and  put  to  death. 

t  Eutaw  Springs  is  the  name  given  to  a  small  stream,  about  two  miles  in  length, 


'52 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


but  Stewart  was  shut  up  within  the  narrow  strip  of  land  be 
tween  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  and  the  war  in  this 
region  was  virtually  ended. 

THE     FAILURE     OF    CORNWALLIS. 

100.  Cornwallis  marched   on  Virginia  when  Greene 
proceeded  southwards.       He  joined    Arnold    at   Petersburg. 

He  sent  Simcoe  and 
Tarleton  t  o  seize 
Governor  Jefferson, 
break  up  the  Vir 
ginia  Assembly  at 
Charlottesville,  and 
destroy  the  public 
works  on  the  Rivan- 
na.  From  his  resi 
dence  on  the  summit 
of  Monticello,  which 
commanded  a  wide 
view  of  the  sur 
rounding  country, 
Jefferson  saw  Tarle- 
ton's  dragoons  cross 
ing  the  river  below, 
CORNWALLIS.  and  escaped.  The 

Assembly  adjourned  to  Staunton,  beyond  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Cornwallis  drew  down  toward  the  seaboard,  as  the  Americans 
gathered  round  him,  and  intrenched  himself  at  Yorktown, 
where  he  had  access  to  the  sea,  and  awaited  anxiously  rein 
forcements  from  Clinton,  and  a  British  fleet. 

101.  The  French  fleet  was  also  expected  on  the  Amer- 


which  empties  into  the  river  Santee,  near  the  north-western  corner  of  Charleston 
district.  It  bursts  out  at  the  foot  of  a  low  hill,  cold,  clear,  and  sparkling,  and  in 
sufficient  volume  to  turn  a  mill.  After  running  fifty  or  sixty  yards,  it  plunges  into 
a  cavern,  and  flows  underground  for  about  thirty  rods,  then  reappears,  and  runs  into 
the  Santee. 


THE  SURRENDER  OF  CORNWALLIS. 


53 


ican  coasts.  An  attack  on  New  York  was  contemplated.  It 
was  abandoned,  as  the  French  admiral  sailed  for  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Washington,  in  consequence,  determined  to  invest  Corn- 
wallis  by  land  and  by  sea.  Concealing  his  purpose  and  con 
tinuing  his  menaces  against  New  York,  he  gathered  the  French 
and  American  forces  at  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake,  and  trans 
ported  the  greater  part  of  them  in  French  and  other  vessels  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Williamsburg. 

102.  De   Grasse*  arrived  in  the  Chesapeake   with 
twenty-eight  French  men-of-war,  and  reinforced  Lafayette  with 
three  thousand  French  troops   under  the   Marquis   de   St.  Si 
mon    (see-mong).     A  partial   naval    engagement   enabled  the 
French  fleet  from  Newport  to  enter  the  bay  in   safety.     After 
manoeuvring  for  five  days,  the  British  admirals  sailed  away  to 
New  York  to  repair  damages,  and  left  Cornwallis  to  his  fate. 
The  outlet  by  sea  was  closed  to  him. 

THE     SURRENDER     OF    CORNWALLIS. 

103.  He  was  shut  up  on  the  land  side  also.     He  had 

about  eight  thousand  men.  He  was  closely  invested  by  Wash 
ington  and  Rochambeau  with  sixteen  thousand,  exclusive  of 
militia.  Half  of  this  investing  force  was  French.  The  out 
works  were  carried  by  a  vigorous  assault,  in  which  French  and 
Americans  emulated  each  other. f  Neither  the  promised  aid 
from  Clinton,  nor  the  British  fleet,  came  to  the  relief  of  Corn 
wallis.  He  made  a  desperate  attempt  to  cross  the  York  River, 
with  the  hope  of  cutting  his  way  through  to  Clinton.  A  furious 
i.torm  frustrated  the  bold  experiment.  He  surrendered  his 


*  Francis  Joseph  Paul,  Count  De  Grasse  (1723-1788).  His  flagship,  the  Ville  de 
Paris,  mounted  one  hundred  and  sixteen  guns,  and  was  the  largest  vessel  afloat.  He 
was  utterly  defeated  next  year,  in  the  West  Indies,  by  Admiral  Rodney.  He  and  his 
huge  ship  were  captured.  He  was  disgraced.  The  Ville  de  Paris  foundered  at  sea. 

+  Alexander  Hamilton  led  the  American  attack ;  Lafayette,  the  French. 

Governor  Nelson,  who  commanded  the  Virginia  militia,  five  thousand  in  number 
turned  the  batteries  on  his  own  house,  the  best  in  the  place,  supposing  it  to  be  occu 
pied  by  Cornwallis. 

7* 


1 54  HISTORY  OF  THE   UN J TED  STATES. 

whole  army,  and  with  it  surrendered  the  last  chance  of  recover- 
ing  the  insurgent   colonies.     The    surrender  took 
r\  1     place  on  the  i  pth  of  October,  1781.   Cornwallis  gave 
sickness  as  an  excuse  for  not  appearing  in  person. 
General  Washington,  with  fine  feeling,  deputed  General  Lin 
coln,  who  had  capitulated  at  Charleston,  to  receive  the  sword 
of  General  O'Hara,  who  acted  for  the  British  commander. 

104.  Clinton  sailed  from  New  York,  on  the  day  of  the 
surrender,  with  seven  thousand  men  and  twenty-five  ships  of 
the  line.*     He  was  too  late — and  returned. 

105.  The  war   was  over,  though    hostilities  on  a  very 
small  scale  were  still  languidly  continued.     The  stubbornness 
of  George  III.,  and  the  widespread  contention  with  France, 
Spain,  and  Holland,  prevented  the  prompt  restoration  of  peace. 
It  was  at  once  recognized  that  independence  must  beconceded 
to  the  colonies  in  arms.     Lord  North's  administration  was  ter 
minated  after  twelve  disastrous  years.     Provisional  articles  of 

Q         peace  between  England  and  the  United  Colonies 

were  signed  at  Paris.     These  were  confirmed  the 
OQ  Nov 

next  year,  1783,  by  the  general  Peace  of  Paris,  f 

106.  England  had  lost  one  hundred  thousand  men,  and  had 
increased  her  national  debt  $300,000,000,  in  the   attempt  to 
subdue  her  offended  colonies.  France  had  wasted  much  treas 
ure,  and  hastened  her  own  fearful  revolution.     Spain  had  dis 
played  her  utter  impotence.      Holland  had  ruined  herself  by 
her  brief  intrusion  into  the  conflict.      The  United  States  were 


*  William  IV.,  of  England,  then  a  midshipman,  was  with  this  fleet. 

t  The  provisional  articles  were  signed  at  Paris,  3~>th  Nov.,  1782  ;  the  preliminaries 
of  peace  at  Versailles,  aoth  Jan.,  1783  ;  the  definitive  treaty  at  Paris,  3d  Sept.,  1783. 

When  Dr.  Franklin  proceeded  to  court  to  affix  his  signature,  he  dressed  himself  in 
the  suit  which  he  had  worn  when  Wedderburn  had  so  coarsely  vituperated  him  in 
the  Council  Chamber,  in  London,  2gth  Jan.,  1744. 

The  first  man  to  welcome  John  Adams,  the  first  U.  S.  ambassador  to  London,  was 
General  Oglethorpe,  who  had  founded  Georgia  half  a  century  before. 

When  Mr.  Adams  was  presented  as  ambassador  to  George  III.,  ist  June,  1785,  the 
king  said  :  "  I  was  the  last  man  in  the  kingdom  to  consent  to  the  independence  of 
America  ;  but  now  that  it  is  granted,  I  shall  be  the  last  man  in  the  world  to  sanction 
a  vio/ation  of  it." 


WASHINGTON  SURRENDERS  HIS  COMMISSION.    155 

exhausted.  They  owed  $5,000,000  to  France,  and  $2,000,000 
to  Holland.  They  had  a  boundless  country,  a  rich  soil,  energy, 
and  confident  hope — and  they  had  won  their  independence. 

WASHINGTON    SURRENDERS     HIS     COMMISSION. 

107.  The  cessation  of  hostilities  was  proclaimed  on 


MOUNT   VERNON. 

the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Lexington.  Washington  bid 
farewell  to  the  officers  of  the  revolutionary  army,  and  gave 
back  his  commission  as  Commander-in-chief  to  the 
Congress  assembled  at  Annapolis.  He  returned 
to  his  home  at  Mount  Vernon,  on  the  banks  of 
the  broad  Potomac,  to  attend  to  his  ample  plantations 


e°' 


156  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

and  domestic  interests,  and  to  watch  anxiously  the  progress  of 
the  States  which  his  prudence  and  fortitude  had  made  free. 
His  private  affairs  required  close  attention,  for  he  had  declined 
all  pay  in  his  high  and  arduous  office,  and  had  accepted 
nothing  beyond  his  actual  expenses. 

CONDITION  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

I08.  The  two  years  following  the  surrender  of  Yorktown 
had  brought  perils  more  alarming  than  the  hazards  of  the  bat 
tle-field.  The  public  debt  reached  seventy  millions  of  dollars, 
and  there  were  no  visible  means  of  paying  it.  Eighty-four 
millions,  at  least,  of  Continental  currency  were  worthless  in  the 
hands  of  the  holders.  The  armies,  still  kept  on  foot,  were 
destitute,  and  Congress  was  unable  to  satisfy  their  just  de 
mands.  They  proposed  to  assert  their  claims  by  arms.  The 
troops  at  Newburgh  offered  the  crown  to  Washington.  It  was 
quietly  but  firmly  put  aside.  New  disturbances  were  repressed 
by  his  care  and  resolution.  Peace  and  independence  were 
won  ;  but  much  was  required  before  prosperity  could  be  re 
gained.  The  National  Bank,  lately  established,  afforded  the 
prospect  of  some  relief  to  the  public  finances,  and  to  the  mis 
erable  financial  condition  of  the  country.* 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES!— 1783-1789. 

109.  Everything1  had  been  thrown  into  confusion  by 
the  war.  Private  and  public  fortunes  seemed  wrecked  alike. 
The  ties  which  feebly  held  together  the  confederated  States 
snapped  as  soon  as  danger  was  removed.  Each  community 


*  The  National  Bank  was  projected  by  Robert  Morris,  in  May,  1781.   It  did  not  go 
into  operation  till  yth  Jan.,  1782.     Its  constitutionality  was  questioned  from  the  first. 


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troops. 
'  July  4,  The  Declaration  of  Indcpend 
1  Aug.  27.  The  Battle  of  Long  Island. 
'  Oct.  4,  The  Articles  of  Confederation 
k  Dec  26,  The  Surprise  of  Trenton. 
'7.  Jan.  3,  The  Battle  of  Princeton. 
•  Sept.  ii.  The  Battle  of  the  Brandyw 
?6,  Philadelphia  occupied  by  tl 
1  Oct.  4,  The  Battle  of  Germantown. 
u  17,  The  Surrender  of  Burgoyne. 
7-1778.  The  Winter  at  Valley  Forge. 
8.  Feb.  6,  The  Treaty  of  Alliance  with 
'  June  18,  Philadelphia  recovered. 
"  28,  The  Battle  of  Monmouth. 
'  July  4,  The  Massacre  of  Wyoming. 
Dec.  29,  Savannah  taken  by  the  Briti 
8-'779.  The  Conquest  of  Illinois  by  Clai 
9.  Oct.  9,  Attack  of  the  Americans  and 
Savannah  repulsed 

3.  May  12,  Charleston  capitulated  to  the 
Aug.  16,  Battle  of  Camden. 
Sept.  21,  Arnold's  Treason. 
Oct.  2,  Execution  of  Andre?. 
11  7,  Battle  of  King's  Mountain. 
t.  Ian.  s,  Richmond,  Va.,  occupied  by  t 
March  15,  Battle  of  Guilford  C.-H. 
Aug.  31,  De  Grasse  in  the  Chesapeak 
Sept.  8,  Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs. 
"  30.  Siege  of  Yorktown. 
Oct.  19,  Surrender  of  Cornwallis. 
2.  National  Bank. 

1782.  Nov.  30,  Preliminaries  of  Pea 
3.  April  19,  Suspension  of  arms. 
1783.  Sept.  ;,  Definitive  Tre 
Dec.  23,  Washington  surrenders  his  c< 

[  - 

-                                             M      -                                            £-^ 

FJ      llHHll 

00        ^ 

THE  NLW  CONSTITUTION.  157 

sought  its  own  interest,  careless  of  joint  duties,  joint  obliga 
tions,  and  the  joint  welfare.  France  was  sullen  and  jealous. 
England  expected  that  the  difficulties  and  necessities  of  the 
enfranchised  confederation  would  compel  it  to  renew  the  old 
allegiance.  There  was  no  central  power.  Congress  was  only 
a  provisional  arrangement.  The  "  Articles  of  Confederation 
and  Perpetual  Union  "  were  impotent.  There  were  no  means 
of  regulating  foreign  or  domestic  trade,  of  forming  engage 
ments  with  other  governments,  of  enforcing  general  laws,  of 
collecting  taxes,  imposts,  or  contributions,  or  of  procuring  a 
Federal  revenue. 

THE     SHAYS      REBELLION. 

1 10.  A    rebellion  broke    out  in  Massachusetts,  in 

consequence  of  the  heavy  taxes  levied  to  pay  off  the  debts  of 
the  State.  Two  thousand  men,  under  Daniel  Shays,  a  cap 
tain  in  the  late  war,  took  up  arms  and  seized  Worcester 
and  other  towns.  They  were  promptly  put  down  in  a  short 
winter  campaign.  This  insurrection  revealed  the  general  an 
archy  and  the  general  insecurity,  and  showed  the  need  of  a 
more  settled  organization  for  the  whole  country 

THE     NEW     CONSTITUTION. 

111.  Washington  suggested,  and  the  Virginia  Assem 
bly  recommended,  a  convention  to  devise  a  plan  of  regulating 

~,        commerce.     A  few   delegates  met    at   Annapolis. 
~    ' ,     Only  five  States  were   represented.     The  meeting 
separated  in  consequence,  recommending  another 
convention  with  larger  scope  and  ampler  powers.    The  second 
convention  met  in  Philadelphia,  under  the  sanction  of  Con- 
«         gress.     After   four  months  of  anxious  labors,  the 
14' Ma'      Constitutiori  of  tne  United  States,  nearly  as  it  ex 
isted  till  1 86 1,  was  framed,  and  was  directed  to  be 
submitted  to  a  convention  in  each  State  for  adoption. 

112.  The  Constitution  was  an  assemblage  of  com- 


158  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

promises,  unsatisfactory  in  divers  particulars  to  the  men  who 
devised  it,  and  containing  many  germs  of  future  discords.  It 
was  anxiously  discussed  in  the  State  Conventions.  It  was 
earnestly  advocated  by  Hamilton,*  Madison,  and  Jay,  in  a 
series  of  able  essays,  which  were  collected  under  the  name  of 
The  Federalist.  It  was  strenuously  opposed  in  Virginia  by 
Patrick  Henry  and  George  Mason  ;  and  in  New  York,  by  the 
President  of  its  Convention,  George  Clinton,  then  Governor 
of  the  State. f  Nine  States  were  required  for  its  ratification. 
This  number  was  completed  by  the  assent  of  New  Hampshire. 
Virginia  and  New  York  followed  ;  North  Carolina  ratified  it 
conditionally  a  fortnight  later  ;  Rhode  Island  delayed  her  ac 
tion  for  two  years  longer. 

113.  George  Washington  was  chosen  President  by 
the  unanimous  choice  of  the  electors.   John  Adams  was  elected 
Vice-President.     The  old  Continental  Congress  was  dissolved. 
The  first  Congress  under  the  new   Constitution   met  at  New 
York,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789. 

THE     NORTH-WESTERN    TERRITORY. 

114.  The  royal  charters  to  the  English  colonies  fre 
quently  extended  their  lines  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
Virginia  claimed  the  fertile  region  between  the  Ohio,  the  Mis 
sissippi,  and  the  lakes  as  her  own  conquest.     Conflicting  inter 
ests  and  prospective   dangers   were  thus  presented.     To  pre 
serve  tranquillity  and. to  promote  the  settlement  of  these  wide 
lands,  it  was  deemed  expedient  to  transfer  them  to  the  general 
Government.     The  cessions  were  made.     Virginia  gave  up  her 


*  Alexander  Hamilton  (1757-1804)  was  highly  distinguished  from  the  opening  of  the 
Revolution.  He  was  born  in  the  British  West  Indies,  and  was  sent  to  New  York  at 
an  early  age  for  his  education.  In  1777  he  became  aid  to  Washington.  In  1789,  he 
was  the  first  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  He  was  killed  by  Aaron  Burr,  in  a  duel,  at 
Weehawken. 

t  "  The  great  dread  *  *  *  seems  to  have  been  that  the  reserved  powers  of  the 
States  would  be  absorbed  by  those  of  the  Federal  Government,  and  a  consolidated 
power  established.  " — President  Harrison  s  Inaugural^  1841. 


THE  NORTH-WESTERN   TERRITORY.  ^9 

conquest.  An  ordinance  was  drawn  up,  by  Dane  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  for  the  regulation  of  the  territory  north-west  of  the 
Ohio.  The  sixth  of  its  provisions  enacted  that  "  there  shall 
be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  the  said  terri 
tory,  otherwise  than  in  punishment  of  crimes  whereof  the  party 
shall  be  duly  convicted." 

115.  A  stream  of  immigrants,  yearly  increasing  in  num 
bers,  had  been  flowing  to  the  lands  of  this  new  territory.     Be 
fore  the  Peace  of  Paris,  an  organized  settlement  of  the  inviting 
region  had  been  contemplated  by  the  soldiers  of  the  Revolu- 

g  tion.  The  pioneers  on  the  Tennessee  organized  them 
selves  into  a  State,  by  the  name  of  Frankland.  The 
south-western  districts  of  Virginia  displayed  some  inclination  to 
unite  with  the  new  State.  To  counteract  such  designs  the 
Virginia  Legislature  gave  its  consent  to  the  creation  of  the 
State  of  Kentucky. 

116.  Vermont  and  Kentucky,  when  they  applied  for  ad 
mission  into  the  Union  as  new  States,  were  required  to  wait  for 
the  action  of  the  Congress  assembled  under  the  new  Constitu 
tion.*     The  Mississippi  was  made  the  western  boundary  of  the 
United  States   by   the  treaty  with  Great  Britain.     Its  lower 
course  was  within  the  Spanish  domain,  which  thus  commanded 
the  outlet  from  all  its  confluent  waters.     The  free  navigation 
of  the  river  was  the  object  of  much  negotiation,  and  of  much 
debate.     The   question  was  not  settled  till  the    purchase  of 
Louisiana. 

THE     DEATH     OF     FRANKLIN. 

117.  Benjamin  Franklin  died  little  more  than  a  year 
after  the  institution  of  the   new  Government.     His  practical 
philosophy  may  be  hard  and  selfish,  but  he  had  been  one  of 
the  most  prominent  figures  of  the  Revolution  throughout  its 
whole  course.     No  other  civilian  had  done  as   much  as  he  to 


*  Vermont  became  a  State  in  1791,  and  Kentucky  in  1792. 


160  HISTORY   OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

guide,  to  aid,  and  to  accomplish  it.  He  was  a  poor  boy,  and 
started  in  life  as  a  very  humble  printer.  He  had  risen  by  in 
dustry,  energy,  frugality,  and  sagacity.  He  had  made  the  first 
important  discovery  in  electricity.  He  had  instructed  the 
people  in  economy  and  self-reliance.  He  had  offered  the  first 
efficient  plan  for  the  union  of  the  colonies.  He  had  been  the 
agent  in  England  of  four  of  them  at  once.  He  had  assisted  in 


FRANKLIN  AT  THE  FRENCH  COURT. 

drawing  up  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  had  con 
cluded  with  France  the  Treaty  of  Alliance  which  saved  the 
colonies  ;  and  that  with  Great  Britain  which  assured  their  in 
dependence.  He  had  associated  and  contended  with  the  most 
eminent  statesmen.  He  had  "  stood  before  princes."  He  had 
been  the  admiration  of  courts,  yet  he  had  always  retained  a 
republican  simplicity  of  thought,  manners,  and  action. 


SUMMARY  FOR  REVIEW.  i6r 

SUMMARY  OF  TOPICS.— PART  III. 
THE    REVOLUTIONARY   PERIOD. 

Coming  Revolution,  i.  Consequence  of  expulsion  of  France.  2. 
Fears  of  British  statesmen  ;  expectations  of  French.  3.  Grievances  of 
the  colonies  ;  taxing  America.  4.  "  Writs  of  Assistance."  5.  Patrick 
Henry  and  "The  Parsons'  Case."  6.  "The  Sugar  Act "  opposed.  7. 
"  The  Stamp  Act."  8.  Colonial  Convention — Petition  and  memorials  ; 
repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  9.  Sundry  duties  imposed  ;  Virginia  ;  Massa 
chusetts.  10.  "  The  Boston  Massacre."  u.  Tea  duty  retained  ;  Massa 
chusetts  under  military  government.  12.  "  The  Regulators."  13.  Daniel 
Boone.  14.  The  Princess  Susanna.  15.  "  The  Boston  Tea  Party."  16. 
The  Boston  Port  Bill.  17.  The  Continental  Congress.  1 8.  Its  proceed 
ings.  19.  General  Gage  at  Boston.  20.  Battle  of  Point  Pleasant.  21. 
Population. 

The  Revolution  :  First  Year.  22.  Spirit  of  the  British  Ministry  and 
of  the  colonies  ;  Patrick  Henry.  23.  Lexington.  24.  Capture  of  forts 
and  arms.  25.  Continental  Congress  ;  union  of  the  colonies  ;  prepara 
tion  for  war  ;  Washington.  26.  Bunker  Hill.  27.  Army  before  Boston. 
28.  Invasion  of  Canada.  29,  30.  Attack  on  Quebec.  31.  Lord  Dunmore. 
32.  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Second  Year  of  the  Revolution.  33.  Situation  at  Boston.  34.  Bos 
ton  regained.  35.  British  plan  for  the  campaign.  36,  37.  Fort  Moultrie. 
38.  Sergeant  Jasper.  39.  Declaration  of  Independence.  40.  Peace  Com 
mission.  41.  Battle  of  Long  Island.  42.  Capture  of  New  York  ;  White 
Plains.  43.  Retreat  through  the  Jerseys  ;  Congress  leaves  Philadelphia. 
44.  Passage  of  the  Delaware  ;  Trenton.  45.  The  army  and  the  finances. 
46.  Arnold  on  Lake  Champlain. 

Third  Year  of  the  Revolution.  47.  Aspect  of  affairs.  48.  Battle 
of  Princeton.  50.  The  United  States  flag.  51.  Lafayette's  arrival  ; 
DeKalb.  52.  Pulaski,  Kosciusko,  Steuben.  53.  Burgoyne's  Invasion  ; 
Jenny  Macrae.  54.  Bennington  ;  Oriskany.  55.  Saratoga — Surrender  of 
Burgoyne.  56.  The  battle  of  the  Brandywine.  57.  Germantown.  58.  Val 
ley  Forge — the  army.  59.  Measures  of  Congress  ;  Articles  of  Confeder 
ation  ;  the  Currency  ;  State  contributions. 

Fourth  Year  of  the  Revolution.  60.  Treaty  with  France  ;  resolve 
to  be  independent.  61.  Chatham's  death.  62.  Condition  of  Britain.  63. 
Howe's  resignation  ;  Lafayette's  challenge.  64.  Philadelphia  recovered  ; 
battle  of  Monmouth.  65.  D'Estaing  against  Newport.  66,  67.  Massacre 
of  Wyoming.  68.  Clarke's  conquest  of  the  North-west.  69.  War  trans 
ferred  to  the  South.  70.  Savannah  taken. 


1 62  HISTORY  OF  1  HE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fifth  Year  of  the  Revolution.  71.  Character  of  operations.  72. 
Georgia  subdued.  73.  Charleston  attacked.  74.  Destruction  at  Norfolk. 
75.  American  privateers,  etc.  76.  Paul  Jones — the  Serapis.  77.  The 
Northern  campaign.  78.  The  Six  Nations  punished.  79.  Spain  joins  the 
alliance;  France  advises  peace.  80.  Attack  on  Savannah — repulsed. 
81.  Clinton's  designs  ;  the  hard  winter. 

Sixth  Year  of  the  Revolution.  82.  Clinton  proceeds  against  CharL::- 
ton,  which  surrenders;  Monk's  Corner.  83.  Measures  to  hold  Soutl; 
Carolina  ;  the  Waxhaws.  84.  Battle  of  Camden.  85.  Gates  removed.  86. 
Marion  ;  Sumter  ;  Pickens.  87.  Battle  of  King's  Mountain.  88.  French 
auxiliaries  ;  Newport.  89.  Arnold's  treason  ;  Andre.  90.  Enemies  of 
Britain  ;  the  belligerents  in  America.  91.  Revolutionary  currency. 

Seventh  Year  of  the  Revolution.  92.  The  American  army  ;  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  ;  the  finances.  93.  Operations  of  the  campaign; 
in  Virginia.  94.  Cornwallis's  advance  ;  the  Cowpens.  95.  Morgan's  re 
treat.  96.  Battle  of  Guilford  Court-House.  97.  Battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill. 
98.  Colonel  Isaac  Hayne.  99.  Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs.  100.  Movements 
of  Cornwallis  to  Yorktown.  101.  Washington's  scheme.  102.  The  French 
and  British  fleets.  103.  The  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  104.  Clinton  too 
late.  105.  The  close  of  the  war.  106.  Condition  of  the  parties.  107. 
Washington  retires.  108.  Condition  of  the  country. 

Establishment  of  the  United  States.  109.  Failure  of  Articles  of 
Confederation,  no.  Shays'  Rebellion,  in.  New  Constitution  proposed. 
112.  Its  character  ;  its  advocates  and  opponents.  113.  The  first  Presi 
dent  and  Vice-President  ;  the  new  Congress.  114.  The  North-west  terri 
tory  ;  ordinance  for  its  regulation.  115.  Frankland  ;  Kentucky.  116. 
Vermont  ;  Kentucky  ;  the  Mississippi.  117.  Death  of  Franklin  ;  his  career 
and  services. 


WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRA  TION 


163 


PART  IV. 
THE  REPUBLIC  ESTABLISHED. 

FROM    THE    ADOPTION    OF    THE     CONSTITUTION     TO     THE    MIS 
SOURI     COMPROMISE. 

1789-1821. 


WASHINGTON'S   ADMINISTRATION.— 1789-1797. 

1.  Washington  had  a  difficult  task  before  him  as  the 
first  President  of  the  new  Government.     His  lofty  character, 
his  past  services,  and  the  favor  of  the  people,  afforded  the  best 
hope    of  success.      He   sum 
moned    able    advisers    to    his 

councils.  Alexander  Hamil 
ton  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  ;  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Secretary  of  State  ; 
and  Henry  Knox,  Secretary 
of  War.  Edmund  Randolph 
was  Attorney-General,  and 
John  Jay,  Chief-Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court. 

2.  A  revenue  for  the  cur 
rent  expenses  of  the  Govern- 

ment,    and  for    the   payment  GENERAL  WASHINGTON. 

of   the   public   liabilities,  was 

the  most  urgent  of  all  needs.  The  debt  of  the  Union  was  very 
heavy  ;  the  debts  of  the  individual  States  reached  half  the 
amount  of  the  general  liability.  Direct  taxes  were  inexpedi- 


Z64  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED  STATES. 

ent  in  the  condition  and  temper  of  the  country.  Accordingly, 
taxes  were  imposed  upon  imports  and  distilled  liquors. 

3.  Hamilton  devoted  himself  to  the  regulation  of  the 
finances.     The  debts  to  France,  Spain,  and  Holland  could 
not  be  avoided.     Proposals  were  made  to  scale  or  cancel  much 
of  the  domestic  debt.   Such  repudiation  was  earnestly  opposed 
by  Hamilton,  who  also  recommended  the  payment  of  the  State 
debts  by  the  Federal  Treasury.     His  views  were  adopted  by 
Congress.      Credit  revived  ;  all  industrial  pursuits  flourished  ; 
the  public  revenues  increased  beyond  the  actual  necessities  of 
the  Government. 

4.  Hamilton,  furthermore,  encouraged  the  establish 
ment  of  a  National  Bank.     The  project  was  resisted  as 
unconstitutional.     It  was  sustained  by  Congress  ;  but  it  be 
came  a  source  of  much  future  discord.     A  mint  was  also  in 
stituted,  and  a  Federal  coinage  was  struck. 

THE     ABOLITION     OF    SLAVERY     DESIRED. 

5.  Grave  discords  had  been  already  excited  by  the 

existence  of  negro  slavery  in  the  more  Southern  States,  and 
by  its  absence  or  rapid  extinction  in  the  Northern.  Franklin 

presented  to  Congress  a  petition  for  the  emancipa- 
P  ',  tion  of  the  negroes.  Congress  decided  that  it  had 

"  no  authority  to  interfere  in  the  emancipation  of 
slaves,  or  in  the  treatment  of  them  in  any  of  the  States."  The 
question  was  not  set  at  rest,  but  grew  in  bitterness  with  the 
growth  of  time.  Slavery  was  not  excluded  from  the  territory 
south  of  the  Ohio,  which  was  organized  in  other  respects  as 
that  north  of  the  river  had  been. 

REMOVAL  OF  THE  SEAT  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

6.  The  seat  of  Government  was  removed  to  Phila 
delphia  for  ten  years,  and  after  that  period  to  the  banks  of 
the  Potomac,  where  a  tract,  ten  miles  square,  was  ceded  to  the 
general  Government  by  Virginia  and  Maryland.     This  tract 


INDIAN    WARS. 


received  the  name  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  por 
tion  given  by  Virginia  was,  many  years  subsequently,  retro- 
ceded  to  that  State. 

WAR     WITH     THE     INDIANS. 

7.  War  soon  broke  out  with  the  Indians.  They  were 
instigated  by  the  British  to  make  the  Ohio  their  boundary. 
They  attacked  boats  on  the  river,  and  made  raids  into  Ken 
tucky.  The  Kentuck- 
ians  marched  to  tne 
Scioto  against  them, 
but  accom- 
I79°'  plished  noth 
ing.  In  the  fall  of 
the  year,  General 
Harmar  met  with  se 
rious  disaster,and  fell 
into  an  ambush  on 
the  Maumee.  Gen 
eral  St.  Clair  was  sur 
prised  and  routed  on 
the  Wabash,  in  the 
next  campaign.  After 
the  league  had  been 
abandoned  by  many 
tribes,  the  Miam'is 
were  defeated  on  the  Miami  by  General  Wayne. 


GENERAL   WAYNE. 


THE     FEDERALISTS     AND    ANTI-FEDERALISTS. 

8.  Two  political  parties— the  Federalists  and  the 
Anti-Federalists— were  bitterly  opposed  to  each  other.  The 
Anti-Federalists  called  themselves  Republicans,  and  were 
guided  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  a  man  of  popular  manners  and 
great  practical  ability.  He  was  an  adherent  of  the  principles 
of  the  French  Revolution,  which  had  broken  out  in  the  recent 


166  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

years.  Alexander  Hamilton  was  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the 
Federalists,  and  as  partial  to  Great  Britain  and  to  monarchical 
institutions.  Both  were  in  the  Cabinet  of  Washington,  who 
was  unable  to  prevent  or  to  heal  the  dissensions  between  them. 

FRENCH     INTERFERENCE. 

9.  The  arrival  and  conduct  of  M.  Genest  (jen-a')9  the 
revolutionary  envoy  from  France,  caused    increased    political 
acrimony.     He  had  been  directed  to  secure  the  cooperation 
of  the  United  States  with  the  French  Republic.     Neutrality 
was  proclaimed  about  the  time  when  he  came.     This  he  dis 
regarded.       He  intruded  himself  into  the  political  affairs  of 
the  country.     He  took  an  active  part  in  the  political  rivalries. 
He  attacked  Washington  and  the  Government.     He  commis 
sioned  privateers,  which   captured  British  vessels  in  American 
waters,  and  he  prepared  assaults  on  the  Spanish  possessions. 
Washington  was  under  the  necessity  of  demanding  his  recall. 

THE     WHISKEY     INSURRECTION. 

10.  Another  cause  of  discord  was  the  excise,  or  tax 

on    domestic    products,  which    has  been  declared  to  be  "  the 

horror    of    all    free 

States."  The 
1704.  .  . 

tax  on  spirits 

was  violently  op 
posed,  especially  in 
Western  Pennsyl 
vania.  In  the  coun 
ties  round  Pitts- 
burg  the  resistance 
WASHINGTON'S  STATE  COACH.  to  it  grew  mto  a  se_ 

r'ous  insurrection.  The  law  was  powerless,  and  proclamations 
were  of  no  avail.  Washington  determined  to  crush  the  insur 
rection  at  once.  He  called  fifteen  thousand  militia  to  the  field, 
under  the  command  of  General  Henry  Lee.  The  insurgents 


TREATY    WITH  ALGIERS. 


16; 


vanished  as  the  army  approached,  and  the  "  "Whiskey  In 
surrection  "  closed  without  bloodshed. 

DISPUTES    WITH     GREAT     BRITAIN. 

11.  France  had  excited  discords  and  divisions.   The 
conduct  of  Great   Britain    provoked    dissatisfaction. 
The  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  peace  were  not  carried  into 
effect.     The  military  posts  in  the  West  were  not  surrendered. 
The  negroes  carred  off  from  Savannah  and  other  places  were 
not  paid  for.     British  seamen  were  taken  from  American  ves 
sels,  and  the  United  States  merchantmen  were  not  permitted 
to  trade  with  the  British  islands  in  the  West  Indies.     An  em 
bargo  *    was  laid  on  British  ships  by  way  of    retaliation.      At 

lengtn  a  treaty  with  England  was  made  by  John 
N  Ja^'  W^°  ^ac*  keen  sent  on  an  embassy,  for  the 

prevention  of  war.  The  treaty  was  unsatisfactory 
in  America,  and  gave  offence  to  France.  James  Monroe  was 
ambassador  to  the  latter  country.  He  was  rebuked  by  his  own 
Government  for  u  excess  of  fervor,"  and  was  finally  recalled. 

TREATY    WITH    ALGIERS,     Etc. 

12.  An  indiscreet  treaty  was  made  with  the  Dey  \ 
of  Algiers,    to    secure    peace    and    the    recovery    of    cap 
tives.     A    heavy  payment,  an  annual  tribute,  and  the  present 
of  a  frigate,  constituted  the  satisfaction  accorded  to  that  prince 
of   pirates.       The   boundaries  of  Florida  and  Louisiana  were 
settled,  and    the    navigation  of   the  Mississippi  assured  by    a 
more  judicious  treaty  with  Spain. 

RETIREMENT     OF    WASHINGTON. 

13.  In  a  farewell  address,  Washington  declined  a  third 
election  to  the    Presidency.     He   thus  set   an   example 

*  An  embargo  is  the  detention  of  vessels— the  prohibition  of  the  departure  of  ships 
from  the  ports  in  which  they  happen  to  be. 

t  Dey  originally  meant,  in  Turkish,  an  uncle  on  the  mother's  side.  It  was  the 
designation  given  to  the  Regents  of  the  Barbary  States  under  the  Ottoman  Sultan. 


1 68  HISTORY.  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

which  has  so  far  been  imitated  in  practice.  He  advised  the 
people  to  maintain  "  the  unity  of  the  Government,"  and  to 
avoid  any  geographical  division  of  parties.  He  pointed  out 
the  danger  of  innovations  on  the  Constitution.  Thoughts  of 
the  dissolution  of  the  Union  had  already  been  frequent. 

14.  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  second 
President,  with  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  as  Vice- 
President.  Washington  returned  to  Mount  Vernon,  his  home 
in  Virginia.  He  died  between  two  and  three  years  after  his 
retirement.  By  request  of  Congress,  his  eulogy  was  pro 
nounced  by  his  friend  and  companion  in  arms,  General 
Henry  Lee  ;  who  declared  him  "  first  in  war,  first  in 
peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen."  He  had 
seen  the  Government  established  and  secured,  largely  by 
his  own  wisdom  and  conduct.  The  country  was  advancing 
rapidly  in  prosperity.  The  population  had  nearly  doubled 
since  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution.  The  revenue  had  more 
than  doubled.  The  imports  were  almost  one-half  larger  than 
they  had  been.  The  exports  were  trebled.  The  Union  had 
been  enlarged  by  the  admission  of  three  new  States — Vermont, 
Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION    OF   JOHN  ADAMS.— 1797-1801. 

15.  The  new  President  and  the  new  Vice-President  repre 
sented  adverse  political  factions.     Adams  was  the  leader  of 
the  Federalists  ;  Jefferson  of  the  Anti-Federalists,  or  Republi 
cans.     It  was  an  awkward  result  of  the  original  provision   of 
the  Constitution  for  the  election  of  the  highest  executive  mag 
istrates. 

RELATIONS    WITH     FRANCE. 

16.  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney  was  sent  ambassador  to 
France  on  the  recall  of  Monroe.     He  was  not  received,     John 


JOHN  ADAMS'S  ADMINISTRA  TION. 


169 


1798. 

7  July. 


Marshall  *  and  Elbridge  Gerry  were  joined  with  him  as  special 
envoys.  They  were  refused  a  reception  unless  they  would 
consent  to  pay  a  large  sum  of  money.  Pinckney  said,  "he 
would  give  millions  for  defence,  not  a  cent  for  tribute. "  f 
American  vessels  had  been  already  seized  and  plundered  by 
the  French,  and  fresh  assaults 
on  American  commerce  were 

now  made.      The 

United  States  pre- 

pared  for  war. 
General  Washington  was  ap 
pointed  Commander-in-chief 
of  the  American  armies. 

17.  The  war  was  con 
fined  to  some  slight  ac 
tions  at  sea.  It  lingered  on 
for  more  than  three  years.  It 
was  terminated  by  a  conven 
tion  with  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
after  he  became  First  Consul 
of  France.  Claims  for  losses 

previous  to  this  settlement  occupied  the  attention  of  Congress 
more  than  seventy  years  later. 


JOHN    ADAMS. 


THE     ALIEN    AND     SEDITION     ACTS. 

18.  A  stringent  Alien  Act  was  passed  to  guard  against 
intrigues  and  dangers  apprehended  from  French  and  other  for 
eigners  in  the  country.  A  severe  Sedition  Law  was  also 
enacted  to  restrain  the  press,  and  to  check  the  disturbances 


*  John  Marshall,  of  Virginia  (1755-1836)— a  jurist  of  the  highest  eminence— was 
Chief-Justice  of  the  United  States  from  1801  to  his  death. 

t  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney  (1746-1825),  of  South  Carolina,  gave  utterance  to 
this  patriotic  sentiment  in  response  to  the  proposal  of  Talleyrand,  to  make  a  favor 
able  treaty  with  the  United  States,  on  condition  of  a  heavy  loan  to  the  French  Gov 
ernment,  and  of  a  present  of  $240,000  to  himself. 


170 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED  STATES. 


which  it  might  produce.     These  measures  provoked  violent 
opposition.   They  were  denounced  by  the  Kentucky 


1798. 


Resolutions,  composed   mainly  by  Mr.  Jefferson  ; 


and  by  the  Virginia  Resolutions,  drawn  by  Mr.  Madison. 

WASHINGTON    CITY. 

19.  The  seat  of  Government  was  removed  to  the 


THE    CAPITOL   AT    WASHINGTON. 

site  selected  for  it  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac.     The  new 
~         capital  was  built  in  the  woods.  It  was  named  Wash 
ington,  in  honor  of  the  illustrious  man  who  had  died 
at  the  close  of  the  previous  year.*     It  has  now  become  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  cities  of  the  world.     The  removal  and  the 
choice  of  the  location  were  the  result  of  a  compromise  between 
the  North  and  the  South. 

20.  The  third  Presidential  election  was  marked  by  the  de- 


*  Washington  died  universally  lamented.  Even  his  bitterest  assailants  in  his  own 
country  showed  reverence  for  his  memory.  The  British  ships-of-war  lowered  their 
flags  out  of  respect  to  his  name.  Bonaparte,  on  the  eve  of  the  campaign  of  Marengo, 
ordered  the  battle-flags  to  be  put  in  mourning. 

The  first  Congress  assembled  at  the  new  capital  provided  for  the  erection  of  an  im 
posing  monument  to  commemorate  his  services.  It  is  not  yet  completed. 


JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION-.  171 

feat  of  the  Federal  party.  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr, 
both  Anti-Federalists,  received  the  largest  number  of  electoral 
votes.  Each,  however,  had  an  equal  number.  The  House  of 
Representatives  was  required  by  the  Constitution  to  make 
choice  between  them.  An  effort  was  made  to  secure  the  elec 
tion  of  Burr,  by  the  aid  of  the  Federalists.  Jefferson  was 
elected  President ;  *  Burr,  of  course,  became  Vice-President. 
An  amendment  to  the  Constitution  was  adopted  to  prevent 
the  recurrence  of  such  hazards.t 


ADMINISTRATION    OF   THOMAS   JEFFERSON.— 
1801-1809. 

21.  Jefferson  entered  upon  his  administration  at  a 
favorable  time.     The  country  was  prosperous.     The  Fed 
eralists  were  overcome.     Peace  had  been  made  with  France. 
Jefferson  affected  extreme  republican  simplicity  in  dress  and 
manners.     The  enthusiasm   for  French   principles  had  been 
weakened  by  the  late   hostilities,  and  by  the  change  in  the 
French  Government  and  policy.  J 

THE     PURCHASE     OF     LOUISIANA. 

22.  By  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  an  important  exten 
sion  of  territory  was  acquired,  and  the  whole  course  of  the 
Mississippi  secured.     Napoleon  could  not  hope  to  defend  it  at 
a  time  when  he  was  engaged  in  great  wars  with  Britain,  and 
on  the  continent  of  Europe.     He  accordingly  offered  to  sell  it 
to  the  United  States.     He  remarked,  on  signing  the  treaty  by 
which  it  was  transferred,  that  he  thus  raised  up  a  rival  to  Eng- 


*  The  election  was  made  on  the  thirty-sixth  ballot,  after  voting  for  seven  days. 

t  Amendment  XII.,  1804.  This  secured  the  two  highest  magistracies  for  the  same 
party. 

$  Elder  JohnLeland,  of  Cheshire,  Massachusetts,  sent  a  huge  cheese  to  President 
Jefferson.  It  weighed  sixteen  hundred  pounds. 


172 


HTSTOR  Y  OF  THE   UNITED  STA  TES. 


land,   "  which 


1803. 
13  April. 


would,  sooner   or  later,   wrest   from   her  the 

sceptre  of  the 
seas."  The  ac 
quisition  was 
very  valuable.  It  was  re 
garded  by  those  who  op 
posed  the  purchase  as 
scarcely  accordant  with  the 
tenor  of  the  Constitution. 
James  Monroe  *  was  the 
agent  for  negotiating  the 
treaty.  The  price  paid  for 
the  territory  was  fifteen 
millions  of  dollars.  A 
quarter  of  this  sum  con 
sisted  of  American  claims 
on  France. 


THOMAS    JEFFERSON 


WAR    WITH     THE     BARBARY     POWERS. 

23.  The  piratical  powers  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa  insulted  and  injured  the  vessels  of  the  United  States. 
Commodore  Preble  was  sent  to  the  Mediterranean,  with  a 
small  force,  to  obtain  redress.  He  forced  the  Em 
peror  of  Morocco  to  make  terms,  and  proceeded 
against  Tripoli.  The  Philadelphia  struck  on  a  rock  and  was 
captured.  It  was  burnt  in  the  harbor  by  the  skilful  daring  of 
Lieutenant  Decatur,f  who  was  soon  afterwards  engaged  in  a 


1803. 


*  James  Monroe  (1758-1831)  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Trenton,  Brandywine, 
Germantown,  and  Monmouth.  He  opposed  the  new  Constitution.  He  was  minister 
to  the  French  Republic  in  1794,  and  was  sent  again  to  France  for  the  Louisiana  pur 
chase  in  1802. 

t  Commodore  Stephen  Decatur  (1779-1820).  The  burning  of  the  Philadelphia  was 
suggested  by  Capt.  Bainbridge,  then  a  prisoner  in  Tripoli.  The  combat  with  the  Tri- 
politan  captain,  who  was  a  very  powerful  man,  occurred  in  August,  1804.  In  1812, 
Decatur,  in  the  United  States,  captured  the  British  frigate  Macedonian.  In  1814,  the 
squadron  which  he  commanded  was  blockaded  at  New  London  by  the  British.  In 
1815,  he  was  captured  in  the  President.  In  the  summer  of  that  year  he  dictated 


AARON  BURR.  173 

desperate  encounter  with  a  Turkish  captain.  The  city  was 
threatened  by  a  land  force  under  Capt.  Eaton,  formerly  Amer 
ican  consul  at  Tunis,  and  Hamet,  the  brother  of  the  Dey  of 
Tripoli.  They  had  taken  Derne  (derne),  with  the  aid  of  Com 
modore  Barren  *  and  the  fleet.  Tunis  submitted  on  the  ap 
pearance  of  the  American  flotilla.  Further  successes  were  pre 
vented  by  the  reestablishment  of  peace. 

AARON    BURR. 

24.  The  disappointed  ambition  of  Burr  produced  dis 
astrous  consequences.  He  regarded  Hamilton  as  the  chief 
cause  of  his  defeat.      He  challenged  and  killed 
1  °4"      him  on  the  Jersey  shore  of  the  Hudson  River,  op- 
posite  the  city  of  New  York.     Burr  fell  into  greater 
discredit  than  before.     When   Jefferson  was  reflected  Presi 
dent,  Burr  was  replaced  as  Vice-President  by  George  Clinton. 
He  engaged  in  lawless  schemes  in  his  .bitterness  and  despera 
tion.     It  is  uncertain  whether  he  designed  the  conquest  of  a 
part  of  Mexico,  or  the  separation  of  the   south-western  terri 
tory  and  the  creation  of  a  new  republic.     He  was  arrested, 
£         conveyed  to  Richmond,  and  imprisoned.     He  was  ac- 
'*    quitted  on    his  trial   before  Chief-Justice    Marshall. 
His  brilliant   career   ended  in  disgrace,  obscurity,   and  de 
spair. 

LEWIS    AND     CLARKE'S     EXPLORATION. 

25.  Much  of  the  territory  included  under  the  name 
of  Louisiana  was  an  unknown  wilderness.     Jefferson  sent 


peace  to  the  Dey  of  Algiers.     He  fell  in  a  duel  with  Commodore  Barron,  22d  March, 
1820. 

*  Commodore  James  Barron  (1768-1851)  received  his  commission  in  1798,  on  the 
formation  of  the  United  States  navy.  In  1807,  the  Chesapeake,  commanded  by  him, 
was  attacked  by  the  British  frigate  Leopard^  and  surrendered.  He  was  tried  by 
court-martial,  and  suspended  for  five  years.  These  transactions  led  to  the  duel  with 
Decatur. 


!74 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


an  expedition  under  Lewis*  and  Clarke  to  explore  it.     They 
g         were  engaged  in  their  difficult  and  hazardous  jour- 

18  6    ne^  tw°  years  anc*  a  na^'       Thev  started  from  St. 
Louis,  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  descended 
the  Columbia  River  to  the  Pacific. 

CONTROVERSIES  WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    FRANCE. 

26.  The  interests  of  the  United  States  at  sea  were 
grievously  harassed  by   the  measures  of  both  England  and 
France.     Long  and  anxious  negotiations  failed  to  secure  re 
dress  from  either.     The  British  Orders  in  Council  f  and  the 
Imperial  Decrees  of  Napoleon  J  were  equally  obnoxious.  Jay's 
treaty  had  not  relieved  American  vessels  from  impressment  of 
British  sailors,  or  from  the  seizure  of  enemies'  goods  on  board. 
The  orders  of  the  British  Government  were  executed  in  an 
arrogant  and  offensive  manner,  which  inflamed  the  indignation 
occasioned  by  them. 

THE  CHESAPEAKE  AND  THE  LEOPARD. 

27.  The  right  of  search  §  was  enforced  by  the  British 
cruisers,  which  took  from  American  ships  all  who  were,  or  who 
were  alleged  to  be,  British  seamen.     These  proceedings  passed 

g  beyond    endurance,    when     the    Chesapeake    was 

.   ' '      stopped  off  the  capes  of  Virginia,  fired  into,  and 

boarded   by    the    British   frigate  Leopard.      Four 

*  Meriwether  Lewis  (1774-1809)  was  born  near  Charlottesville,  Va.  He  was  private 
secretary  to  President  Jefferson,  1801-1803.  In  1803  he  was  sent,  with  Capt.  Wm. 
Clarke,  on  the  exploring  expedition.  He  is  supposed  to  have  shot  himself  in  Tennes 
see,  in  a  fit  of  despondency. 

t  The  British  Orders  in  Council  were  State  Papers,  issued  by  George  III.,  "  by  and 
with  the  advice  of  his  Privy  Council,"  in  retaliation  for  Napoleon's  Berlin  Decree. 
These  orders  prohibited  all  trade  by  neutrals  with  the  ports  of  France  and  her  al 
lies.  They  were  renewed  with  increasing  stringency. 

\  These  decrees  were  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees,  designed  to  close  the  ports  of 
the  continent  to  British  trade,  and  to  exclude  British  products  from  the  mainland  of 
Europe.  The  Berlin  Decree  (2ist  Nov.  1806)  declared  the  British  islands  under  block 
ade,  and  authorized  the  seizure  of  all  vessels  coming  from  British  harbors,  and  of 
British  goods  wherever  they  might  be  found.  The  Milan  Decree  repeated  and  ex 
tended  these  severe  measures  against  commerce. 

§  The  right  of  search  was  the  alleged  right  of  stopping  on  the  high  seas  vessels 


CLOSE   OF  JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION,        I75 

men  were  carried  off.  The  British  ministry  promptly  dis 
avowed  the  act.  The  indignity  was  left  for  several  years  un- 
redressed.  After  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  France  had  scarcely 
a  ship-of-war  on  the  ocean,  and  Great  Britain  was  alone  able 
to  commit  such  offences. 

THE     EMBARGO. 

28.  An  act  prohibiting  importation  from  England 

had  been  passed  previous  to  this  time.  The  President  ordered 
all  the  war  vessels  of  Britain  from  American  harbors,  and  for 
bade  intercourse  with  them.  These  measures  proved  insuffi 
cient.  All  efforts  to  secure  a  satisfactory  treaty  failed.  An 

embargo  was,  therefore,  passed,  prohibiting  the 
_  _ ' '  departure  of  American  vessels  from  American 

ports.  This  act  produced  much  injury  and  small 
benefit.  The  embargo  was  evaded.  It  was  resisted  by  the 
Federalists,  who  acquired  new  strength  from  the  ineffectual 
measures,  which  were  ruinous  to  American  commerce.  The 
immediate  consequence  was  the  division  of  the  political  parties 
into  the  war  party  and  the  peace  party.  Unhappily,  the  divis 
ion  was,  in  the  main,  geographical.  The  agricultural  States 
of  the  South  formed  the  war  party.  The  commercial  States 
of  the  North  were  the  party  opposed  to  war. 

CLOSE     OF    JEFFERSON'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

29.  The  war  did  not  break  out  during  the  Presi 
dency  of  Jefferson.      He  retired  to  his  home  at   Monti- 
cello,  in  Virginia,  after   declining,  like  Washington,  a  third 
election.     He  died  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  Declara 
tion  of  Independence,  on  the  same  day  with  John  Adams,  his 
predecessor  in  the  Presidency. 

CONDITION  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

30.  The  progress   of  the    country    under   Jefferson's 


sailing   under  a  foreign  flag,  for   the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  they  had 
persons  or  goods  on  board  liable  to  seizure,  or  rendering  the  vessel  liable  to  capture. 


T76 


HISTOR  Y  OF  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 


administration  was  surprising.     Louisiana  had  been  bought 

Ohio  had 
been  receiv 
ed  into  the 
Union.  The 
popu  1  a  t  i  o  n 
exceeded 
seven  mil 
lions.  Steam 
had  been  ap 
plied  to  river 
navi  g  a  t  i  o  n 
by  Robert 
Fulton.*  In 
dustry  of  all 

kinds  was  flourishing.  The  exports  had  increased  sixfold  in 
sixteen  years,  and  had  risen  to  $108,000,000.  Cotton  was 
shipped  to  the  amount  of  sixty-two  million  pounds.  \  The  in 
vention  or  improvement  of  the  cotton-gin  by  Whitney  J  enor 
mously  extended  the  manufacture  and  the  culture  of  cotton. 


MONTICELLO. 


*  Robert  Fulton  (1765-1815)  was  a  miniature  painter,  and  was  sent  to  London  to  be 
instructed  by  Gilbert  West.  Hearing  of  the  experiments  of  Fitch  and  Evans,  he 
studied  mechanics  and  engineering,  and  constructed  a  steam-vessel.  The  success  of 
his  invention  was  established  in  1807,  by  a  voyage  from  New  York  to  Albany  and 
back,  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour.  He  afterwards  turned  his  attention  to  torpe 
does  and  marine  batteries.  Thomas  Carlyle  says  Fulton  derived  his  scheme  from 
Miller's  steamboat  on  the  Thames,  in  1793. 

t  The  War  of  the  Revolution  broke  up  the  trade  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  in 
rice  and  indigo,  which  were  procured  during  that  period  from  the  East  Indies.  The 
raising  and  exportation  of  cotton  seem  also  to  have  been  abandoned,  and  not  revived 
for  some  time.  A  Southern  representative  said  in  Congress,  in  1789  :  "  Cotton  was 
in  contemplation  amongst  them  •  and,  if  good  seed  could  be  procured >  he  hoped  it 
might  succeed." 

$  EH  Whitney  (1765-1825)  invented  the  cotton-gin,  for  separating  the  seed  from  the 
cotton,  in  1793.  A  contrivance  for  the  same  purpose  had  been  made  by  DuBreuil,  in 
Louisiana,  in  1752.  Whitney  was  ruined  by  infractions  of  his  patent,  and  engaged  in 
manufacturing  fire-arms. 


MA Dl 'SON'S  ADMINISJ^RA  T10N.  1 77 


THE    ADMINISTRATION    OF  JAMES    MADISON.— 
1809-1817. 

31.  James  Madison,*  of  Virginia,  succeeded  Thomas 
Jefferson  as  President.      George  Clinton,  of  New  York,  was 
reflected  Vice  -  President.      Public  affairs  were  full  of  per 
plexity  and  alarm.     The  country  was  drifting  into  war  with 
either  England  or  France,  perhaps  with  both.     The  measures 
adopted  to  avert  the  danger,  and  yet  secure  redress,  produced 
no  effect  upon  the  adverse  powers.     They  were  very  damag 
ing  to  the  United  States.     The  embargo  proved  worse  than 
useless.     It  was  passionately  opposed  in  New  England  and 
elsewhere. 

THE    "PRESIDENT"    AND    THE     "LITTLE    BELT." 

32.  The  embargo  was  repealed.    The  repeal  was  fol 
lowed  by  measures  equally 

vain  and  equally  annoying. 
Negotiations  were  kept  up, 
and  provoked  fresh  resent 
ment.  The  sorest  griev 
ance  was  the  seizure  of 
seamen  on  American  ves 
sels.  The  President  was 
ordered  to  sea  for  the  pro- 

tectionof  Amer 
1811.      . 

i6May.  lcansailors- 

chased  and  en 
gaged  the  Little  Belt,  of  less 
than  half  its  force,  and  in 
flicted  serious  damage.  This 

action  became  a  new  cause  JAMES  MADISON- 

of  controversy  ;  yet  war  was  still  delayed. 


.  *  James  Madison  (1751-1836)  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  Convention  cf  1776  ;  o< 
that  of  1788  ;  and  of  that  of  1829.     He  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Conjr-ess  in 
8* 


i78 


HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


WAR    WITH    TECUMSEH. 


33.  A  great  Indian  war  occupied  the  interval.  It  was 
ascribed  to  British  instigation.  A  league  of  several  tribes  was 
formed  by  the  Shawanee  "prophet,"  and  his  brother  Tecum- 
seh — "  the  flying  tiger."  Tecumseh  failed  in  a  plot  to  seize 
General  Harrison,  the  Governor  of  Indiana.  He  then  went 
southward  to  draw  the  Creeks,  Choctaws,  and  Chickasaws 
into  the  league.  In  his  absence  General  Harrison  marched 
towards  the  prophet's  town,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Tippecanoe  with  the  Wabash.  The  prophet  proposed  a 

treaty.  The  Indians  treacherously  attempted  to 
.,..  *  surprise  the  camp  of  the  Americans  before  dawn. 

They  were  discovered,  repulsed,  and  driven  into 
the  woods,  after  a  bloody  conflict. 


THE  WAR  OF  1812  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

34.  A  tardy  reparation  was  made  for  the  attack  of  the 
Leopard  on  the  Chesapeake,     The  Orders  in  Council  were  par 
tially  revoked  in  favor  of  the  United  States.*  The  insufficient 
redress  came  too  late.  The  war  party  induced  Mr. 
T     '      Madison,  as  the  presidential  election  approached, 
^  'to  recommend    Congress  to  declare  war.     A  bill 

for  the  purpose  was  passed,  and  war  was  proclaimed  about 
midsummer. 


1780  ;  of  the  Constituent  Convention  of  1787  ;  and  of  the  National  Congress  in  1789. 
He  strenuously  advocated  the  new  Constitution,  and  contributed  most  of  the  essays 
to  the  Federalist.  He  drafted  the  Virginia  Resolutions  of  1798-1799,  and  sustained 
them  in  an  elaborate  report.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  under  Jefferson.  After 
ceasing  to  be  President,  he  remained  tranquilly  at  Montpelier,  his  home,  in  Orange 
County,  Virginia. 

*  The  American  envoy  did  not  communicate,  till  2oth  May,  Napoleon's  revocation 
of  the  Berlin  and  Mi'an  decrees  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 


MAPS 

ILLUSTRATING 

THE  WAR  OF  1812 

IN  THE  NORTH 


fniiravedfor  IMnit*' JI isiory  of  United  Statts 


i8o  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NAVAL    EXPLOITS. 

38.  The  navy  had  won  gratifying  triumphs.     The 

American  frigate  Essex  took  the  British  sloop-of^rar  Alert. 
The  Constitution  escaped  from  a  squadron  by  which  it  was  sur 
rounded,  fell  in  with  the  Guerriere  (gher-yare"},  and  captured 
it.  The  Wasp  boarded  and  took  the  Frolic,  but  both  were 
captured  two  hours  later.  Decatur,  in  the  United  States, 
compelled  the  Macedonian  to  surrender,  off  the  island  of  Ma 
deira.  The  Constitution,  in  a  second  cruise,  took  the  Java, 
near  San  Salvador.  The  prize  was  so  much  injured  that  it 
was  burnt.  Three  hundred  vessels  were  taken  during  the 
year,  by  the  public  vessels  and  the  privateers  of  the  United 
States. 

39.  Flotillas  were  prepared  on  Lakes  Erie  and  On 
tario  for  the  next  campaign,  as  the  need  of  naval  support  had 
been  seriously  felt  in  the  invasion  of  Canada.     Madison  had 
disarmed  the  opposition  in  his  own  party  by  adopting  the  war 
policy;   and  was  reflected  President,  with  Gerry  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent.     Clinton,  the  former  Vice-President,  was  dead. 

PURPOSE     OF    THE     SECOND     CAMPAIGN. 

40.  The  second  campaign,  like  the  first,  was  designed 
mainly  for  the  conquest  of  Canada.      The  capture  of  Montreal 
was  proposed.     The   American   forces  on  the   frontier  were 
again  divided  into  three  bodies  :  the  army  of  the  West,  under 
General  Harrison  ;*  the  army  of  the  Centre,  and  the  army  of 
the  North,  both  under  General  Dearborn,  who  retained  the 
chief  command. 

THE    MASSACRE     OF    THE     RIVER     RAISIN. 

41.  The  year  opened  with  a  horrible  disaster.     A 


*  General  William  Henry  Harrison  (1773-1841)  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  Harrison, 
Governor  of  Virginia.  He  was  Secretary  of  the  North-west  Territory  in  1797,  and 
Governor  of  the  territory  of  Indiana  in  1801.  He  was  elected  President  in  1840, 
and  died  a  month  after  assuming  his  office. 


BATTLES  OF  LAfCE  ERIE  AND  THE  THAMES.     181 

detachment  marched  over  the  ice  of  Lake  Erie,  and  drove  the 
British  from  the  river  Raisin.    General  Winchester  brought 
up  reinforcements.     The  Americans  were  attacked  and  routed 
by  Colonel  Proctor,  half  of  whose  force  consisted  of  Indians. 
Winchester,  and   his  second    in    command,  were    captured. 
Their  troops  surrendered,  on  Proctor's  promise  of 
I          protection  and    safety.       The  Indians    began  to 
'    plunder  at  once.  They  burnt  the  sick  and  wounded 
in  the  houses  ;  threw  others  into  the  flames  ;  tomahawked  and 
scalped  many  more.     Proctor  did  not  interpose.     Only  thirty- 
three  escaped  out  of  a  thousand. 

42.  The  operations    on  the  northern  frontier  were 
trifling,  for  the   most  part.     General   Harrison  was  besieged 
at  the  Maumee  Rapids  by  Proctor  and  Tecumseh.     He  was 
relieved,  but    lost  a  detached  body  of   eight  hundred  men. 
Toronto  was  taken  and  plundered  by  Dearborn.     In  the  at 
tack  General  Pike  was  slain,  and  two  hundred  men  were  killed 
or  wounded  by  the  explosion  of  a  powder  magazine,  fired  by 
the  British  on  their  retreat.     Toronto  was  captured  a  second 
time  during  the  summer,  and  much  damage  was  inflicted. 

BATTLES     OF     LAKE     ERIE    AND    THE    THAMES. 

43.  In  the  autumn  more  important  successes  were 
gained,  at  the  upper  end  of  Lake  Erie.     Commodore  Perry,* 

with  a  hastily  constructed  fleet,  completely  defeated 
«  '  Capt.  Barclay.  He  announced  his  victory  to 

General  Harrison  in  the  words  :   "  We  have  met  the 

enemy,  and  they  are  ours."     The  lake  being  cleared  of  the 

British,  General  Harrison  and  his  army  were  carried  to  the 

Canadian  shore  by  the  American  ships.      They  brought  the 

Q          enemy  to  an  engagement  on  the  river  Thames.   In 

five  minutes  the  British  regulars  surrendered.  In 
ten  minutes  the  Indians  were  scattered.  Tecumseh  lay  with 
the  dead.  Hull's  disaster  was  retrieved. 


*  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  (1785-1819)  served  under  Preble  against  Tripoli.    He  died  of 
yellow  fever  on  his  birthday. 


182 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


44.  The  invasion  of  Canada  on  the  line  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  failed.  The  several  generals  held  different  views 
and  did  not  act  in  concert.  Operations  were  delayed  till  so 
late  in  the  season  that  storm  and  frost  were  added  to  the 
hazards  of  battle.  The  Americans  encountered 
the  British  at  Chrysler's  Field.  They  withdrew  in 
the  night,  after  having  been  hotly  engaged,  in  snow  and  sleet, 
for  five  hours. 


II  Nov. 


THE    CHESAPEAKE    AND    THE    SHANNON. 

45.  The  Americans  met  with  more  disasters  than 


CAPT.    LAWRENCE   AND    THE    CHESAPEAKE. 

advantages  at  sea  this  year.  The  coast  of  the  United  States 
was  blockaded,  and  much  of  the  navy  was  shut  up  in  the  har 
bors.  Capt.  Lawrence  *  attacked  the  Peacock  off  Demerara, 

*  James  Lawrence  (1781-1813)  also  served  against  Tripoli.     He  commanded  the 
Hornet  when  he  captured  the  Peacock. 


THE  THIRD  CAMPAIGN.  183 

reduced  her  to  a  sinking  condition,  and  compelled  her  to  strike 
her  colors.     He  was  promoted,  and  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Chesapeake,  at  Boston.     Capt.  Broke,  of  the  Shan 
non,  one  of  the  blockaders  of  that  port,  challenged  the  Chesa 
peake.     The  challenge  was  accepted.     The  Ches- 
,  apeake  was    rendered   helpless   in    the   action   by 

damage  to  her  rigging.  Lawrence  was  mortally 
wounded.  His  last  orders  were  :  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship  ; 
fight  her  till  she  sinks."  Broke  boarded  her,  took  her,  and 
carried  her  as  a  prize  to  Halifax. 

46.  A  British  attempt  on  Norfolk  was  foiled  by  the 
fortifications  of  Craney  Island,  and  by  the  determination  of 
sailors  from  the  Constitution  and  of  the  Virginia  militia.     A 
descent  was  made  upon  Hampton,  which  was  plundered.    Ra 
pine  and   outrage  were  extended  along  the  shores  of  Chesa 
peake  Bay. 

47.  The  bloody  war  with  the  Creeks  began  in  this 
summer  and  continued  through  the  next.     During  the  same 
period,    a  proposal  of  mediation  between  the  United  States 
and  England  was  offered  by  Russia. 

THE    THIRD     CAMPAIGN. 

48.  The  overthrow  and  dethronement  of  Bonaparte 

enabled  the  British  to  increase  their  energy  in  America.  The 
United  States  had  gained  little,  and  had  lost  much  by  the  war. 
The  attempt  to  conquer  Canada  had  been  twice  unsuccessful. 
The  war  vessels  could  scarcely  venture  out  of  port.  The  for 
eign  trade  of  the  country  was  destroyed.  The  taxes  were 
heavily  augmented  ;  and  the  ability  to  pay  taxes  was  dimin 
ished.  The  merchants,  the  ship-owners,  and  the  Federal 
party  had  always  opposed  hostilities.  Their  dissatisfaction, 
especially  in  New  England,  was  now  heightened  by  past  fail 
ures,  by  present  distress,  and  by  growing  perils. 

THE     CREEK     WAR. 

49.  The  Creek  War  must  be  noticed  at  this  point,  as  it 


T84  HISTORY  OF  7 'HE  UNITED  STATES. 

is  closely  connected  with  the  later  events  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain.  The  Indian  war  broke  out  during  the  previous  sum 
mer,  and  was  continued  while  military  operations  along  the 
northern  line  were  interrupted  by  the  severity  of  winter.  The 
Creeks  had  been  aroused  by  a  second  visit  from  Tecumseh, 
after  the  fall  of  Detroit.  The  Creeks  were  divided.  Those 
west  of  the  Chattahoochee  put  on  the  war-paint.  Those  east 
of  that  river  sought  the  protection  of  the  United  States.  The 
war  was  waged  without  mercy  on  either  side. 

50.   Fort  Mimms,  on  the  Alabama  River,  was  taken  by 

Weathersford,  a  fearless  and  powerful  chief  of   the  Creeks. 

Those  found  within  the  fort  were  massacred.     They  were  not 

unavenged.       Overwhelming  forces  were  collected,  and  the 

hostile   Creeks  were  assailed  from  several  quarters  at  once. 

General  Andrew  Jackson  held  the  chief  commmand.*     He 

advanced  from  Tennessee.      Tal'lasehatch'e  was    taken  and 

~  destroyed.     Every  warrior  was  slain.     At  Tal'la- 

j-  *      de'ga,   a  thousand   Creeks  were  routed,   and  two 

hundred  and  ten  of  them  slain,  in  a  quarter  of  an 

hour.    General  Floyd,  from  Georgia,  burnt  Autoss'e,  and  slew 

...         two  hundred  Indians.    General  Claiborne  and  some 

4   .^     *  Choctaws   under    Pushmataha  (push'-mat-a-haw), 

came  from    Mississippi,   defeated  Weathersford,  f 

and  destroyed  Eccanachaca  (ek-kan-a-chaJi ka\  or  "The  Holy 

Ground,"  a  town  recently  built    by  the  Creek  chief.      The 


*  General  Andrew  Jackson  (1767-1845)  and  his  widowed  mother  were  driven  from 
their  home  at  the  Waxhaws,  in  South  Carolina,  by  the  brutality  of  Tarleton's  cavalry, 
in  1780.  Boy  as  he  was,  he  joined  the  army,  and  was  taken  prisoner  the  next  year. 
He  removed  to  Tennessee.  After  two  terms  as  President,  he  returned,  in  1837,  to 
"The  Hermitage,"  his  home  near  Nashville. 

t  William  Weathersford,  or  Weatherford,  was  a  half-breed,  the  son  of  Charles 
Weathersford,  a  Georgian,  long  resident  among  the  Creeks.  When  Weathersford 
came  to  deliver  himself  up,  an  altercation  with  u  the  Big  Warrior  "  attracted  Jack 
son  to  the  door  of  his  tent.  Weathersford  said  :  "  General  Jackson,  I  am  not  afraid 
of  you  ;  I  fear  no  man,  for  I  am  a  Creek  warrior.  I  have  nothing  to  request  for  my 
self  ;  you  can  kill  me  if  you  desire  ;  but  send  for  the  women  and  children  of  the  war 
party  who  are  starving  in  the  woods."  The  crowd  cried,  u  Kill  him  !  kill  him  !" 
General  Jackson  sternly  rebuked  them,  saying:  "  Any  man  who  could  kill  as  brave 
a  man  as  this,  would  rob  the  dead."  Weathersford  died  in  1826,  greatly  respected. 


LUNDY*S  LANE.  T85 

prophets  had  declared  that  no  white  man  could  approach  it 
without  sure  destruction.  Weathersford  escaped  by  forcing 
his  horse  over  a  precipice  and  plunging  into  the  river  below. 

51.  Tohope'ka,  or  "The  Horseshoe"   of  the  Tallapoosa 
River,  was  a  fortified  camp,  occupied  by  twelve  hundred  In- 

£  dians.     Jackson  assailed  them  next  spring  with 

twice  their  number.     The  assault  was  begun  in 
27  March.   .  ...  ~     '  _,, 

the  rear,  and   the   village  was  set  on  fire.      Ihe 

breastwork  of  logs  across  the  neck  of  land  on  the  front  was 
stormed.  Those  who  endeavored  to  escape  were  shot  down. 
Those  who  sought  refuge  in  the  brushy  undergrowth  were  burnt 
out  and  killed  by  the  Tennessee  riflemen.  Nearly  half  the  In 
dians  were  slaughtered.  The  Creeks  begged  for  peace.  They 
were  ordered  to  give  up  Weathersford.  One  evening,  as  the 
sun  went  down,  Weathersford  rode  into  Jackson's  camp,  on 
the  gray  horse  which  had  saved  him  at  "The  Holy  Ground." 
All  the  lands  of  the  Upper  Creeks,  except  a  tract  of  150,000 
acres,  were  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  Fort 
Jackson,  which  closed  the  Indian  hostilities  for  a  time. 

LUNDY'S     LANE. 

52.  The  third  campaign  in  the  North  was  a  third  at 
tempt  to  conquer  Canada.     General  Brown  was  the  American 
commander-in-chief  on  the   St.  Lawrence.     He  crossed  the 
Niagara,  and  took   Fort  Erie.     General   Scott  was  sent  for 
ward   to  meet  General   Riall,  who  was  coming  to  its  relief. 
They  met  at  Chip'pewa   (-way).      The   British  were  pressed" 
back.      Riall  was  joined  by  General  Drummond,  and  Scott 
encountered   the   combined    forces   at    Lundy's    Lane,*  a 

«  road  between  the  Niagara  and  Lake  Ontario.     The 

j   I      actual  battle  began  a  little  before  sunset,  and  was 

prolonged  till  midnight. 

The  thunders  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara  blended  with  the  roar 
of  the  cannon  and  the  rattle  of  musketry.     The  smoke  of  bat- 

*  The  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  has  also  the  names  of  Niagara  and  Bridgewater. 


1  86  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

tie  was  lighted  up  by  the  moonlight  and  the  flashes  of  the 
guns.  The  British  were  pushed  from  the  field  ;  but  they  re 
turned  and  reoccupied  the  ground.  The  Americans  fell  back 
to  Fort  Erie,  which  was  besieged.  When  winter  came,  the 
fort  was  abandoned  and  blown  up. 

THE     BATTLES    OF    PLATTSBURG. 

53.  Gratifying  successes  were  achieved,  on  land  and 
water,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  line  of  operations.  A  descent 
on  Canada,  in  that  quarter,  had  failed  in  the  spring.  Towards 
the  fall  of  the  year,  Sir  George  Prevost  (pre-vo),  Governor  of 
the  province,  invaded  New  York  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain. 
General  Macomb  (mak-koom}  commanded  the  American  land 
forces  at  Plattsburg,  and  Commodore  McDonough  the 
£  flotilla  on  the  lake.  Both  were  attacked  on  the 

II  S  *t  same  ^ay*  ^ot^  attacks  failed.  Downie,  the 
British  commodore,  was  killed  early  in  the  action 
between  the  fleets.  His  flag-ship  surrendered,  and  another 
vessel  was  taken.  Macomb  repulsed  every  effort  of  the  en 
emy  to  cross  the  Saranac,  and  the  land  force  withdrew  when 
the  fleet  was  defeated. 


CAPTURE     OF    WASHINGTON. 

54.  The  blockade  of  the  seaboard  was  maintained. 

Admiral  Cochrane  was  ordered  "  to  destroy  the  coast-towns 

and  ravage  the  country."     He  entered  the  Chesapeake,  con 

veying  a  land  force  under  General  Ross.     One  part  of  the 

fleet  sailed  up  the  Potomac  ;  the  other  continued  to  ascend 

the  bay.     Ross  landed    and  marched    on   Washington.     No 

g  effectual    resistance    was    made    to    his    progress, 

.     '      though  the  President  appeared  in  person  on  the  field 

of  Bladensburg.    Washington  was  occupied. 

The  unfinished  capitol  and  the  public  buildings  were  burnt. 

Next  night  the  invaders  withdrew.     Alexandria  was  plundered 


BA  TTLE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


187 


BATTLE  MONUMENT  AT  BALTIMORE. 

by  the  fleet.     Baltimore  was  next  threatened.     General  Ross 
was  killed,  and  the  attack  was  frustrated.* 

THE    BATTLE    OF    NEW    ORLEANS. 

55.  The  movements  against  Washington  and  Baltimore  were 
designed  to  conceal  operations  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


*  Fort  McHenry,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Patapsco,  was  bombarded  by  the  guns  of  the 
fleet.  "The  Star- Spangled  Banner"  was  composed  during  this  bombardment,  by 
Francis  S.  Key,  who  was  detained  on  board  of  one  of  the  British  ships.  A  handsome 
monument  was  erected  to  the  memory  of  those  who  had  fallen  in  defence  of  the  city. 


1 83 


HISTORY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Creeks  had  been  encouraged  and  aided  in  the  Indian 
war  by  the  British  at  Pensacola.  An  attack,  by  sea  and  land, 
on  Fort  Bowyer,  near  Mobile,  was  repulsed.  General  Jack 
son  marched  on  Pensacola  and  forced  the  town  and  forts  to 
surrender.  He  hastened  back  to  Mobile,  and  heard  that  the 
British  were  threatening  Louisiana.  New  Orleans  was  in 
danger  of  being  given  up.  Jackson  called  for  volunteers,  es 
tablished  martial  law,  and  welcomed  La  Fitte  (lahfeet1)  with 
his  pirates,  or  privateersmen,  from  Barataria.* 
56.  Louisiana  was  invaded  by  Sir  Edward  Paken- 

ham  {paken- 
am)  with  eight 
thousand  men 
and  fifty  ships, 
carrying  a  thou- 
sand  guns. 
When  the  in 
vaders  landed, 
they  were  at 
tacked  by  Gen 
eral  Jackson. 
He  then  fell 
back  to  the 
plains  of  Chal- 
m  e  t  t  e  (shal- 
OLD  SPANISH  HOUSE  IN  NEW  ORLEANS.  met')  and  there 

repulsed  an  attack  of  the  British.     Ten  days  later  Pakenham 
repeated  the  onset.     He  was  twice  struck,  and  was  mortally 


*  Barataria  is  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf,  south  of  New  Orleans. 

While  the  city  was  under  martial  law,  Judge  Hall  extended  the  protection  of  the 
civil  law  to  an  offender  under  military  arrest.  Jackson  arrested  and  expelled  the 
7udge. 

On  the  abrogation  of  martial  law,  Judge  Hall  brought  Jackson  before  his  court  and 
fined  him  $i  ,000.  The  line  was  paid  at  once.  It  was  repaid  by  Congress  thirty  years 
afterwards. 

During  the  proceedings  the  judge  was  alarmed  by  the  display  of  enthusiasm  in 
behalf  of  Jackson.  The  general  cried  out :  "  There  is  no  danger  here — there  shall  be 
n->ne.  The  same  hand  that  protected  the  city  will  shield  and  protect  the  court." 


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THE  HARTFORD  CONVENTION.  ^9 

wounded.*      General  Gibbs,  the  second   in  command,  was 

g  killed,    General    Keane,  the    third    in    rank,    was 

1  j  wounded,  and  left  the    field.     When    the    British 

reserves  were  brought  up,  they  could  only  protect 

the  retreat.     The  British  loss  was  very  heavy  ;   the  American 

was  very  slight.  \     The  battle  of  New  Orleans  was  the 

last  and  the  severest  battle  of  the  war.     Peace  had  already 

been  made,  but  the  news  had  not  reached  America. 

THE   ESSEX. 

57.  The  daring  cruise  of  the  Essex,  under  Capt.  Por 
ter,  was  the  most  remarkable  naval  event  of  the  year.     Porter 
had  sailed  from  the  Delaware  in  the  previous  autumn.     He 
captured  many  prizes  off  the  coasts  of  South  America,  Africa, 
and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.     He  pursued  his  lonely  wan 
derings  over  the  great  ocean,  and  sailed  for  the  western  coast 
of  South  America.     The  Essex  was  taken,  near  Valparaiso,  by 
two  British  sloops-of-war,  which  had  been  dispatched  for  its 
destruction. 

THE     HARTFORD     CONVENTION. 

58.  Peace  was  much  needed.     The  war  had  been  very 
burdensome  and  very  ruinous,  without  producing  any  result. 
Commerce  was    destroyed.     Industry  of   all    kinds   was    de 
pressed.     Taxes  were  increased.     The  public   finances   were 
in  a  deplorable  state.     The  debt  had   risen  to  $150,000,000, 
and  loans   could  be  made  only  on  the  most  disadvantageous 
terms.     Ttfe  discontent  of  the  New  England  States  menaced 


*  The  forces  engaged,  and  the  losses  sustained,  have  been  variously  stated.  The 
British  loss  has  been  put  as  high  as  two  thousand  one  hundred  killed  and  wounded, 
besides  five  hundred  prisoners.  The  American  loss  has  been  reduced  as  low  as  seven 
teen.  There  was  certainly  wide  disparity  in  the  losses.  The  Americans  fought  with 
the  deadly  Western  rifle  from  behind  breastworks.  The  English  advanced  over  the 
open  plain.  It  is  popularly  asserted  that  the  barricades  consisted  of  cotton  bales. 
Only  a  few  cotton  bales  were  used. 

t  As  the  British  approached  the  breastworks,  Jackson  called,  out  to  his  men ;  "  Don't 
waste  your  ammunition  :  see  that  every  shot  tells." 


I9o  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

a  serious  revolt.     The  Massachusetts  Legislature  recommend- 
~  ed  a  convention  of  the  States  opposed  to  the  war. 

_          The  convention  met  at  Hartford,  and  demanded 
**  '    grave  alterations  in  the  Constitution.     The  return 

of  peace  put  an  end  to  the  causes  of  complaint.  The  Hart 
ford  Convention*  passed  away,  without  having  produced 
any  action  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  displayed. 

THE    TREATY    OF    GHENT. 

59.  Conferences  had  been  opened  at  Ghent,  with  a 
view  to  the  restoration  of  peace.     The  mediation  of  the  Czar 
of  Russia  had  been  accepted  by  President  Madison,  in  the 
second  year  of  the  war.     It  had  been  declined  by  England. 
After  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon,  the  conferences  were  held. 

g  The  treaty  signed  there  put  an  end  to  hostilities. 

_/*      None  of  the  grievances  which  had  caused  the  war 
were  removed  by   it.      The    Senate   ratified    the 
treaty  by  a  unanimous  vote. 

THE     BARBARY    WAR. 

60.  Algiers  declared  war,  and  renewed  its  attacks  on 
American  commerce,  soon  after  the  peace  with  Britain.     Capt. 
Decatur  captured  the  largest  vessel  of  the  Algerine  navy,  and 
the    Dey   accepted    terms   creditable   to  the   United  States. 
Tunis  and  Tripoli  were  then  compelled  to  enter  into  satisfac 
tory  arrangements. 

THE     RETURN     OF    PEACE. 

61.  Manufactures  to  supply  home  wants  had  engaged 
much  attention  during  the  war,  after  American  ships  had  been 
driven  from  the  ocean  and  foreign  trade  destroyed.     The  new 

*  The  Hartford  Con  vent  ion  consisted  of  twenty-six  delegates,  from  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont.  It  adopted  strong  reso 
lutions  and  recommendations  to  the  other  States,  contemplating  important  changes 
in  the  Constitution  and  Government.  An  expectation  prevailed  at  its  adjournment 
that  it  would  meet  again  for  more  definite  and  decisive  action.  The  Treaty  of  Peace 
rendered  this  unnecessary. 


THE  RETURN  OF  PEACE.  I9i 

factories  and  industries  were  endangered  on  the  return  of 
peace.  Foreign  goods  could  be  introduced  and  sold  at  a 
lower  price  than  the  cost  of  making  them  in  America.  Pro 
tection  against  this  danger  was  sought.  Thus  the  tariff  ques 
tion*  became  prominent  in  politics.  It  has  since  divided 
parties  and  sections.  The  necessities  of  the  Government  were 
supposed  to  favor  the  demands  of  the  manufacturers.  Heavy 
duties  were,  in  consequence,  imposed  on  foreign  commodities. 
62.  A  national  bank,  chartered  for  twenty  years,  was  in 
stituted  at  Philadelphia  two  years  after  the  war.  The  Colon 
ization  Society,  to  provide  homes  for  free  negroes  and  liberated 
slaves,  was  established.  It  resulted  in  the  foundation  of  a 
black  republic,  called  Liberia,  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa 
The  slave  trade  had  been  prohibited  nine  years  before  the 
close  of  Madison's  administration.  Two  new  States,  one  in 
the  South,  and  one  in  the  North — Louisiana  and  Indiana — were 
received  into  the  Union  while  Mr.  Madison  was  President.! 
He  was  succeeded  in  his  high  office  by  James  Monroe. 


THE  FIRST  ADMINISTRATION  OF  JAMES  MONROE— 

1817-1821. 

63.  Monroe's  administration  was  called  the  era  of 
good  feeling.  During  this  period  the  losses  of  the  war 
ceased  to  be  felt.  The  public  revenues  increased  with  the 
growth  of  the  country.  All  branches  of  industry  prospered. 


*  A  tariff  is  a  list  of  duties  charged  on  enumerated  commodities,  when  imported  or 
exported. 

The  "  tariff  question  "  is  the  phrase  employed  in  the  United  States  to  denote  the  con 
troversy  between  those  who  favor  the  protection  of  American  manufactures  by  heavy 
customs  or  duties  on  such  articles  when  imported  from  abroad,  and  those  who  op 
pose  such  impositions  and  advocate  low  duties  for  the  sake  of  revenue. 

t  In  1811,  during  Mr.  Madison's  Presidency,  the  trading  post  of  Astoria,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River,  was  established  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New  York. 
The  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1812  necessitated  the  transfer  of  the  settlement  to  the 
British  Fur  Company. 


I92 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Party  bitterness  was  for  a  time  allayed.  The  moderation  of 
the  President  conciliated  opponents.  The  able  men  in  his 
cabinet  promoted  his  efforts  to  secure  good-will. 

INTERNAL     IMPROVEMENTS. 

64.  Monroe's  first  message  recommended  the  con 

struction  of  great  roads,  canals, 
fortifications,  and  other  public 
works.  The  want  of  them  had 
been  experienced  in  the  late 
war.  They  were  required,  also, 
to  encourage  the  settlement  of 
the  new  lands  in  the  interior. 
The  republicans  (or  democrats) 
denied  their  constitutionality,, 
The  question  of  internal  im 
provements  thus  became,  like 
the  tariff,  a  ground  of  differ 
ence  between  the  great  political 
parties.  The  national  road,* 
however,  was  extended.  It  had  been  begun  under  Jefferson's 
administration.  The  Erie  canal  was  constructed  by  the  State 
of  New  York.  The  internal  taxes,  levied  during  the  war, 
were  repealed,  to  the  great  relief  and  satisfaction  of  the  people. 

65.  The  piratical  nests  at  Galveston,  in  Texas,  and  at 
Amelia    Island,    on    the    coast  of    Florida,  were   broken   up. 
Swift  vessels  had  issued  from  those  retreats  and  had  preyed 
upon  the  commerce  of   Spain   and  other  nations,  under  pre 
tence  of  bearing  commissions  f  from  the  American  republics 
which  had  revolted  from  the  Spanish  crown. 


JAMES   MONROE. 


*  The  National  or  Cumberland  Road  extended  from  Cumberland,  Md.,  to  Wheel 
ing,  Va. 

t  These  commissions  were  "  letters  of  marque,"  or  national  licenses,  authorizing 
private  persons,  at  their  own  risk  and  expense,  to  seize  the  property  of  enemies  at 
sea. 


A  CQ  UISI TION  OF  FL  ORIDA .  1 93 


JACKSON'S    INROAD    INTO     FLORIDA. 

66.  The  Creeks  had  been  driven  into  Florida  by  the 

overwhelming  disasters  of  the  Creek  war.  They  stirred  up  the 
Seminoles  to  hostilities.  With  a  force  larger  than  the  whole 
Seminole  nation,  Jackson  drove  the  Indians  before  him,  and 
seized  St.  Mark's.  He  hanged  two  British  subjects,  on  the 
charge  of  having  excited  the  Indians  to  war.  He  then  took 
Pensacola,  and  received  the  submission  of  Fort  Barrancas,  to 
which  the  Spanish  Governor  had  fled.  As  Florida  belonged, 
at  this  time,  to  Spain,  these  procedures  were  in  violation  of  in 
ternational  law.  They  were  sustained,  however,  by  a  majority 
in  the  Lower  House  of  Congress. 

ACQUISITION    OF    FLORIDA. 

67.  The  unscrupulous  energy  of  General  Jackson 

quickened  the  negotiations  in  progress  for  the  acquisition  of 
Florida,  and  for  the  determination  of  the  western  boundary 
of  Louisiana.     The  Colorado  had  been  proposed  by  Adams  * 
as  the  frontier  of  that  State.     The  Sabine  was  the  limit  fixed 
by  the  treaty.     The  Floridas  were  transferred  to 
_    *       the  United  States  in  satisfaction  of  claims  amount 
ing  to  $5,000,000.     These  claims  are  not  entirely 
settled  yet. 

THE    MISSOURI     COMPROMISE. 

68.  The  application  of  Missouri  for  admission  into 
the  Union  aggravated  the  discords  between  the  Northern  and 
Southern    States,  which,  after  forty  years  of  further  contro- 


*  John  Quincy  Adams  (1767-1848),  the  Secretary  of  State,  was  the  son  of  President 
John  Adams.  At  fourteen  he  was  private  secretary  of  Dana,  United  States  Minister 
to  St.  Petersburg.  In  1794  he  was  Minister  to  the  Netherlands,  and  afterwards  to 
Portugal  and  to  Prussia.  In  1809  he  was  Minister  to  Russia.  He  was  chief  Plenipo 
tentiary  to  Ghent  in  1814  ;  and  next  year,  Ambassador  at  London.  He  became  Presi 
dent  in  1825.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1831,  and 
remained  a  member  till  his  death.  His  fatal  attack  seized  him  while  occupy  ing  his  seat 
m  the  House.  He  was  carried  to  the  Speaker's  room,  where  he  died,  on  the  second 
day.  His  last  words  were,  *'  This  is  the  end  of  earth  j  I  am  content." 


I94  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

versy,  produced  the  War  of  Secession.  It  caused  a  contest  for 
power  between  the  slave-holding  and  the  non-slave-holding 
States.  One  party  desired  the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the 
new  State  ;  the  other,  its  retention.  The  prospect  of  civil  war 
was  recognized.  The  question  was  revived  with  greater  in 
tensity  when  Maine  applied  for  admission  at  the  ensuing  ses 
sion  of  Congress.  Thomas,  of  Illinois,  proposed  to  allow 
slavery  in  Missouri,  but  to  exclude  it  from  the  rest  of  Lou 
isiana,  north  of  the  parallel  of  36°  20'.  This  condition  was 
8  adopted  when  Missouri  was  accepted  as  a  State.* 

Maine  was  first  admitted  ;   Missouri  had  to  wait 
21  Aug. 

another  year. 

69.  Mr.  Monroe's  second  term  of  office  began  before 

the  admission  of  Missouri.  During  his  first  term  four  States 
were  received  into  the  Union  :  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Alabama, 
and  Maine.  Provision  had  been  made  for  admitting  Mis 
souri  also. 

70.  The  Atlantic  was  first  crossed  by  a  steam  ves 
sel  during  this  period.     The  Savannah,  a  very  small  craft, 

£  passed  from  Savannah,  in  Georgia,  to  Liverpool,  f 

T  ""      It  pointed  the  way  for  the  large  and  multitudinous 
V*  steamships    that  now   traverse  the   oceans  in    all 
directions. 


*  This  provision  is  known  in  the  subsequent  history  as  the  "  The  Missouri  Com 
promise." 

t  Sails  were  used  as  well  as  steam.  In  bad  weather  the  wheels  were  unshipped. 
The  Savannah  was  twenty-five  days,  after  leaving  Savannah,  before  it  came  in  sight 
of  the  coast  of  Ireland. 


SUM  MAR  Y  FOR  RE  VIE  W.  1 95 


SUMMARY  OF  TOPICS.— PART  IV. 
THE    REPUBLIC   ESTABLISHED. 

Washington's  Administration,  i.  Washington's  task  ;  his  Cabi 
net.  2.  Raising  a  revenue.  3.  Hamilton's  policy.  4.  A  National  Bank  ; 
a  mint.  5.  Anti-slavery  petition  ;  slavery  south  of  the  Ohio.  6.  Washing 
ton  City.  7.  War  with  the  Indians.  7.  Federalists  and  Anti-Federalists  ; 
their  leaders.  9.  Genest  and  French  interference.  10.  The  whiskey  in 
surrection.  II.  Disputes  with  Britain;  the  Jay  treaty.  12.  Treaty  with 
Algiers;  with  Spain.  13.  Washington's  retirement.  14.  His  successor; 
Washington's  death  ;  progress  of  the  country. 

Administration  of  John  Adams.  15.  Antagonism  of  President  and 
Vice-President.  16.  Troubles  with  France.  17.  War  with  France .  18. 
Alien  and  sedition  laws  ;  Kentucky  and  Virginia  resolutions.  19.  Wash 
ington  the  seat  of  Government.  20.  Third  presidential  election  ;  amend 
ment  to  the  Constitution 

Jefferson's  Administration.  21.  Aspect  of  affairs;  Jefferson's  manners. 
22.  Purchase  of  Louisiana.  23.  \Var  with  Barbary  States  ;  Decatur  ; 
Eaton.  24.  Aaron  Burr  ;  death  of  Hamilton  ;  Burr's  schemes.  25.  Lewis 
and  Clarke's  expedition.  26.  Controversy  with  Britain  ;  orders  in  coun 
cil  and  imperial  decrees.  27.  Chesapeake  and  Leopatd.  28.  Embargo. 
29.  Jefferson's  retirement.  30.  Progress  made. 

Madison's  Administration.  31.  Dangers  in  prospect.  32.  President 
and  Little  Belt,  33.  War  with  Tecumseh  ;  Tippecanoe. 

War  of  1812.  34.  British  reparation  ;  war  declared.  35.  Canadaat- 
tacked.  36.  Hull's  failure  ;  surrender  of  Detroit.  37.  Battle  of  Queens 
town  ;  massacre  at  Fort  Dearborn.  38.  Constitution  and  Guerriere ; 
Macedonian  and  Java.  39.  Madison  reelected. 

Second  Campaign.  40.  Plan  of  campaign.  41.  Massacre  of  the 
River  Raisin.  42.  The  Maumee  ;  Toronto.  43.  Perry  on  Lake  Erie  ; 
battle  of  the  Thames.  44.  Battle  of  Chrysler's  Field.  45.  Chesapeake 
and  Shannon  ;  Lawrence's  last  order.  46.  Attack  on  Norfolk.  47.  Creek 
War  ;  mediation  of  Russia. 

Third  Campaign.     48.  Relation  of  the  belligerents.     49.  The  Creeks. 

50.  Fort    Mimms  ;  Tallasehatche  ;    Talladega  ;    Autosse  ;  Eccanachaca. 

51.  Battle  of  the  Horseshoe;  Weathersford's  surrender.      52.  Battle  of 
Lundy's  Lane.     53.   Battles  of  Plattsburg.     54.  Capture  of  Washington  ; 
Alexandria;  Baltimore.     55.   Pensacola  taken  ;  New  Orleans  threatened. 
56.  Battles  of  New  Orleans.    57.   ^\\&  Essex  ;  its  capture.    58.   Hartford 
Convention.    59.   Treaty  of  Ghent.     60.   War  with  Barbary.     61.  Return 
of  peace  ;  tariff  question.     62.  National  Bank  ;  Liberia  ;  Louisiana  and 
Indiana  admitted. 


196 


HISTOR  Y  OF  THE   UNITED  STA  TES. 


Monroe's  Administration.  63.  The  era  of  good  feeling.  64.  Inter 
nal  improvements  ;  national  road  ;  Erie  Canal  ;  abrogation  of  taxes.  65. 
Suppression  of  pirates.  66.  Jackson's  invasion  of  Florida.  67.  Florida 
acquired.  68.  The  Missouri  compromise.  69.  Four  States  admitted.  70. 

The  Savannah  crosses  the  Atlantic.  *• 


MONROE'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


PARt  V. 
PROGRESS  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

FROM    THE    MISSOURI    COMPROMISE    TO    THE    WAR    OF 
SECESSION. 

1821-1861. 

MONROE'S   SECOND  ADMINISTRATION.— 1821-1825. 

1.  Mr.  Monroe's  second  term  as  President  was  a 

time  of  tranquillity  and  of  general  prosperity.  The  American 
republics  which  had  revolted  from  Spain  were  recognized  by 
the  United  States  as  independent  governments.  This  occa 
sioned  the  assertion  of  what  has  been  called  "  The  Monroe 

g  Doctrine,"*  denouncing  any  further  European  ac 
quisition  of  territory  in  America,  or  any  European 
interference  in  American  affairs.  With  the  position  thus 

g  assumed  by  the  United  States  was  closely  connected 
the  attitude  of  the  Federal  Government  towards  the 
proposed  Panama  Congress. f 

OTHER  NOTABLE  EVENTS. 

2.  The   settlement  of  the    Pacific    coast   near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  was  urged  by  General  Floyd,  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Virginia.     He  gave  the  country  the 
name  of  Oregon.     An  agreement  made  with  Great  Britain  and 
Russia  threw  it  open  to  settlement,  though  the  last  disputes  in 

*  "  The  Monroe  Doctrine"  was  announced  in  the  President's  annual  message  of 
2d  December,  1873.  It  was  suggested  by  Canning,  the  British  Secretary  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  and  much  enlarged  by  John  Quincy  Adams,  who  wrote  that  part  of  the  mes 
sage. 

t  "  The  Panama  Congress  "  was  an  intended  meeting  of  plenipotentiaries  from  the 
revolted  Spanish  republics.  An  invitation  to  send  representatives  was  accepted  by 
the  President.  The  Congress  never  assembled. 


I98  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

regard  to  its  ownership  were  not  closed  till  forty  years  later. 
A  convention  was  made  with  Great  Britain  for  the  suppression 
of  the  African  slave  trade.     Forty  millions  of  the  public  debt 
were  paid  off  during  Monroe's  administration.    In  his 
last  year  of  office,  Lafayette  revisited  the  country,  as  its 
honored  guest,  and  was  received  everywhere  with  enthusiasm. 
3.  At  the  next   election,  which  was  decided  by  Congress, 
John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  was  chosen  Presi 
dent.      John  C.   Calhoun*   was  Vice- President.     Henry 
Clay,f  of  Kentucky,  one  of  the  candidates  for  the  Presidency, 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  State. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JOHN  QUINCY   ADAMS.— 
"1825-1829. 

4.  A  serious    controversy    between  the   State   of 

Georgia  and  the  Central 
Government  early  engaged 
the  attention  of  Mr.  Adams. 
It  grew  out  of  the  measures 
taken  by  Georgia  to  extend 
its  authority  over  the  lands  of 
the  Cherokees. 

5.  During  Adams's  admin 
istration     two    former    Presi- 
Xs  dents — his  father  John  Adams, 
and  Thomas   Jefferson — died 
on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of 
JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS.  the    Declaration    of   Indepen- 


*  John  Caldwell  Calhoun  (1782-1850)  was  born  in  South  Carolina.  His  parents  had 
moved  from  South-western  Virginia.  He  was  Vice-President  in  1825,  and  again  in 
1829.  He  resigned  his  office,  and  was  elected  United  States  Senator,  in  1831.  He  ad 
vocated  extreme  State  Rights  doctrines  (Calhoun  doctrine),  and  was  the  leader  of 
nullification  in  1832.  He  was  also  regarded  as  the  author  of  secession. 

t  Henry  Clay  (1777-1852)  was  a  poor  boy,  born  in  Virginia.  He  settled  at  Lexing 
ton,  Kentucky,  in  1797.  He  was  the  strenuous  advocate  of  a  protective  tariff,  and 
of  what  was  termed  u  the  American  System,"  favoring  home  productions. 


A NDRE  W  JA  CKSON 'S  ADMINISTRA  TION.          x 99 

dence.     Another  President,  Mr.  Monroe,   expired  five  years 
later,  on  the  same  day  of  the  same  month. 

6.  Bitter  opposition  was  provoked  throughout  the 
Southern  States  by  an  increase  of  duties  on  such  imported 
articles  as  came  into  competition  with  home  manufactures. 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia  denounced  the  Tariff  Act  as 
"  unconstitutional,  as  well  as  unjust  and  oppressive,  and  con 
sequently  not  obligatory  on  the  States,  if  they  thought  proper 
to  resist  it."     The  feeling  excited  by  this  act  threatened,  a 
few  years  later,  to  divide  the  Union. 

7.  Mr.  Adams  was  not  elected  President  a  second 
time.     He  was  succeeded  by  General  Jackson,  who  received 
more  than  two-thirds  of  the  electoral  votes. 


THE    ADMINISTRATION   OF   ANDREW   JACKSON.— 
1829-1837. 

8.  Few  of  the  Presidents  since  Washington  pro 
duced  such  an  enduring1  impression  on  the  public  mind 
as  Andrew  Jackson.  He  had 
already  attracted  notice  by 
his  conduct  in  the  Creek  War, 
and  in  the  war  with  Great 
Britain.  Indian  wars  were 
renewed  under  his  adminis 
tration.  The  Sacs  and  Foxes 
refused  to  surrender  their 
hunting  grounds.  Black 
Hawk,  the  chief  of  the  Sacs, 


1832. 
2  Aug. 


was  defeated,  and 

his  followers  were 

transplanted  to  the 
further  side  of  the  Mississippi.  ANDREW  JACKSON. 

The  Cherok^es  were  an  offence  to  the  people   of  Georgia, 


200  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

who  sought  their  removal.  The  harassed  tribes  claimed  the 
protection  of  the  General  Government  on  the  faith  of  treaty 
stipulations.  A  conflict  arose  between  the  State  and  the  Fed 
eral  authority.  The  Cherokees  were  compelled  to  exchange 
their  home  in  the  mountains  of  Georgia  for  a  settlement  on 
the  rich  lands  west  of  Arkansas. 

NULLIFICATION. 

9.  The  recent  tariff  occasioned   graver  troubles. 

The  opposing  views  of  the  Northern  and  Southern  States  were 
ably  presented,  in  an  earnest  debate  in  the  Senate,  by  Daniel 
Webster,*  of  Massachusetts,  and  Robert  Hayne,  of  South 
Carolina.  Words  were  ineffectual.  South  Carolina  proceeded 
to  action.  Forcible  resistance  to  the  exaction  of  customs  in 
£  the  ports  was  ordered  by  a  convention  in  that 

A  '  State,  and  an  Ordinance  of  Nullification  f  was 
passed.  President  Jackson  issued  a  proclamation 
declaring  that  "  the  laws  of  the  United  States  must  be  ex 
ecuted."  Actual  violence  was  prevented  by  the  mediation  of 
Virginia.  A  compromise,  proposed  to  Congress  by  Mr.  Clay, 
postponed  civil  war  for  nearly  thirty  years. 

THE     UNITED     STATES     BANK. 

10.  The  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the  United  States 
Bank  occasioned  bitter  party  feeling,  after  the  nullification 
controversy  had  been  quieted.     The  renewal  was  opposed  by 
Jackson  in  his  first  annual  message.     When  the  charter  was 

£     _      granted  by  Congress,  he  defeated  the  measure  by  his 

veto.     He  subsequently  removed  the  public  moneys 

from  the  keeping  of  that  powerful  corporation.     A  disastrous 


*  Daniel  Webster  (1782-1852)  entered  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1813.  In  1828 
he  became  United  States  Senator  from  Massachusetts.  The  debate  with  Hayne 
occurred  in  January,  1830.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  under  Presidents  Harrison, 
Tyler,  and  Fillmore. 

t  Nullification  means  rendering  null  and  void,  by  State  action,  an  act  of  the  general 
Government. 


THE  SEMINOLE    WAR.  26l 

financial  crash  followed  some  time  afterwards,  and  may  have 
-         been  hastened  by  this  transaction.      The  bank  stag 
gered  on  under  a  charter  from  the  State  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  but  failed  in  a  few  years. 

11.  Jackson  was  reelected  to  the  Presidency  while 
the  anxious  contentions  were  in  progress.     Martin  van  Buren* 
was  chosen  Vice-President,  in  place  of  Calhoun,  who  had  re 
signed  his  office  and  become  a  Senator. 

12.  The  unsatisfactory  negotiations  with  France, 
in  regard  to  the  former  spoliations  of  American   commerce, 
were  brought  to  a  close  by  Jackson's  decision.     He  presented 
the  choice  between  immediate  settlement  or  immediate  war. 
The  intervention  of  England  prevented  war  and  secured  a  set 
tlement. 

THE     SEMINOJLE     WAR. 

13.  A  harassing  Indian  war  was  caused  by  the  attempt 
to  remove  the  Indians  from  Florida  and  the  South-west.     The 
Seminoles  refused  to  abandon  Florida.     They  retired  into  the 
woods,  jungle,  and  swamps,  which  cover  millions  of  acres  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  country.     It   was  difficult  to  follow 
them  there,   and    easy   for  them   to    surprise    their  pursuers. 

«  ,  Osceo'la,  one  of  their  chiefs,  was  put  in  fetters 
and  was  imprisoned.  He  had  his  revenge.  Rushing 
from  an  ambush,  near  Tampa  Bay,  he  slew  all  but  one  of  a 
detachment  of  one  hundred  and  seventeen  men.  The  one 
survivor  was  mortally  wounded.  General  Clinch  was  attacked 
at  the  passage  of  the  Withlacoo'chee,  and  forced  to  retire  be 
hind  the  stream.  Osceola  was  seized  by  General  Jessup  and 
confined  at  Charleston  in  Fort  Moultrie.  There  he  languished 
and  died.  Jessup  thought  that  the  war  was  at  an  end.  It 


*  Martin  van  Buren  (1782-1862),  of  New  York,  was  the  head  of  the  political  organ 
ization  of  the  Democratic  party  in  that  State  known  as  "  tne  Albany  Regency."  He 
was  Secretary  of  State  in  1829.  He  became  President  in  1837.  He  held  no  office  sub 
sequently,  though  he  continued  to  be  prominent  in  public  affairs. 


202  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

went  on.     General  Zachary  Taylor*  fell  on  the  Seminoles  at 
g  g       Lake  Okeecho'bee  and  defeated  them  with  such 
_~   '      slaughter  as  to  break  their  spirit,  f     This  was  the 
most  decisive  action  of  the  war,  but  peace  was  not 
declared  for  three  years  more.     The  Seminole  war  cost  thirty 
or  forty  millions  of   dollars,  and  had  been  carried  on  with 
twenty  thousand  white  soldiers  against  seventeen  hundred  In 
dians  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  negroes.     A   summer's  cam 
paign  subdued  the  Creeks,  and  they  were  removed  to  the  West. 

14.  The   violence   and   bitterness   of  parties  were 
greatly  augmented  by  Jackson's  administration.  J  The  character 
of  the  questions  in  dispute  had  much  to  do  with  this  unhappy 
altercation.     The  temper,  manners,  and  morals  of  Jackson  him 
self  exercised  a  pernicious  influence.     He  first  employed  the 
public  offices  distinctly  as  a  reward  for  party  services  ;  and  he 
acted  on  the  maxim,  since  accepted  in  the  place  of  political 
principle,  "  To  the  victors  belong  the  spoils."  §      Growing  de 
pravation  of  political  sentiment  has  been  the  result. 

PROSPERITY     OF     THE     COUNTRY. 

15.  The  country  continued  to  make  surprising  prog 
ress.      The  population  was  nearly  thirteen  millions.      The 
national  debt  was  extinguished.     Thirty-seven  and  a  half  mill 
ions  of  dollars — the  surplus  in  the  treasury — was  distributed 
among  the  States.     Virginia  deemed  the  procedure  contrary  to 
the  Constitution,  and  declined  her  share.     The  Indians  were 
removed  from  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi.     Two  new 
States  were  added  to  the  Union — Arkansas  and  Michigan. 


*  General  Taylor  (1784-1850)  distinguished  himself  in  1812  by  his  defence  of  Fort 
Harrison,  on  the  Wabash.  He  served  in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  He  was  in  Florida 
from  1836  to  1840.  In  1845  he  was  sent  to  protect  Texas  against  Mexico.  He  became 
President  in  1849,  ar»d  died  in  office  within  a  year  and  a  half. 

t  The  Seminoles  had  posted  themselves  on  an  island  in  the  lake.  The  assailants 
waded  through  water  breast-high. 

%  On  the  3ist  January,  1835,  an  attempt  to  assassinate  General  Jackson  was  made,  on 
the  portico  of  the  Capitol,  by  Richard  Lawrence,  an  insane  man. 

§  This  dangerous  doctrine  was  proclaimed  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  by 
Mr.  Marcy,  of  New  York. 


MAR  TIN  VAN  B  UREN'S  ADMIN1STRA  TION.         203 

ADMINISTRATION    OF    MARTIN    VAN     BUREN.— 
1837-1841. 

16.  Martin  van  Buren  was  the  first  President  of  the 
generation  born  since  the  Revolution.  Shortly  after  his  inau 
guration  the  country  was  overwhelmed  with  general  distress,  the 
consequences  of  wild  spec 
ulation  in  the  recent  pros 
perous  years.  The  banks 


"^  specie.  Credit 
was  everywhere 
denied.  Failure  followed 
failure  in  all  branches  of 
industry.  The  public  rev 
enue  became  insufficient  for 
the  public  needs.  Large 
foreign  loans,  contracted 
for  the  construction  of  rail-  MARTIN  VAN  BUREN' 

roads  and  other  public  improvements,  went  unpaid.  Some 
States  repudiated  their  obligations.  Misery  and  impoverish 
ment  covered  the  land. 

17.  The  outbreak  of  the  Canadian  rebellion  exposed 

the  Government  to  new  anxieties  in  the  midst  of  these  financial 
disasters.  Serious  results  were  prevented  by  the  prudence  of 
General  Scott,  who  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
northern  frontier. 

THE     MAGNETIC    TELEGRAPH,  Etc. 

18.  A  patent  was  granted  for  Morse's  magnetic  telegraph 
in  the  first  year  of  Van  Buren's  administration.*     This  was  the 
beginning  of  those  lines  of  telegraphic  communication   which 

*  Samuel  Finley  Breese  Morse  (1791-1872)  was  an  artist,  and  acquired  reputation  as 
a  painter.  He  visited  Europe  a  second  time  in  1829,  in  prosecution  of  his  studies ; 
and  on  his  return,  in  1832,  invented  the  magnetic  telegraph.  The  patent  was  issued 
in  1837.  The  first  line  of  wire  was  put  up  between  Washington  and  Baltimore  in 
1843.  The  first  message  was  sent  24th  May,  1844.  Morse  laid  the  first  submarine  cable 
in  October,  1842. 


204  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

now  cover  the  country,  and  almost  the  world,  as  with  a  net. 
The  next  year  the  first  naval  exploring  expedition  sent  out  by 
the  United  States  sailed  from  Norfolk,  under  command  of 
Captain  Wilkes.  The  sixth  census  showed  that  the  population 
had  increased  four  millions  in  ten  years.  In  the  same  year  in 
which  the  census  was  taken,  the  Anti-Slavery  Society  was 
organized. 

19.  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  not  reelected.  He  had  gained 
the  confidence  of  few.  He  had  provoked  the  enmity  of  many. 
William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio,  was  elected  President,  and 
John  Tyler,*  of  Virginia,  Vice-President.  They  were  chosen 
as  Whigs.  This  was  the  first  Whig  victory  in  general  politics. 
The  success  was  gained  by  new  devices  and  new  forms  of  popu 
lar  excitement.  The  Republicans,  who  had  latterly  been  called 
Democrats,  had  controlled  the  Government  for  forty  years. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF    WILLIAM   HENRY    HAR 
RISON  AND  JOHN  TYLER.— 1841-1845. 

20.  President  Harrison  died  one  month  after  being  in 
augurated.  The  Vice-Pres 
ident  became  President  by 
the  terms  of  the  Constitu 
tion.  He  soon  offended 
the  Whig  party,  by  which  he 
had  been  elected,  but  from 
which  he  differed  on  the 
vital  questions  of  the  bank, 
the  tariff,  and  State  rights. 

TYLER'S     VETOES. 

21.  Mr.   Clay    devised 
an  act  for  the  establishment 
WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON.        of  a  National  Bank.    It 

*  John  Tyler  (1790-1862)  was  the  son  of  Judge  Tyler,  who  preceded  President  Mon- 


THE  A  SHB  UR  TON  TREA  T  Y. 


205 


was  vetoed  by  the  President.  A  second  bill  for  the  same 
purpose  was  met  by  a  second  veto.  A  tariff  act  was  also 
vetoed.  The  veto  was  employed  five  times  in  eighteen  months 
by  Mr.  Tyler.  He  was  thus  placed  in  entire  opposition  to  his 
party,  and  was  abandoned  by  them.  His  Cabinet  resigned, 
with  the  exception  of  Mr.  Webster,  who  retained  the  office  of 
Secretary  of  State,  to  close  the  important  negotiations  in  prog 
ress  with  Great  Britain. 


THE     ASH  BURTON    TREATY. 

22.  The  questions  under  discussion  had  often  endan 
gered  the  peaceful  relations  of  the  two  countries.     The 
gravest  was  the  deter 
mination  of   the  boun 
dary    of    Maine.      A 
treaty  was  happily  con 
cluded  by  Mr.  Webster 
and   Lord   Ashburton,* 
who  had   been  sent  to 
Washington 


1842. 
20  Aug. 


as  Envoy  Ex- 


traordinary 
for  the  purpose.  This 
treaty  is  known  as 
"The  Ashburton 
Treaty."  It  conceded, 
in  the  main,  the  claims 
of  the  United  States. 


JOHN    TYLER. 


roe  as  Governor  of  Virginia.  President  Tyler  was  Governor  of  Virginia,  1825-1826 ; 
and  was  elected,  over  John  Randolph,  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1827.  He  with 
drew  from  the  Senate  in  1836,  when  Virginia  instructed  her  Senators  to  vote  for  Ben- 
ton's  Expunging  Resolution.  He  became  President  in  April,  1841,  by  the  death  of 
President  Harrison.  In  1861  he  was  President  of  "The  Peace  Conference,"  and  was 
Senator  in  the  Senate  of  the  Confederate  States. 

*  Lord  Ashburton,  an  untrained  diplomatist,  is  alleged  to  have  been  outwitted.  A 
map  was  known  to  exist  in  the  French  archives,  with  a  red  line,  drawn  by  Franklin, 
marking  the  boundary  as  it  was  asserted  by  the  British  Government  to  be. 


206  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

THE    DORR    REBELLION. 

23.  An  attempt  to  change  the  constitution  of  Rhode 
Island  led,  this  summer,  to  a  small  civil  war,  in  which  one 

g         life  was  lost.     The  State  was  still  governed  by  the 

charter  of  Charles  II.     The  riot  was  designated  The 

Dorr  Rebellion,  from  Thomas  W.  Dorr,  the  governor  elected 

by  the  insurgents,    A  new  constitution,  regularly  framed,  went 

into  operation  the  ensuing  year. 

DISCOVERY     OF    THE     SOUTH     PASS. 

24.  Capt.  Fremont  *  discovered  about  this  time  an  easy 
R  pass  through  the  Rocky  Mountains   for  emigrant 
--    .'      trains  proceeding  towards  the  Pacific  coast.     His 

discovery  of  the  South  Pass  encouraged  settle 
ment  in  Oregon,  and  opened  the  way  to  regions  of  unexampled 
promise. 

ADMISSION    OF    TEXAS. 

25.  Texas  was  admitted   into  the   Union,  as  a  State,  by  a 
joint  resolution  of  Congress,  three  days  before  the  end  of  Mr- 

_  Tyler's  administration.!  A  treaty  for  its  admission 

iyi       t    had  been  rejected  by  the  Senate  in  the  preceding 
year.     The  new  State  had  thrown  off  the  yoke  of 
Mexico,  and  won  its  independence  by  a  series  of  surprising 
events.     The  territory  had  been  first  visited  by  La  Salle,  and 
claimed  for  France.     It  was  reclaimed  by  Spain.    The  United 
States  demanded  it  as  a  part  of  Louisiana,  when  Florida  was 
acquired,  but  receded  from  their   demand.     Stephen  Austin, 
and  other  settlers  from  the  United  States,  prepared  to  sepa- 
g   ,       rate  it  from  Mexico.    The  Mexicans  undertook  the 
2  M       h   suPPressi°n  °f  this  rebellion.      They  were  driven 
'  out  of  the  country,  and  Texas  declared  its  inde 
pendence.    Santa  Anna,  at  the  head  of  a  Mexican  army,  J  took 

*  For  a  notice  of  Fremont,  see  note  to  §  51,  p.  219. 

t  The  resolution  was  passed,  to  take  the  matter  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Senate.  It 
authorized  the  creation,  out  of  the  territory  of  Texas,  of  "  new  States,  of  convenient 
size,  not  exceeding  four  in  number,  in  addition  to  the  said  State  of  Texas.*'  *  * 

\  General  Antonio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna  (1798-1876)  promoted  the  downfall  of  the 


ADMISSION  Of  TEXAS. 


207 


Fort  Alamo,  and  slew  the  garrison   in  the  attack,  or  slaugh 
tered  them  after  the  surrender.     He  defeated  Colonel  Fannin 
..  ,        at  Goliad,  captured  more  than  six  hundred  men, 

A     '1    anc*  murdered  a^  but  one-  He  was,  however,  him 
self  defeated,  and  taken  prisoner  by  General  Hous 
ton,*  at  San  Jacinto.     Soon  after  this  victory  Texas  was 


RUINS    OF   THE   ALAMO. 

recognized  as  an  independent  State  by  France,  Great  Britain, 


Emperor  Iturbide,  and  was  m^de  commander-in-chief.  In  1833  he  became  Presi 
dent  of  Mexico.  He  lost  a  leg  in  the  French  bombardment  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  1838.  He 
was  banished  for  ten  years,  but  was  recalled  in  1846,  to  resist  the  American  invasion. 
After  his  successive  defeats  he  resigned  the  Presidency.  Maximilian  made  him 
Grand  Marshal  of  the  Empire. 

*  General  Samuel  Houston  (1793-1863)  was  born  near  Lexington,  Virginia.  In  1807 
his  widowed  mother,  with  her  nine  children,  removed  to  Tennessee.  In  1808  Samuel 
ran  away,  crossed  the  Tennessee,  and  lived  with  the  Indians  for  three  years.  He  was 
adopted  by  one  of  their  principal  chiefs,  Oolooteka.  In  1813  he  served  as  a  private 
under  General  Jackson,  and  was  thrice  wounded— It  was  supposed  mortally.  He  was 
chosen  Governor  of  Tennessee  in  1827.  Soon  after  his  marriage,  in  1829,  he  aban 
doned  wife  and  home,  and  was  formally  made  a  Cherokee  by  the  old  chief  Ooloo 
teka.  He  removed  to  Texas  about  1833.  In  1835  he  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army.  He  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto.  In  Sep 
tember  he  was  elected  President  of  Texas  ;  again  in  1841  ;  and  Governor  of  the  State 
in  1859.  He  was  opposed  to  secession,  and  resigned  the  Governorship  rather  than 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Southern  Confederacy. 


208 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  the  United  States.     A  lone  star  was  adopted  as  its  em 
blem,  and  was  placed  upon  its  banners. 

26.  A  year  before  the  close  of  Mr.  Tyler's  administration, 
two  members  of  the  Cabinet,  and  other  persons  of  distinction 
were  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  great  gun,  The 


1844. 
28  Feb. 


Peacemaker,  on  board  the  Princeton.     A  brill 


iant  company  were  on  the  vessel,  having  been  in 
vited  to  witness  the  performance  of  this  novel  cannon.  The 
President  narrowly  escaped  being  one  of  the  victims. 

27.  The  Texan  question  determined  the  election  of  a 
President  to  succeed  Tyler.  James  K.  Polk,*  of  Tennessee, 
who  favored  the  acquisition  of  Texas,  was  elected  over  Henry 
Clay,  the  candidate  of  the  Whigs,  who  was  an  earnest  oppo 
nent  of  its  reception.  Florida  also  became  a  State  during  Mr. 
Tyler's  term,  and  the  admission  of  Iowa  was  provided  for. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  JAMES  K.  POLK.- 1845-1849. 

28.  Mexico  had  thrice  declared  that  she  would  regard 

the  annexation  of  Texas  as  a 
cause  of  war.  President 
Folk's  administration,  ac 
cordingly,  began  with  the 
prospect,  and  almost  the  cer 
tainty,  of  hostilities.  Texas 
accepted  the  terms  of  ad 
mission  proposed,  and  called 
for  protection.  General 
Zachary  Taylor  was  or 
dered  to  guard  the  frontier 
of  the  new  State.  A  naval 
JAMES  K.  POLK.  squadron  was  sent  to  Vera 


*  James  Knox  Polk  (1795-1849)  was  born  in  North  Carolina.  He  was  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  in  Congress,  in  1835.  In  1839  he  became  Governor  of 
Tennessee;  in  1845  President  of  the  United  States.  He  died  at  the  close  of  the 
summer  following  the  completion  of  his  term  of  office. 


POLK  '  S  A  DM  INI S  TRA  TlOtf.  209 

Cruz  (varah  krooz),  and  another  to  the  Pacific,  with  orders  to 
seize  California  *  on  the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  Proposals 
were,  at  the  same  time,  made  to  Mexico  for  the  purchase  of 
California,  and  of  the  boundary  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

THE     MEXICAN     WAR. 

29.  Next  spring  General  Taylor  was  directed  to  ad 
vance  to  the  Rio  Grande.     He  encamped  on  the  edge  of 
the  desert  tract  before  Matamoras.     Mexico  declared  war.    A 
Mexican  army  crossed  the  river.     It  was  met  and  defeated  by 
General  Taylor  at  Palo  Alto,  with  little  more  than  a  third  of 
the  numbers  opposed  to  him.     The  Mexicans  received  heavy 
reinforcements.      They   were  routed    again  at  Resaca  de  la 
Palma   (rti sah-kah  da  lah pal'maJi}.     Taylor  occupied   Mata 
moras,  and  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  volunteers  that  had  been 
called  for. 

THE     OREGON    TREATY. 

30.  Important  transactions  took  place  while  Taylor 
lay  idle  at  Matamoras.     Oregon  had  been  held  by  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  as  joint  occupants.   Congress  resolved 

~  ,       to  terminate  this  occupancy,  and  gave  notice  of  its 
*  T  intention.      A   treaty    was  signed  at  Washington, 

settling  the    disputed    claim   to  the  territory.     A 
cause  of  serious  contention  and  danger  was  thus  removed. 

SEIZURE    OF     CALIFORNIA. 

31.  The  designs  of  the  United  States  upon  Califor 
nia  were  accomplished  sooner  than  the  Government  expected, 
and  by  other  means.     Colonel  Fremont  was  in  the  country, 
engaged  in  an  exploring  expedition.     He  was  threatened  by 


*  California  is  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  Cortez,  from  the  queen  of  the  Ama 
zons,  Califa,  in  the  Spanish  romance  of  Esplandian,  mentioned  in  Don  Quixote. 
Texas  possibly  derived  its  designation  from  Tiquas,  or  Laiekas,  an  Indian  tribe. 


2IO 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE  GOLDEN   GATE   AS   SEEN   FROM    SAN    FRANCISCO. 

the  Mexicans.     The  Americans  on  the  Pacific  coast  declared 

^  ,       their  independence.     Monterey  (tnont'a-ra\  San 

y  7  '       Francisco,  and   Los   Angeles  (loz  anje-les),  were 

taken,  and  the  United  States  flag  was  raised  as  soon 

as  official  intelligence  of  the  war  was  received. 

RESUMPTION    OF     HOSTILITIES. 

32.  General  Taylor  marched  upon  Monterey  *  when 
the  volunteers  had  joined  him.     He  stormed   and  took  the 
town,  after  a  stubborn  fight.    An  armistice  for  eight  weeks  was 
concluded,  but  it  was  disallowed  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States.     A  new  danger  was  approaching.      Santa  Anna 
had  been  permitted   to    return   from   Havana,  where  he  was 
living  in  exile.     He  became  President  of  Mexico,  gathered  a 
formidable  army,  and  marched  against  the  invaders  at  Mon 
terey. 

33.  General  Worth  was  stationed  at  Saltillo,  in  advance  of 
that  place.     He  was  joined  by  General  Wool,  and  afterwards 
by  General  Taylor,  whose  force  had  been  greatly  weakened  by 
drafts  from  it  for  the  army  of  General  Scott.     Taylor  took  up 


*  There  were  two  Montereys  in  Mexico  ;  one  in  the  north-east,  one  on  the  Pacific. 


RESUMPTION  OF  HOSTILITIES.  2II 

his  position  at  Buena  Vista  (fnvanah  vees'tah),  with  only  five 
thousand  men.  Santa  Anna  arrived  with  more  than  twice  that 
number.*  The  Mexican  summons  to  surrender  was  quietly 

refused.  Next  morning  the  battle  began.  It  was 
•c  i  kept  up  during  the  day.  It  had  been  gallantly 

maintained  by  Taylor's  little  army,  and  seemed  to 
be  lost  when  night  arrested  the  combat.  Taylor  occupied  the 
field,  expecting  the  renewal  of  the  battle  with  returning  light. f 
The  Mexicans  had  withdrawn  in  the  darkness,  to  meet  greater 
perils  in  the  South. 

34.  The  return  of  Santa  Anna  to  Mexico,  and  his 
energetic  conduct,  rendered  a  change  in  the  line  of  operations 
expedient.     He  had  deceived  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  which  had  accorded  him  a  passage  through  the  fleet. 
Instead  of  promoting  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  inspired  the 
Mexicans  with  increased  determination.     It  was  resolved  to 
strike  at  the  heart  of  the  Mexican  Republic.     General 
Scott  was  placed  in  command  of  the  main  army,  with  orders 
to  advance  from  the  coast  to  the  city  of  Mexico.     This  pur 
pose  left  General  Taylor  and   his  troops  in  idleness.      The 
border  territory  was,  however,  already  occupied  by  the  Amer 
icans. 

VERA  CRUZ  AND  CERRO  GORDO. 

35.  Scott's  army  was  conveyed  to  Vera  Cruz  by  sea. 
That  strongly  fortified  city    was  attacked  from  the  water  and 

g  from  the  land,  and  soon  capitulated.     After  a  fort- 

?    M       h    ni§nt's  preparation,  Scott  advanced  into  the  inte 
rior.     At  the  foot  of  the  mountains  he  found  the 
heights  above  fortified  and  occupied  by  Santa  Anna,  who  had 
got  back  from  Buena  Vista  by  a  rapid  march.     The  works  at 


*  The  number  is  uncertain.  It  is  usually  put  at  over  twenty  thousand,  on  the 
strength  of  Santa  Anna's  declaration  when  he  summoned  Taylor  to  surrender. 

t  To  the  last  charge,  directed  by  Taylor,  belongs  the  once  famous  order,  "  Give  them 
a  little  more  grape,  Capt.  Bragg."  There  is  no  foundation  for  the  story. 


212  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Cerro  Gordo  were  turned  by  a  road  secretly  constructed  by 

R  .      ..   Capt.  Robert  E.  Lee  and  Lieutenant  Beauregard  * 

"  (bo're-gard).     The  ridges  were  scaled,  the  intrench- 

ments  stormed,  the  Mexicans  routed,  and  pursued  almost  to 

Jalapa  (hah-lahpati).     Next  day  Jalapa  was  entered. 

HALT    AT     PUEBLA. 

36.  Three  days  after  the  occupation  of  Jalapa  the  fortress 
of  Perote  (pa-rd'td),  on  the  summit  of  the  eastern  Cordillera, f 
was  captured;  with  its  guns  and  ammunition.     In  three  weeks 
more  the  great  and  populous  city  of  Puebla  (pweb'la/i)  was 
taken.     Here  General  Scott  waited  for  reinforcements,  as  his 
numbers  had  fallen  to  four  or  five  thousand  men.     During  this 
interval  of  rest,  Nicholas  P.  Trist,-the  special  commissioner  of 
the  United  States,  vainly  invited  the  Mexicans  to  make  peace. 

RENEWAL    OF    THE    ADVANCE. 

37.  When     his    reinforcements     came,    General     Scott 
marched,  by  the  National  Road,  to  the  pass  of  the  Rio  Frio 

.  (reeo  free'o),  or  Cold  River,  in  the  main  chain  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  From  the  summit  the  city  of  Mexico 
was  visible  at  the  distance  of  forty  miles.  All  the  approaches 
along  the  road  were  fortified,  and  held  by  the  Mexicans  in 
force.  Scott  turned  to  the  left,  cut  a  road  round  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Chalco,  and  planted  himself  on  the  highway 
from  Acapulco  and  the  Pacific,  nine  miles  from  the  city. 

CONTRERAS  AND  CHURUBUSCO. 

38.  Scott's  position  was  extremely  hazardous.    His 

army  was  small.  He  was  in  the  heart  of  the  enemy's  country. 
His  communications  were  long  and  exposed  to  interruption. 
The  interval  between  him  and  the  city  of  Mexico  was  rugged, 


*  These  officers  will  be  heard  of  again  in  other  scenes. 

t  Cordillera,  a  chain,  is  the  designation  applied  to  the  several  ranges  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  North  America,  and  of  the  Andes  in  South  America. 


OCCUPATION  OF  MEXICO.  213 

difficult,  and  easily  defended.  The  enemy  before  him  was 
greatly  superior  in  numbers,  and  was  supported  by  a  city  vast 
in  extent,  in  resources,  and  in  population.  Skill  and  daring 
were  alike  required.  In  front  were  the  fortified  heights  of  Con- 
treras  (con-trS' ras\  the  pass  of  San  Antonio,  and  the  strong 
fortifications  of  Churubusco  (choo-roo-boos  ko).  Two  midnight 
attacks  were  made  on  Contreras.  On  the  second, 
jj' *  it  was  forced  "  in  seventeen  minutes,"  just  as  day 
K"  dawned.  The  pass  of  San  Antonio  was  carried,  and 
Churubusco  was  stormed.  Five  victories  were  won  on  this  day. 
Scott  had  less  than  ten  thousand  men;  the  Mexicans,  thirty-two 
thousand.  Scott,  who  was  vainglorious  by  disposition,  might 
well  speak  in  his  report  of  "  this  glorious  army,  which  has  now 
overcome  all  difficulties — distance,  climate,  ground,  fortifica 
tions,  numbers."  Proposals  of  peace  were  again  made  and  an 
armistice  granted.  The  negotiations  again  failed. 

OCCUPATION    OF   THE    CITY    OF     MEXICO. 

39.  The  failure  was  followed  by  the  resumption  of 
hostilities.  The  approaches  to  the  city  were  still  com 
manded  by  the  castle  of  Chapultepec  (chah-pool'ta-peti}.  It 
stood  on  the  summit  of  a  bluff,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high, 
within  cannon-shot  of  the  archbishop's  palace,  where  Scott 
had  his  head-quarters.  It  could  be  assailed  only  on  one  slope, 
and  was  defended  on  that  side  by  stone  buildings  and  the  in- 
trenchments  of  Molino  del  Rey  (mo-lee  no  del  ra).  Santa 
Anna  held  these  lines  with  fourteen  thousand  men  ;  they 
were  taken  by  Worth  with  thirty-two  hundred.  Chapultepec 
was  next  stormed.  Its  garrison  was  driven  out  and  pushed 
«  over  its  rugged  slopes.  Next  morning  General 
Scott  took  possession  of  the  city,  and  the  flag 
of  the  United  States  was  raised  over  the  national  palace. 
The  war  was  ended,  though  some  later  actions  occurred  and 
Santa  Anna  experienced  a  last  defeat  before  hostilities  entirely 
ceased. 


2i4  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


TREATY    OF    GUADALUPE     HIDALGO. 

40.  An  irregular  treaty  was  signed  by  Mr.  Trist,  at 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo  (gwah-dah-lodpa  ee-dal'go).  It  was  rati- 


184.8  y  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  after  much 

P  '  discussion.  Upper  California,  New  Mexico,  and 
the  boundary  of  the  Rio  Grande  for  Texas,  were 
gained.  It  was  stipulated  that  Mexico  should  receive  $i  8,- 
250,000  as  purchase  money.  The  war  had  cost  between 
$150,000,000  and  $200,000,000,  and  upwards  of  twenty  thou 
sand  lives.  It  had  added  more  than  a  third  to  the  previous 
territory  of  the  United  States. 

CALIFORNIA    GOLD. 

41.  The  existence  of  gold  in  the  sands  and  rocks  of  Cali 
fornia  had  long  been  known,*  though  known  only  to  a  few.  A 

g  8  fortnight  before  the  treaty  with  Mexico  was  signed, 
j  '  gold  was  accidentally  discovered  near  the  Sacra- 
^  J  '  mento  River.  The  news  flew  abroad  into  all  lands. 
Clouds  of  adventurers,  of  every  color  and  from  every  land, 
flocked  to  the  golden  shores.  The  treasures  of  the  world  have 
been  enormously  increased  by  this  and  later  discoveries  of  the 
precious  metals.  Trade,  industry,  finance,  morals,  and  all 
social  relations  have  been  still  more  disturbed  by  their  easy 
acquisition,  and  by  the  rapid  enlargement  of  public  wealth  and 
of  private  fortunes.  In  the  United  States,  party  discords  were 
grievously  inflamed  by  the  new  object  of  contention. 

THE     WILMOT     PROVISO. 

42.  The  acquisition  of  California  revived,  with  greater 
virulence,  the  question  involved  in  the  Missouri  compromise, 
and  the  opposition  between  the  Northern  and  Southern  States. 
Its  veins  of  gold,  and  other  surprising  attractions,  rendered  the 


*  Gold  was  discovered  at  Capt.  Suter's  mill.  Polk  says  in  his  message,  $th  Decem 
ber,  1848,  u  It  was  known  that  mines  of  the  precious  metals  existed  to  a  considerable 
extent." 


TAYLOR'S  ADMINISTRATION.  215 

new  domain  a  subject  of  acrimonious  strife  between  the  sec 
tions.  A  provison  to  exclude  slavery  from  all  new  territory, 
called  the  Wilmot  proviso,  had  been  proposed  in  Congress 
two  years  before,  but  had  been  rejected.  It  indicated  the  pur 
poses  of  a  rapidly  growing  party,  which  assumed  the  name  oi 
the  "  Free-Soil  Party."  * 

43.  The  Irish  famine  occurred  while  Polk  was  President. 
Large  donations  of  food  and  other  supplies  were  made  by  pub 
lic  and  private  charity  for  the  relief  of  the  starving  people  of 
Ireland.     Two  new  States,  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  were  added 
to    the    Union,  and    a   territorial    government   was  given    to 
Oregon. 

44.  Polk  was  not  renominated  to  the  Presidency,  nor  was 
Henry    Clay.       General    Zachary  Taylor  was  the  candidate 
of  the  Whigs,  with  Millard  Fillmore  f  as  Vice-President.  They 
were  elected.     The  new  party,  the  Free-Soilers,  assembled  at 
Buffalo,  and  proposed  their  own  nominees.     Thus  began  the 
final  strife  between  the  abolitionists,  of  various  shades  of  opin 
ion,  and  the  slave-owners,  supported  by  those  who  still  ad 
hered  to  the  original  compromises  of  the  Constitution. 


ADMINISTRATION     OF     GENERAL     ZACHARY     TAY 
LOR.— 1849-1850. 

45.  California  presented  a  tempting  battle-field  for 


*  The  Free-Soil  party  laid  down  these  principles  :  "  i.  That  it  was  the  duty  of  the 
general  Government  to  abolish  slavery  wherever  it  could  be  done  in  a  constitutional 
manner.  2.  That  the  States  within  which  slavery  existed  had  the  sole  right  to  inter 
fere  with  it.  3.  That  Congress  can  alone  prevent  the  existence  of  slavery  in  the  Ter 
ritories.  By  the  first  of  these  principles,  it  was  the  duty  of  Congress  to  abolish 
slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  second,  to  leave  its  regulation  to  the  States  where 
it  existed  ;  and  third,  to  abolish  it  in  territory  now  free." 

t  Millard  Fillmore  (1800-18741,  of  New  York,  was  the  son  of  poor  parents,  and 
never  saw  a  grammar  or  a  geography  before  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age.  He 
presided  over  the  Senate  with  great  impartiality  during  the  angry  discussion  of  "  the 
Omnibus  Bill."  He  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  1856,  by  the  American,  or 
"  Know- Nothing  "  party,  but  received  only  the  electoral  vote  of  Maryland. 


216 


HISTOR  Y  OF  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 


political  contention.  Its  gold  mines  were  productive  beyond  all 
expectation.  They  drew  multitudes  from  all  quarters,  and 
caused  a  sudden  display  of  feverish  activity  along  the  Pacific 

shore.  The  recent  acquisi 
tion  soon  sought  admission 
into  the  Union.  After  vio 
lent  debates,  it  was  received 
as  a  State,  from  which  slav 
ery  was  excluded.  Utah 
and  New  Mexico  were  or 
ganized  as  territories.  Ten 
millions  of  dollars  were 
awarded  to  Texas  for  the 
surrender  of  its  claims  in 
New  Mexico.  An  act  was 
ZACHARY  TAYLOR.  passed  for  the  recovery  of 

fugitive  slaves,  and  the  slave  trade  was  abolished  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.  These  measures  constituted  "  Clay's 
compromise  of  1850."  *  Mr.  Fillmore  said  of  them  :  "  They 
are  regarded  by  me  as  a  settlement  in  principle  and  substance 
— a  final  settlement — of  the  dangerous  and  exciting  subjects 
which  they  embrace."  They  were  no  settlement,  but  the 
seeds  of  fiercer  discords. 


THE^ADMINISTRATION   OF   MILLARD   FILLMORE.— 

1850-1853. 

46.  General  Taylor  died  during  these  discussions. 

The  Vice-President  became  President.     Fillmore's  efforts  to 


1850. 
3  June. 


enforce  the  late  "  compromise  measures  "  were  not 
successful.     A  Southern  convention,  composed  of 


delegates  from  seven  States,  met   at  Nashville,  to 
consider  the  dangers  with  which   the  institution   of  slavery 

*  These  several  acts  were  at  first  included  in  one  bill,  nicknamed  "  the  Omnibus 
Bill."    They  were  founded  upon  resolutions  introduced  by  Mr,  Clay,  agth  Jan.,  1850. 


I-ILLMORE  'S  ADMINISTKA  TJON. 


217 


1851. 
1853. 
1854. 


was  threatened,  and  to  decide  upon  the  remedy.     Peaceable 
secession  was  proposed.     No  conclusion  was  reached. 

47.  Cuba  was  twice  invaded  by  adventurers  under 
General  Lopez.  He  was  captured  and  executed.  Colonel 
Crittenden  and  his  com 
panions  were 
shot.  William 
Walker,  of 
Louisiana,  at 
tempted  the  conquest 
of  Lower  California  and 
Sonora,  and,  the  next 
year,  the  seizure  of  Nic 
aragua.  Efforts  were 
made  to  ascertain  the 
fate  of  Sir  John  Frank- 

I8S3  Hn'  a  daring 
*  *  English  naviga 
tor,  who  had  never  re-  MILLARD  FILLMORE. 
turned  from  an  arctic  exploration  undertaken  eighteen  years 
before.  Dr.  Kane  was  the  most  noted  leader  in  these  enter 
prises.  The  country  was  singularly  prosperous.  The  public 
revenue  exceeded  the  expenditures  by  nearly  $18,000,000  ; 
and  the  treasury  contained  more  than  $32,000,000  surplus. 
The  population  was  over  twenty-three  millions. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  GENERAL  FRANKLIN 
PIERCE.-i853-i857. 

48.  General  Franklin  Pierce  succeeded  Fillmore  in 

the  Presidency.  The  Whigs  had  nominated  General  Winfield 
Scott.  Pierce  was  soon  engaged  in  difficult  negotiations  with 
foreign  powers — with  Mexico,  with  Austria,  with  Great  Britain, 
and  with  Spain.  "The  Gadsden  Treaty  "  settled  the  Mexican 
10 


2i8  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

boundary  for  an  additional  payment  of  $10,000,000.     "  The 

Treaty  of  Washington  "  —  a  re 
ciprocal  treaty  —  closed  the  dif 
ferences  with  Great  Britain. 
"  The  Treaty  of  Ken-a-gaw'a" 
opened  Japanese 


-V"      harbors  to  Ameri- 
23  ,Mar. 

can  trade,  and  ini 

tiated  the  marvellous  develop 
ment  of  current  civilization  in 
Japan.  Denmark  was  notified 
that  "  the  Sound  Dues  "—a 
toll  levied  on  ships  entering 
FRANKLIN  PIERCE.  fa  Baltic—  would  no  longer 

be  paid  by  American  vessels.* 

"BLEEDING    KANSAS." 

49.  Domestic  affairs  were  more  important  than  for 
eign  transactions  at  this  time.  The  slavery  question  en 
grossed  the  attention  of  all  parties.  The  Missouri  compromise 
was  abrogated  by  the  bill  of  Senator  Douglas  \  for  the  organ 
ization  of  the  Kansas  and  Nebraska  territories.  Kansas  lay 
in  the  same  latitude  with  Missouri.  The  contending  factions 
of  the  North  and  South  hastened  to  seize  it.  A  local  civil 
war  ensued.  "  Emigrant  Aid  Societies  "  in  the  Northern 
States  sent  Free-Soil  "  squatters  "  to  engage  in  the  war,  and 
provided  them  with  arms.  "  Blue  Lodges  "  in  Missouri, 
"  Jayhawkers  "  along  the  border,  and  other  armed  bodies,  were 
encouraged  by  the  South.  Skirmishes  and  raids,  outrages 
and  murders,  were  frequent.  John  Brown,  of  Os-sa-wat'o-mie, 


*  This  notification  led  to  the  negotiations  resulting  in  the  treaty  of  i4th  March,  1857, 
which  put  an  end  to  the  exaction  of  these  duties.  The  treaty  was  made  between 
Denmark  and  the  commercial  States  of  Europe,  by  which  a  large  sum  of  money  was 
paid  in  satisfaction  of  all  such  demands  in  future. 

t  Stephen  Arnold  Douglas  (1813-1861)  was  born  in  Vermont,  and  settled  in  Illinois. 
At  twenty-two  years  of  age  he  was  Attorney-General  of  the  State.  He  was  norai- 
rated  for  the  Presidency  in  1860, 


PIERCE '  S  A  DM  IN  IS  TRA  TION.  2 1 9 

rendered  himself  very  prominent  by  his  daring,  energy,  and 
fanatical  determination. 

50.  The  war  of  the  settlers  produced  anarchy  in 
Kansas,  and  alarm  throughout  the  country.     The   territorial 
Legislature  upheld  slavery.     The  Free-Soil  Convention  at  To- 
peka  framed  a  constitution  excluding  it.     Governor  after  gov- 

g  ernor  tried  vainly  to   establish    peace  and   order. 

_  A    Free-Soil    Legislature,    assembled  at   Topeka, 

'  was  driven  out  of  their   legislative  hall  by  Fed 

eral  troops. 

51.  "  Bleeding  Kansas  "  and    "  Kansas  troubles  "  became 
party  cries  in  the  next  election  for  President.     The  Free-Soil- 
ers,  or  Republicans,  nominated  John   C.    Fremont  *   as  their 
candidate.     The  Whigs  united  with  the  new  faction  of  the 
"Know-Nothings,"!  or  Native  Americans,  and  put  forward  Mil- 
lard  Fillmore.     The  Democrats  supported  James  Buchanan  J 
and  John  C.  Breckinridge,§  who  were  elected  as  President  and 
Vice-President  respectively. 


*  General  John  Charles  Fremont  (1813-        )  gained  much  distinction  by  his  explora 
tions  along  the  line  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  beyond  them,  from  1842  onwards. 
He  discovered  the  South  Pass.     His  concern  in  the  conquest  of  California  has  been 
noticed.    He  was  a  Major-General  on  the  Union  side  in  the  war  of  secession.     He 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Arizona  Territory  in  1878. 

t  "  The  Know-Nothings,"  or  Native  Americans,  constituted  a  political  party  bound 
together  by  secret  signs  and  passwords.  They  assembled  in  secret  meetings.  They 
were  popularly  designated  "  Know-Nothings,"  because  they  were  directed  to  reply 
to  all  inquiries  by  the  uninitiated,  that  they  u  knew  nothing  "  of  the  order.  The 
object  of  the  party,  from  which  it  derived  the  name  of  Native  Americans,  was  to 
withhold  the  elective  franchise  from  foreigners  settled  in  the  United  States  till  after 
a  long  term  of  probation.  They  arose  as  a  distinct  political  party  in  1853. 

*  James  Buchanan  (1791-1868),  of  Pennsylvania,  had  been  so  long  engaged  in  pub 
lic  life  (since  1814)  that  he  was   ridiculed  as  "the  old  functionary  "—a  designation 
which  he  had  used  in  referring  to  himself. 

§  John  Cabell  Breckinridge  (1821-1875),  of  Kentucky,  was  the  grandson  of  John 
Breckinridge,  former  Senator  and  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States.  He  was 
nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  1860.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Senate,  and  joined 
the  Southern  Confederacy,  becoming  a  Major-General  in  its  service.  He  was  Secre 
tary  of  War  at  the  time  of  its  overthrow. 


22O 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  JAMES  BUCHANAN.— 
1857-1861. 

52.  Mr.  Buchanan  entered  upon  his  high  office  with 

the  earnest  desire  of  destroy 
ing  sectional  parties,  and  with 
"  the  hope  that  the  long  agi 
tation  of  the  slavery  question 
was  approaching  its  end." 
Two  days  after  his  inaugu 
ration  a  fresh  impulse  was 
given  to  the  opponents  of 
slavery.  The  Supreme  Court 
decided,  in  "  the  Dred  Scott 
case,"  that  a  negro  was  not 
a  citizen,  and  that  the  Mis 
souri  compromise  did  not  ac- 
JAMES  BUCHANAN.  cord  with  the  Constitution.* 

KANSAS. 

53.  Kansas  necessarily  attracted  the  close  attention 

of  both  the  Government  and  the  people.  The  Topeka  Consti 
tution  was  rejected  by  Congress  on  the  score  of  illegality.  The 
Pro-Slavery  Constitution  adopted  at  Lecompton  was  repu 
diated  by  the  people.  A  constitution  framed  by  a  convention 
held  at  Wyandot  excluded  slavery.  Under  it  Kansas  was 
received  as  a  State,  on  the  eve  of  the  great  civil  war. 

UTAH     AND     THE     MORMONS. 

54.  Utah,  a  desolate  wilderness  beyond  the  Rocky  Moun- 


*  "  The  Dred  Scott  case  "  was  an  action  instituted  for  the  recovery  of  the  freedom 
of  himself  and  family,  by  Dred  Scott,  a  negro  slave,  who  had  been  carried  to  Illinois 
by  his  owner  in  1834.  The  case  was  carried  by  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court.  Chief 
Justice  Taney  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  majority  of  the  court,  dismissing  the 
case  for  want  of  jurisdiction,  on  the  ground  that  negroes  were  not  citizens,  and 
"had  no  rights  which  the  white  man  was  bound  to  respect." 


UTAH  AND    THE  MORMONS.  22 1 

tains,  had  been  occupied  by  the  Mormons.  They  were 
a  strange  people,  with  a  strange  creed  and  strange  usages,  who 
slighted  the  authority  of  the  United  States  Government,  under 
which  they  lived.  The  sect  had  arisen  in  New  York  in  1823. 
They  had  received  their  doctrine  from  their  prophet,  Joe 
Smith,  who  found  a  new  revelation  in  certain  "golden  plates  " 
— the  Book  of  Mormon — which  he  discovered,  dug  up  out  of 
the  ground,  and  interpreted.  From  New  York  they  wandered 
to  Missouri.  They  were  expelled  from  the  latter  State.  Their 
new  settlement  at  Nauvoo,  in  Illinois,  was  attacked  by  Gov- 
2  ernor  Ford  and  the  militia.  Joe  Smith  and  his 

y"      brother  were  murdered  by  the  mob  in  the  jail  where 
*  they  were    confined.     Brigham   Young  *  became 
the    Mormon   leader.     He   guided  his  fellow-believers,  with 
their  families  and  flocks,  by  untrodden  ways,  across  the  desert 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and    settled  them  as  a  lone  and 
exclusive  community  in  the  heart  of  the   remote  wilderness 
within  the  confines  of  Mexico. f     Here  they  resisted  the  juris- 
R         diction  of  the  United  States,  and  defied  the  officers 
5'*    of  the  Government.     General  A.  S.  Johnston  J  was 
sent  with  a  military  force  to  secure  obedience.     The  Mor 
mons  made  a  doubtful  submission  when  the  army  approached 
Salt  Lake  City,  after  many  difficulties  and  delays. 

JOHN     BROWN'S    ATTACK     ON     HARPER'S     FERRY. 

55.   A  strange  event  quickened  and  maddened  the 


*  Brigham  Young  (1801-1877)  and  Joseph  Smith  (1805-1844)  were  both  born  in  Ver 
mont.  Young  joined  the  Mormons  in  1832,  and  was  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  in 
1835.  The  migration  to  the  Salt  Lake  Valley  was  made  in  1846.  A  constitution  for 
a  State,  to  be  named  Deseret,  was  framed  in  1849,  but  rejected  by  Congress.  In  1852, 
Young  proclaimed  polygamy,  announcing  it  as  a  revelation  to  Joe  Smith,  by  whose 
family  it  was  declared  a  forgery.  Hence  the  Mormons  are  split  into  the  Brigham- 
ites  and  Josephites. 

t  Utah  was  a  part  of  the  territory  afterwards  acquired  from  Mexico  as  one  of  the 
results  of  the  Mexican  war. 

£  General  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  (1803-1862)  served  in  the  Black  Hawk  war.  and  in 
1836  entered  the  Texan  army  as  a  private.  His  appointment  as  commander-in-chief 
of  that  army  led  to  a  duel  with  his  predecessor,  General  Felix  Houston,  in  which  he 
was  severely  wounded.  When  the  war  of  secession  broke  out,  he  joined  the  Southern 
Confederacy,  and  was  appointed  to  the  full  rank  of  General. 


222  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

angry  conflict  between  the   North  and  the   South.     John 
Brown,  of  Ossawatomie,  already  notorious  in  the  Kansas  dis- 
g  turbances,   with  twenty-one  followers     seized    by 

,  J?""  night  the  United  States  Arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
on  the  northern  border  of  Virginia.  Wise,  the 
Governor,  called  out  a  very  large  force  of  volunteers  and  mili 
tia.  Before  they  could  reach  the  scene,  Brown  and  his  com 
panions  were  captured  by  Colonel  Robert  E.  Lee  and  a  body 
of  United  States  marines.  Brown's  design  was  to  kindle  in 
surrection  among  the  slaves  of  the  South.  He  brought  pike- 
heads  and  other  weapons  to  arm  them.  He  was  desperately 
wounded  before  he  was  captured.  Twelve  others,  including 
one  of  his  sons,  were  slain.  The  surviving  prisoners  were 
tried,  condemned,  and  hanged. 

56.  The  Southern  States  had  reason  to  be  alarmed, 
for  Brown's 'designs,  and  Brown  himself,  had  been  encouraged 
by  the  earnest   sympathies  of  prominent   politicians  and  of 
large  numbers  at  the  North.      The  Abolition  and  Free-Soil 
parties  were,  about  this  time,  further  exasperated  by  local  at 
tempts  to  revive  the  slave  trade.* 

THE     PRESIDENTIAL    ELECTION,    I860. 

57.  The  slavery  question  became  almost  the  sole 

issue  regarded  in  the  next  Presidential  election.  Party  re 
lations  were  rendered  uncertain  by  it,  and  old  parties  crumbled 
away  beneath  it.  The  Democrats  separated  into  two  wings, 
notwithstanding  the  dangers  confronting  the  country.  Each 
wing  presented  its  own  candidate.  The  two  Democratic  rivals 
were  John  C.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,  and  Stephen  A.  Doug 
las,  of  Illinois.  The  Union  Whigs  advocated  the  election  of 
John  Bell,  of  Tennessee.  The  Republicans,  whose  numbers 
were  swelled  by  opponents  of  slavery  from  every  quarter,  suc- 


*  The  yacht  Wanderer  landed  more  than  three  hundred  Africans,  from  Africa, 
near  Brunswick,  Georgia.  28th  November,  1858.  Other  cargoes  of  negro  slaves  were 
run  in  at  other  points  on  the  southern  coast. 


SECESSION  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  2*$ 

ceeded  in  electing  Abraham  Lincoln,*  of  Illinois.  Lincoln 
had  a  decided  majority  of  the  electoral  vote,  though  little 
more  than  a  third  of  the  votes  of  the  people. 

58.  The  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  was  the  triumph  of 
the  North,  and    of    Northern   sentiment  on  the  subject  of 
slavery.     All  of  his  electoral  votes  were  from  Northern  States. 
The  danger  of  a  geographical  division  of  parties,  so  sagacious 
ly  apprehended  by  Washington,  had  come  upon  the   country. 
The  necessity  of  withdrawing  from  the  Union  and  of  prepar 
ing  for  a  separate  existence,  had  been  anxiously  discussed  at 
the  South.     President   Buchanan,  during  his  last  months  of 
office,  was  perplexed,   uncertain,  and   helpless.     His  Cabinet 
fell  away  from  him.     He  was  unable  to  control  the  policy  of 
his  Government.     All  that  he  did  was  to  declare  that  neither 
President  nor  Congress  had  the  right  to  coerce  a  State. 

SECESSION     OF     SOUTH     CAROLINA. 

59.  South  Carolina  took  the  first  decisive  action. 

It  passed  an  ordinance   of  secession,  and  "  solemnly  declared 
that   the   union   heretofore  existing  between   this 
1  \?°"      State  and  the  other  States   of  North  America  is 
eC*  dissolved."     In  little  more  than  a  month  the  ex 
ample  was  followed  by  six  other  States — Mississippi,  Florida, 
Alabama,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.     Their  representa 
tives  and  senators  withdrew  from  Congress  on  the  secession  of 
their  respective  States.     Their  withdrawal  weakened  the  re 
sistance  to  the  party  which  was  now  dominant. 

THE     PEACE    CONFERENCE. 

60.  The  State  of  Virginia   made  the  last  effort  to 
avert  civil  war.  A  Peace  Conference  was  proposed.  Twenty- 
one   States   were   represented  at  Washington,  when  it  assem- 

*  Abraham  Lincoln  (1809-1865)  was  taken  by  his  father  from  Kentucky  to  Illinois 
when  only  seven  years  of  age.  At  nineteen  he  went  as  a  hand  on  a  flat-boat  to  New 
Orleans.  At  twenty-one  he  helped  his  father  to  clear,  fence,  and  cultivate  a  crop  at 
the  new  home  to  which  the  family  had  removed.  He  was  President  from  1861  till 
his  assassination. 


224 


HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATSE. 


bled.     Ex-President   Tyler  was    chosen    to  preside    over  its 
£,          deliberations.     Its   suggestions  were    rejected    by 
P   /      Congress,  as  was  also  the  Crittenden   compromise 
which  had  been  previously  introduced.* 

THE     FIRST     HOSTILE    ACT. 

61.  The  civil  war  had,  indeed,  already  begun.     Fort 
Moultrie,  in  Charleston  harbor,  was  occupied    by  Major  An 
derson  and  a  small  garrison.      On  the  night  after  Christmas  he 
abandoned  it,  and  removed  to  Fort  Sumter,  which  was  more 
capable  of  defence.      This  movement  was  sustained  by  the 
President.     Fort  Moultrie  was  promptly  seized  by  the  South 
Carolina  forces,  and  preparations  were  made  for  the  reduction 
of  Fort  Sumter.     The  garrison  was  weak;  the  supplies  were 
scanty.     An  attempt  to  increase  its  resources  failed. 

THE     SOUTHERN     CONFEDERACY. 

62.  The  Confederate  Congress  met  at  Montgom 

ery,  the  capital  of  Alaba 
ma,  on  the  same  day  on 
which  the  Peace  Conference 
assembled  in  Washington. 
The  constitution  adopted 
for  the  new  confederation 
differed  only  in  a  few,  but 
important,  respects  from 
that  of  the  United  States. 
Colonel  Jefferson  Davis,f 
late  Senator  from  Missis 
sippi,  was  elected  Provision 
al  President.  Mr.  Alex 
ander  H.  Stephens,  of 
Georgia,  who  had  been 


JEFFERSON    DAVIS. 


*  u  The  Crittenden  compromise  "  was  presented  i8th  December,  i85D,  and  rejected 
3d  March,  1861.  John  Jay  Crittenden  (175^5-1863),  its  author,  was  from  Kentucky, 
and  had  been  Senator  from  that  State  almost  continuously  since  1835. 

t  Jefferson  Davis  (1808-        ),  born  in  Kentucky,  but  a  citizen  of  Mississippi,  ac 


LINCOLN'S  IN  A  UGURA  TION. 


225 


earnestly  opposed  to  secession,  was  elected  Vice-President.* 
General  Beauregard  was  appointed  General  of  the  Provi 
sional  Army. 

MR.     LINCOLN'S     INAUGURATION. 

63.  Mr.  Lincoln  left  his  home  in  Illinois,  as  Buchan 
an's  term  of  office  was  drawing  to  a  close.      He  moved  slowly 
towards  Washington.     Rumors  of  intended  assassination  in 
duced  hiro  to  alter  his  proposed  route  to  the  Capitol.     He  left 
Harrisburg  by  night,  and  in  disguise.     He  reached  the  seat  of 
Government  in  safety.     His  inauguration  was  protected  from 
all   hazard   of  disturbance  by  the  military   arrangements  of 
General  Scott. 

OTHER    MATTERS    OF    NOTE. 

64.  An  expedition  was  sent  to  Paraguay  to  obtain  satisfac 
tion  for  injuries  committed.     It   was   completely  successful. 
General  Scott  visited  Oregon  to  arrange   a  dispute  with  the 
British  authorities  of  Vancouver's  Island,   in  regard  to   the 
straits  between  that  island  and  the   mainland.     The  contro 
versy  was  allayed  for  a  time. 

The  first  year  of  Buchanan's  administration  was  marked  by 
financial  disaster,  and  the  general  suspension  of  specie  pay 
ments.  The  disturbance  scarcely  extended  south  of  the  Poto 
mac,  and  was  speedily  redressed  by  the  magnitude  of  the  cot 
ton  crop,  which,  in  1860,  reached  five  million  three  hundred 
and  eighty-seven  thousand  and  fifty-two  bales. 

Three  new  States  were  added  to  the  Union  during  these 
four  years — Minnesota,  Oregon,  and  Kansas.  The  census 
taken  in  1860  showed  the  number  of  the  population  to  be 


quired  distinction  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  served  under  his  father-in-law,  General 
Zachary  Taylor.  He  was  seriously  wounded  at  Buena  Vista.  He  was  Secretary  of 
War  under  President  Polk. 

*  Alexander  Hamilton  Stephens  (1812-1883),  of  Georgia,  a  member  of  the  Lower 
House  of  Congress  from   1843,  except  during  the  Southern  Confederacy  and  the 
period  of  reconstruction,  to  Nov.,  1882,  when  he  became  Governor  of  Georgia. 
10* 


226  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNIl^ED    STATES. 

thirty-one  million  four  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand.  There 
were  little  more  than  five  million  of  white  inhabitants  in  the 
States  that  seceded,  while  the  number  of  the  colored  popula 
tion  exceeded  four  million.* 


*  The  whole  number  of  Africans  imported,  at  all  times,  into  the  United  States,  was 
from  three  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  to  four  hundred  thousand.  From 
these  all  the  rest  descended. 


SUMMAR  Y  FOR  RE  VIE  W.  2  2  7 

SUMMARY  OF  TOPICS.^PART  V. 

PROGRESS    OF   THE  REPUBLIC. 

Monroe's  Second  Administration,  i.  Prosperity  ;  the  Monroe  doc 
trine.  2.  Settlement  of  Oregon  ;  decrease  of  the  national  debt ;  Lafa 
yette's  visit.  3.  Result  of  Presidential  election. 

Administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams.  4.  The  Georgia  contro 
versy.  5.  Death  of  John  Adams,  Jefferson,  Monroe.  6.  Tariff  of  1828. 
7.  Adams  not  reelected. 

Andrew  Jackson's  Administration.  8.  Influence  of  Jackson's  ad 
ministration  ;  Jackson's  previous  career  ;  Black  Hawk  war  ;  the  Chero- 
kees.  9.  The  tariff  ;  nullification;  Clay's  compromise.  10.  The  United 
States  Bank  ;  removal  of  the  deposits  ;  failure  of  the  bank.  n.  Jackson 
reelected  ;  Martin  van  Buren.  12.  Controversy  with  France.  13.  The 
Seminole  War  ;  Osceola  ;  Withlacoochee  ;  Okeechobee  ;  cost  of  the  war  ; 
the  Creeks.  14.  Effect  produced  on  the  temper  of  parties.  15.  Pros 
perity  ;  extinction  of  the  debt  ;  distribution  of  the  surplus  in  the  Treas 
ury. 

Van  Buren's  Administration.  16.  Van  Buren  marks  the  second 
generation;  the  great  financial  crash.  17.  Canadian  rebellion.  18.  Mag 
netic  telegraph  ;  exploring  expedition  ;  increase  of  population  ;  Anti- 
Slavery  Society.  IQ.  Whig  triumpli ;  character  of  the  canvass. 

Administrations  of  Harrison  and  Tyler.  20.  Death  of  President 
Harrison  ;  Tyler  President ;  offends  the  Whigs.  21.  Tyler's  vetoes  ;  the 
Cabinet  resigns.  22.  The  Ashburton  Treaty.  23.  The  Dorr  Rebellion. 
24.  The  South  Pass.  25.  Admission  of  Texas  ;  Fort  Alamo  ;  San  Jacinto  ; 
the  Lone  Star.  26.  Bursting  of  the  Peacemaker.  27.  The  Presidential 
election  ;  Florida  admitted. 

Polk's  Administration.  28.  Prospect  before  it  ;  preparations  for 
war.  29.  Taylor's  advance  ;  Palo  Alto  ;  Resaca  de  la  Palma.  30.  The  Ore 
gon  Treaty.  31.  Conquest  of  California  32.  Taylor  storms  Monterey  : 
Santa  Anna's  return.  33.  Buena  Vista  ;  Mexican  retreat.  34.  Plan  of 
the  campaign  changed.  35.  Vera  Cruz  ;  Cerro  Gordo.  36.  Puebla  : 
long  halt.  37.  Scott's  advance.  38.  Perilous  position  of  Scott  ;  Contre- 
ras  ;  Churubusco  ;  proposals  of  peace.  39.  Chapultepec  ;  Molino  del 
Rey  ;  battle  of  Chapultepec  ;  city  of  Mexico  occupied.  40.  Treaty  of 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo  ;  increase  of  territory.  41.  California  gold  ;  effect  on 
politics.  42.  "  Wilmot  Proviso  ";  "  Free-Soil  Party."  43.  Irish  famine  ; 
Iowa  and  Wisconsin  admitted  ;  Oregon  organized.  44.  The  Presidential 
election  ;  the  Free-Soilers  ;  the  Abolition  controversy. 

Taylor's  Administration.     45.   California,  its  mines,  population,  ad- 


228  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

mission  ;  Utah  and  New  Mexico  ;  Texas  ;  fugitive  slave  law  ;  Clay's  com 
promise. 

Fillmore's  Administration.  46.  Death  of  General  Taylor ;  Fill 
more's  policy  ;  Southern  convention.  47.  Invasion  of  Cuba  ;  of  Lower 
California  and  Sonora  ;  of  Nicaragua  ;  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin  ;  ex 
penditure  ;  population. 

Pierce's  Administration.  48.  Pierce's  opponent ;  diplomatic  pro 
ceedings  ;  Gadsden  Treaty  ;  Treaty  of  Washington  ;  treaty  with  Japan  ; 
Danish  Sound  dues.  49.  Missouri  compromise  abrogated  ;  Kansas  causes 
civil  discord  ;  "  Aid  Societies  "  ;  "  Blue  Lodges  "  ;  "  Jayhawkers  "  ;  John 
Brown.  50.  Topeka  Convention  ;  Topeka  Legislature  expelled.  51. 
Presidential  election  ;  "  Know-Nothings." 

Buchanan's  Administration.  52.  Buchanan's  desire  ;  Dred  Scott 
decision.  53.  Topeka  Constitution  rejected  ;  Lecompton  Constitution  ; 
Wyandot  Constitution.  54.  Utah  ;  the  Mormons  ;  their  wanderings  ; 
murder  of  Joe  Smith  ;  Mormons  remove  to  Utah  ;  General  Johnston's  ex 
pedition.  55.  John  Brown's  attack  on  Harper's  Ferry  ;  Brown  captured 
and  hanged.  56.  Brown's  attempt  alarms  the  Southern  States ;  the 
Abolition  and  Free-Soil  parties  enraged.  57.  Presidential  ele -;tion  ;  break 
ing  up  of  parties  ;  Abraham  Lincoln  elected.  58.  Consequences  of  Lin 
coln's  election  ;  Buchanan's  difficulties.  59.  Secession  of  South  Carolina; 
other  States  secede  ;  withdrawal  from  Congress.  60.  "  The  Peace  Confer 
ence."  61  The  first  step  in  the  war  ;  Major  Anderson  and  Fort  Sumter. 
62.  Confederate  Congress  ;  Jefferson  Davis  President  ;  Alexander  Ste 
phens  Vice-President  ;  Beauregard  General.  63.  Lincoln  inaugurated. 
64.  Paraguay  expedition  ;  Scott's  visit  to  Oregon  ;  financial  distress ; 
Minnesota,  Oregon,  and  Kansas  admitted  ;  the  population  ;  population  of 
Seceding  States. 


LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRA  T2ON. 


229 


PART   VI. 


WAR    OF    SECESSION.— RECON 
STRUCTION  AND  GROWTH. 

1861-1881. 

THE   ADMINISTRATION    OF  ABRAHAM    LINCOLN.— 
1861-1865. 

THE  FIRST  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR,  1861. 

I.  THE  important  period  subsequent  to  the  inauguration  of 
President  Lincoln  is  so  recent,  and  so  full  of  contending  pas 
sions  and  prejudices,  that  it  can  be   treated  only  lightly  and 
with  hesitation.     The  main 
facts 
their 


but 


may    be    given, 

details  and  circum 
stances  are  still  disputed. 
Only  a  small  part  of  the 
Federal  and  Confederate 
archives  of  the  war  has  yet 
been  published.  The  period 
•is  one  of  incessant  conflict — 
military,  political,  and  social. 
For  more  than  a  generation 
no  agreement  can  be  ex 
pected  in  regard  to  these 
grave  transactions.  A  short 
and  temperate  statement  of 
the  leading  events  is  all  that  will  be  attempted  here.  The 
true  history  of  the  times  must  wait  till  "a  later  day,  when  par- 


ABRAHAM    LINCOLN. 


2 3o  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

tialities  and  antipathies  have  been  mitigated  by  renewed  har 
mony,  or  by  other  changes  of  sentiment.* 

2.  The  seeds  of  contention  were  introduced  into  the 
country  with  the   foundation  of  the   colonies.     Their  active 
growth  was  displayed  in  the  Continental  Congress.     They  oc 
casioned  increasing  discordance  after  independence  had  been 
won.     Sooner  or  later,  war  between  the  North  and  the  South 
— the  trading  and  the  planting — the  free  and  the  slave-hold 
ing  States — was  almost  certain  to  occur.       Actual  hostilities 
had  been  with  difficulty  prevented   during   the  last   weeks  of 
Buchanan's  administration.     They  soon  broke  out  after  Lin 
coln  assumed  the  reins  of  government. 

CAPTURE     OF     FORT    SUMTER. 

3.  Fort  Sumter,  and  Fort  Pickens  at  Pensacola, 

were  the  only  fortified  positions  which   the   Federal  Gbvern- 

ment  retained  in  the  seceding  States.     The  rest  of  the  public 

establishments  had  been  promptly  seized  by  the  several  States 

as  soon  as  they  seceded.     Sumter  had  been  retained  by  Major 

Anderson's  transfer  to  it  of  his  scanty  garrison  from  Fort  Moul- 

trie.      The  Federal   authorities  determined  to  send  supplies 

and  reinforcements  to  Fort  Sumter  :   "  peaceably,  if  they  can  ; 

_,          forcibly,  if  they  must."     Hereupon  the  Confeder- 

17  A    ''1    ates  b°mkarded  tne  f°rt>  which  surrendered,  after 

it  was  in  flames.      No  life  was  lost  on  either  side. 

President   Lincoln   at  once  called   for  seventy-five  thousand 

troops,  and  expected  a  speedy  suppression  of  all  resistance. 

THE     SECESSION      OF     VIRGINIA. 

4.  Virginia  refused  to  furnish  troops  for  war  against 
her   sister    States.     The  State  Convention  was  in  session.     It 


*  Neither  perfect  accuracy  nor  entire  impartiality  can  be  attained  in  the  treatment 
of  a  period  of  such  violent  excitement  and  such  unsettled  events.  An  earnest  desire 
to  avoid  misapprehension  or  misrepresentation  is  all  that  can  be  honestly  promised. 

The  Federal  and  Confederate  records  of  the  war  are  now  in  process  of  publication, 
under  the  order  of  Congress.  A  few  volumes  have  appeared. 


L 


unLus 


xington       , 
tpBoon 

JEFFERSOI 


St.I^ 


«>»' 


r 


TO  ILLUSTRATE 
TIIE  WAR  OF  SECESSION 


JE 


SECEDING  STA  TES. 


231 


passed  an  ordinance  of  secession,  and  seized  the  United  States 
armory  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  the  navy  yard  at  Gosport. 
Both  places  were  evacuated  by  their  garrisons  and  damaged 
before  evacuation.  At  Norfolk,  several  war  vessels  were 
burnt  or  sunk.  One  of  them,  the  Merrimac,  was  raised  by 
the  Confederates  and  converted  into  the  first  ram  *  used  in 
modern  warfare. 

OTHER     STATES     SECEDE. 

5.  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas  fol 
lowed  the  example  of  Virginia  in  withdrawing  from  the 
Union.     Kentucky    sought    to    maintain    a  neutral  position. 
Maryland  and  Missouri  were  restrained  by  Federal  arms.      A 
Massachusetts   regiment,  passing  through   Baltimore,  was  as 
sailed  by  a  crowd  in  the  streets.     General  B.  F.  Butler  occu 
pied  Annapolis,  and  afterwards  Baltimore,  and  held  Maryland 
by  military  force. 

6.  The  seat  of  the  Confederate  Government  was 
removed  to  Richmond  after  the  secession  of  Virginia,  as 
the  first  and  heaviest  blows  of  the  war  were  sure  to  fall  upon 
that  State.     As  soon  as  the  ordinance  of  secession  had  been 
adopted  by  the  people  of  Virginia,  Arlington  Heights,  oppo 
site  to  Washington  City,  were  occupied  by  Federal  troops,  and 
Alexandria    was    seized.      Eighty-three   thousand  men    had 
been  ordered  for  the  Federal  army  by  this  time,  and  a  block 
ade  of  the  whole  southern  coast  had  been  proclaimed. 

EARLY     ENGAGEMENTS. 

7.  The  first  movements  of  the  war  were  desultory 
and   disconnected.      It   was    designed    to    surround    the 
Southern   Confederacy,  and  crush   it   as  in   the  folds    of  an 
anaconda.     Its  whole  frontier  was  threatened  ;  and  it  was,  in 


*  The  designation  of  "  ram  "  has  been  given  to  vessels  of  war  armed  with  an  iron 
prow  or  beak,  for  the  purpose  of  butting,  piercing,  and  sinking  the  ships  of  the 
enemy,  after  the  fashion  of  Ihe  triremes  and  other  war  galleys  of  the  ancients. 


232 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


consequence,  compelled  to  make  dispositions  to  meet  and  repel 
every  attack.*  The  first  campaign  opened  in  Virginia  with 
small  and  ineffective  actions.  General  Butler  was  repelled  at 
Big  Bethel,  near  Fortress  Monroe.  General  McClellan  f  pen 
etrated  the  mountains  of  Western  Virginia,  and  defeated  the 
Confederates  at  Rich  Mountain  and  Carrick's  Ford.  General 
Wise  retreated  to  Lewisburg,  after  having  occupied  and  aban 
doned  the  Kanawha  Valley.  General  Floyd  was  compelled  to 
withdraw  from  Carnifex  Ferry,  on  the  Gauley  River.  West 
Virginia  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals.  A  Provisional 
Government  was  promptly  organized  for  that  part  of  the  State. 
Unsuccessful  efforts  were  made  to  regain  what  had  been  lost 
by  the  Confederacy  in  this  quarter. 

THE     FIRST     BATTLE     OF     MANASSAS. 

8.  The  chief  battle  of  the  year  was  fought  near  Man- 
assas  junction,  where  the  railroad  from  Lynchburg  to  Wash 
ington  is  joined  by  the  branch  line  from  Manassas  Gap.  The 
left  wing  of  the  Union  army  was  repelled  in  a  skirmish  at 

the  ford  of  Bull  Run.  J  Three  days  later,  the  right 
T  *  wing  nearly  succeeded  in  turning  and  crushing  the 

Confederate  force  opposed  to  it.  The  danger  was 
checked  by  General  Early.  About  the  same  time  General 
Joseph  E.  Johnston  §  received  further  reinforcements  from  the 
Valley.  The  Federals  were  hurled  back  in  disastrous  rout  and 
confusion,  and  rushed  in  dismay  to  Washington.  It  was  in 


*  Napoleon  said  :  u  In  civil  wars,  it  is  the  important  points  only  which  should  be 
guarded." 

t  General  George  Brinton  McClellan  d8->6-  )  was  distinguished  in  the  Mexican 
war.  In  1855  he  was  sent  to  the  Crimea  as  a  Military  Commissioner.  He  was 
nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  1864.  He  was  elected  Governor  of  New  Jersey  in 
1878. 

$  Bull  Run  is  a  small  stream  which  runs  along  the  plains  of  Manassas.  It  gives 
the  Federal  name  to  the  battle  called  by  the  Confederates  Manassas. 

§  General  Joseph  Eggleston  Johnston  (1807-  )  is  still  living  He  was  the  young 
est  son  of  Major  Peter  Johnston,  the  friend  and  companion-in-arms  of  General 
Harry  Lee,  in  the  Revolution.  He  served  in  Florida,  and  was  highly  distinguished 
in  the  Mexican  war. 


THE  STRUGGLE  FOR  MISSOURI, 


233 


this  stubborn  conflict  that  General  Jackson  *  obtained  the 
honorable  name  of  "  Stonewall,"  from  the  steadiness  of  his 
men. 

9.  The  victory  of  Manassas  rendered  the  South 
exultant,  and   enraged   the   North,  while   it   heightened    its 
resolution.     There  was  no  longer  any  dream  of  terminating  the 
war  in  a  three  months'  campaign.     Half  a  million  of  men  and 
$500,000,000  were  voted  by  the  Federal    Congress,  for  the 
subjugation  of  the  seceding  States.     Scott  resigned  the  office 
of  Commander-in-chief,  and  General  McClellan  was  summoned 
to  that  high  position.     He  employed  the   autumn  and  winter 
in  organizing  and  training  the  raw  recruits  of  his  vast  army. 

THE    STRUGGLE    FOR     MISSOURI. 

10.  The  attempt  to  withdraw  Missouri  from  the 
Union  was  frustrated  by  the  resolute  energy  of  Capl.  Lyon, 
and  the  prompt  action  of  Francis  P.  Blair,  f     Lyon  seized  the 
arsenal  at  St.  Louis.     The  militia  at  Camp    Jackson,  in   the 
neighborhood,  were  forced  to  surrender.     Governor  Jackson 
called  out  fifty   thousand  militia,  and  named  Sterling  Price 
Major-General.     Price  withdrew  to  Booneville,  where  he  was 
defeated  by  Lyon  and  Blair.     He  retreated  to  the  South-west, 
and  was  defeated  again  at  Carthage.     Price   and   McCulloch 
gained  a  victory   at  Oak  Hill,  or  Wilson's  Creek  ;   General 
Lyon  was   slain  in  the  battle.     At  the  close  of  the  campaign, 
Price  and  the  Missouri  volunteers  were  pushed  back  to  the 
Arkansas  frontier. 


*  General  Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson  (1824-1863")  served  with  credit  in  the  Mexican 
war.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1852  to  accept  a  professorship  in  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute,  at  Lexington.  He  was  appointed  to  command  the  Virginia  "  Army 
of  Observation"  at  Harper's  Ferry,  in  May  1861,  and  was  shot  exactly  two  years 
afterwards,  by  his  men,  acting  in  accordance  with  his  own  instructions.  At  Manas 
sas.  General  Bee,  encouraging  his  men,  said  :  "  See  Jackson  standing  like  a  stone 
wall."  From  that  time  the  name  of  kk  Stonewall  "  attached  to  Jackson,  and  to  his 
brigade. 

t  General  Francis  Preston  Blair  (1821-1875),  of  Missouri,  served  in  the  Federal 
army  during  the  war.  He  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for  Vice-President  in  1868. 


234          HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

11.  Missouri  was  retained  in  the  Union  by  the  action 
of  its  Convention.     The  offices  of  the  Government  were  filled 
by  a  new  election.     The   remnant    of   the  former  legislature 
assembled  at   Neosho,  and  undertook   to  attach  the  State  to 
the  Southern  Confederacy. 

KENTUCKY. 

12.  Kentucky  was  unable  to  maintain   even  the  ap 
pearance  of  neutrality.     Bishop  Polk,  of  Louisiana,  who  was  a 
general  in  the  Confederate  service,  took  possession  of  Colum 
bus,  in  Western  Kentucky,  and  sent  a  detachment  across  the 

^         Mississippi  to  hold  Belmont.     This  latter  body  was 
attacked  by  General  Grant,*  who  gained  some  ad 
vantage  at  first,  but  was   at  last  under  the  necessity  of  with 
drawing.     It  was  Grant's  first  action  in  this  civil  warfare. 

OPERATIONS     ON    THE     SEABOARD. 

13.  On  the  seaboard  every  advantage  was  on  the 
side  of  the  United  States.     The  great  rivers  gradually  fell 
under  their  control.     The  South  was  without  ships  and  with 
out  sailors,  and  was  unable  to  confront  the  blockade  of  its  har 
bors.  The  forts  on  Hatteras  Inlet,  in  North  Carolina,  and  those 
on  Port  Royal  harbor,  in  South  Carolina,  were  captured  by 
Federal  fleets  and  Federal  forces.     Fort  Pickens,  in  Florida, 
was  preserved  to  the  Union,  despite  of  formidable  preparations 
to  take  it. 

14.  The    endeavors    of  the    Confederate    Government    to 
create  a  fleet,  were,  for  the  most  part,  fruitless.     Their  vessels 
were  taken,  or  we  re  burnt  on  the  stocks  before  being  launched. 
Confederate    cruisers,  the   Sumter  and   the  Nashville,  had   a 
brief   career.     They  inflicted  much   damage   upon  Northern 


*  General  Ulysses  Simpson  Grant  (1822-  )  was  in  most  of  the  battles  of  the  Mex 
ican  war.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1854,  and  subsequently  joined  his  father  in 
a  tannery,  at  Galena,  Illinois.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  Illinois  vol 
unteers. 


RESULTS  OF  THE   YEAR.  235 

commerce,  and  created  wide-spread  alarm.  Swift  steamers 
were  procured  for  the  purpose  of  running  through  the  block 
ading  fleets.  These  continued  to  exchange  the  cotton  and 
tobacco  of  the  South  for  indispensable  foreign  supplies. 

THE    CONFEDERATE    COMMISSIONERS. 

15.  The  Southern  people   had  deemed  cotton  so 
necessary   to  the  great  nations  of  Europe  as  to  insure  the 
early  support  of  England   and   France.     They  had  long  re 
peated  the  saying  :   "  Cotton  is  King."      They    were   disap 
pointed.     The  Commissioners  to  England  and  France,  Mason 
and  Slidell,  were  taken  off  the  British  steam-packet   Trent, 

~  ^         by  Capt.  Wilkes,  of  the  San  Jacinto.     England  de 
manded  their  release,  and  was  sustained  in  the  de 
mand  by  France.     Mr.  Seward,*  the  Secretary  of  State,  or 
dered  them  to  be  replaced  under  British  protection,  and  thus 
avoided  a  foreign  war. 

THE    RESULTS    OF     THE     YEAR. 

16.  Nothing  had  been  achieved  by  the  first  cam 
paign.     The  honors  were  with  the  South      The  substantial 
advantages  were  with  the  North.     Both  sections  had  been  ob 
liged  to  suspend  payments  in  specie,  and  to  substitute  Govern 
ment   paper   (Treasury  notes)    for    coin       Confiscation    acts 
were  passed  by  both  the  Federal  and  the  Confederate  Con 
gress.     The  purpose  of  abolishing  slavery  had  been  frequently 
denied  by  the  Federal  authorities.     Their  action  was  changed 
on  the  score  of  military  necessity. 

THE    SECOND   YEAR   OF   THE  WAR,  1862. 

17.  A  series  of  disasters  befell  the  Confederates  in 


*  William  Henry  Seward  (1801-1872),  of  New  York,  proclaimed  '•  the  irrepressible 
conflict  "  in  1848,  and  "  the  higher  law  "  in  1830.  His  name  had  been  the  most  prom 
inent  for  the  nomination  for  the  Presidency  when  Lincoln  was  nominated.  He  was 
Secretary  of  State  under  Lincoln  and  Johnson.  He  made  a  journey  through  Califor 
nia  and  Mexico  in  1869,  and  a  tour  round  the  world  in  1870-1871. 


236  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

the  first  months  of  the  second  year  of  the  war.     Generals 
Crittenden  and  Zollicoffer  were  routed  at  Mill  Springs,  on 
the  southern  border  of  Kentucky.     Generals  McCulloch  and 
Price  were  defeated  at  Elk  Horn  (Pea  Ridge),  in  Arkansas. 
gx          Fort  Henry,  on  the  Tennessee,  and  Fort  Donelson, 
,    ,-.  \     on  the  Cumberland,  were  taken  by  General  Grant, 
supported  by  gun-boats  under  Commodore  Foote. 
The  loss  of  these  forts  necessitated  the  abandonment  of  Ken 
tucky  and  of  Nashville.      Columbus,  on  the  Mississippi,  and 
£  P  ,      Island  No.  10,  were  given  up.     Roanoke  Island,  on 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  was  taken  by  General 
Burnside,  with  the  aid  of  a  strong  naval  squadron.     Norfolk 
was  thus  threatened  from  the  rear.     A  trifling  victory,  unpro 
ductive  of  success,  at  Valverde  (yal-vair  da],  in  New  Mexico, 
was  the  only  Confederate  success. 

INAUGURATION    OF    JEFFERSON     DAVIS. 

18.  The  frontier  of    the    Confederacy    was    thus 
pushed  back  in  the  West  to  Arkansas  and  Tennessee,  and 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina  passed  into  Federal  occupation. 

1862       °n  a  gloomy  day  in  this  time  of  gloom>  Jefferson 

P  V     Davis  was   inaugurated  as  the   regular   President 

of  the  Southern  Confederacy.     The  armies  were 

reorganized,  and  a  Conscription  Act  passed,  to  fill  up  the  ranks, 

as  the  early  enthusiasm  was  already  declining  under  the  stern 

trials  of  actual  military  service. 

19.  The  South  was  waging  a  defensive  war.     Its 
movements  were,  therefore,  determined  by  the  movements  of 
the  Northern  armies.     The  war  was  still  conducted  by  the 
North  without  unity  of  plan,  without  due  combination,  and 
was  pressed  on  every  frontier.     It  was,  however,  less  desultory 
than  it  had  been  in  the  previous  campaign. 

THE     VIRGINIA     AND     THE    MONITOR. 

20.  General  McClellan  lay  round  Washington  with 


THE  PENINSULAR   WAR. 


237 


nearly  two  hundred  thousand  men  He  was  confronted  by 
General  Joe  Johnston  with  less  than  one-third  of  that  number. 
Before  the  campaign  opened  on  land,  a  remarkable  conflict 
occurred  in  Hampton  Roads,  between  Norfolk  and  Fortress 
Monroe.  The  frigate  Merrimac,  as  has  been  mentioned,  had 
been  raised  by  the  Confederates,  plated  with  railroad  iron,  and 
armed  with  a  beak,  or  ram.  She  was  re-named  the  Virginia. 
She  attacked  the  Federal  fleet,  sank  the  Cumberland, 
'  and  captured  the  Congress,  which  was  burnt.  Next 
day  she  encountered  the  iron-coated,  turreted  Monitor, 
which  had  just  arrived  from  the  North.  The  combat  between 
these  strange  war  monsters  was  undecided,  the  Monitor  retiring 
into  shoal  water,  and  the  Virginia  withdrawing  to  Norfolk  to 
repair  damages.  Two  months  later,  the  Virginia  was  blown 
up  by  her  commander.  The  Monitor  was  lost  in  a  storm  on 
the  last  day  of  the  year. 

THE     WAR    IN     THE      PENINSULA. 

21.  McClellan    made  a  feint    against   Johnston's 
lines  before  Washington,  and  then  rapidly  threw  his    army 
round  by  water  to  the  Peninsula  between  the  York  and  the 
James  Rivers.     His  design  was  to  move  on  the  Confederate 
capital  by  a  shorter  land  route.     He  was  arrested  by  a  small 
force    under    General    Magruder,    while    General    Johnston 
marched  his  army  to  the  scene.     When  McClellan  advanced, 
Yorktown  and  Norfolk  were  evacuated,  and  a  spirited  action 
occurred  at  Williamsburg.     Slowly  he  followed  Johnston  to 
wards  Richmond,  which  was,  at  the  same  time,  threatened  by 
McDowell  at  Fredericksburg,  and  thrown  into  consternation 
by  a  Federal  fleet  on  James  River. 

THE     BATTLE    OF    SEVEN     PINES. 

22.  Johnston  fell  suddenly  upon  McClellan  at  Fair  Oaks 
-.         and  Seven  Pines,  while  the  Union  army  was  di- 
j  vided  by  the  stream  and  swamps  of  the  Chicka- 

hominy.     McClellan  was  driven  back  with  heavy 


HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


loss.  The  Confederate  commander  was  severely  wounded, 
and  was  long  unfit  for  service.  He  was  succeeded  by  General 
R.  E.  Lee,*  who  remained  at  the  head  of  the  army  of  North 
ern  Virginia  till  the  end  of  the  war. 

JACKSON'S     CAMPAIGN     IN     THE     VALLEY. 

23.  The  army  defending  Richmond  was  strongly 
reinforced.  It  was  joined  by  General  (Stonewall)  Jackson, 
after  a  series  of  rapid  movements  and  brilliant  successes,  which 
were  among  the  most  striking  operations  of  the  war.  He  had 

been  employed  in  the  Val 
ley  of  Virginia,  where  he 
was  threatened  by  three 
converging  columns  : — by 
Banks  from  Winchester, 
by  Fremont  from  West 
Virginia,  and  by  McDowell 
from  Fred ericksburg. 
Jackson  checked  Fremont 
at  McDowell  ;  turned 
against  Banks  and  drove 
him  down  the  Valley,  then 
forced  him  out  of  Winches 
ter  and  across  the  Poto 
mac.  Retracing  his  steps,  he  gave  a  second  check  to  Fre 
mont,  and,  next  day,  routed  at  Port  Republic  General  Shields, 
who  had  been  detached  against  him  by  General  McDowell. 
By  these  successes,  he  prevented  Banks  and  Fremont  from  in 
fluencing  approaching  events,  and  McDowell  from  uniting  with 
McClellan,  while  he  was  himself  enabled  to  strengthen  Lee. 

*  General  Robert  Edward  Lee  (1807-1870)  was  the  son  of  "  Light-Horse  Harry  "  of 
the  Revolution.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  recognized  as  the  ablest 
officer  in  the  United  States  army,  and  as  the  destined  successor  of  General  Scott. 
Every  effort  was  made  to  retain  him  in  the  Federal  service.  He  had  been  highly 
distinguished  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  surrendered  a  large  fortune  by  joining  the 
Confederacy.  After  the  war  he  accepted  the  Presidency  of  Washington  College,  at 
Lexington,  Virginia. 


ROBERT   E.    LEE. 


THE  SEVEN  DA  YS'  BA  TTLE.  239 

THE    SEVEN     DAYS'     BATTLE. 

24.  General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart*   made   a  cavalry   reconnois- 
sance  completely  round  the  Union  army,  which  was  still  di 
vided  by  the  Chickahominy.     McClellan  was  attacked  on  the 

right  wing,  as  he  was  preparing  to  assume  the  of- 
26  June.  fensiye  .j-     Next  d       General    A.  P.  Hill  carried 

T     Till  V 

J  y'  his  position  at  Gaines's  Mill,  and  Jackson,  with 
timely  aid  from  Longstreet,  crushed  his  lines  at  Cold  Harbor. 
McClellan  drew  back  his  army  to  the  James  River,  where  he 
was  protected  by  his  gun-boats.  The  Confederates  rashly  at 
tacked  him  in  his  strong  position  at  Malvern  Hill,  and  were 
repulsed  with  great  slaughter.  Richmond  was  relieved.  The 
Federal  attack  had  utterly  failed. 

25.  In  the  six  weeks  ensuing,  President  Lincoln  or4ered  a 
new  levy  of  six  hundred  thousand  men,  and  appointed  Gen 
eral    Halleck  Commander-in-chief,  in    place   of   McClellan. 

«  During  the  same  anxious  period,  he  sought  to  dis- 

^  '    tract  the  South  by  proposing  the  emancipation  of 
the  slaves,  with  the  payment  of  an  arbitrary  price  for  them. 

THE     SECOND    BATTLE     OF     MANASSAS. 

26.  A  new  army  was  formed,  by  combining  separate 
divisions,  while  McClellan's  host  lay  shattered  and  dispirited 
on  the  banks  of  the  James.     It  was  put  under  General  Pope, 
with  instructions  to  fall  upon  Richmond  from  the  North.     The 
advanced  division  of  this  army,  under  Banks,  was  met  and  de 
feated  by  Jackson  at  Cedar  Mountain.     Lee  brought  up  his 


*  Major-General  James  E.  B.  Stuart  (1832-1864),  of  Virginia,  was  the  most  dashing 
officer  of  the  Confederate  cavalry.  He  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  Yellow  Tavern, 
near  Richmond. 

t  Lee's  force  in  the  Seven  Days'  Fight  was  under  eighty  thousand,  with  one  hun 
dred  and  fifty  guns.  General  Early  states  it  to  have  been  "  the  largest  army  Lee 
ever  commanded."  McClellan  placed  his  force  at  one  hundred  and  five  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  twenty-five  present,  fit  for  duty,  with  three  hundred  and  forty 
field-pieces,  besides  siege  guns. 

General  Heth  put  the  Federal  numbers  at  one  hundred  and  fifteen  thousand. 


24o  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

main  body  from    Richmond,  got  in  the  rear  of   Pope   by  a 
daring  and  brilliant  manoeuvre,  and  utterly  routed  him  in  the 
A        Second  Battle  of  Manassas.   Pope,  after  suffer- 
*'  ing  further  losses  on  the  retreat,  found  safety  within 
the  lines  of  Washington.     McClellan  was  restored  to  the  com 
mand. 

LEE'S    INVASION     OF     MARYLAND. 

27.  When  Pope  retired,  Lee  crossed  the  Potomac,  to 
procure  needful  supplies,  and  to  relieve  Virginia  from  the  en 
emy   by   threatening   Washington.     Nearly  twelve  thousand 
Federal  troops,  with  seventy-five  guns  and  ample  stores,  sur 
rendered  at  Harper's  Ferry    to  a   detached   force   under 
Jackson.     Meanwhile,  Lee   was  forced  from  his  position   at 
South  Mountain,  and  retreated  to  Sharpsburg.     Here  Jack- 

e      4.    son  rejoined  him,  and  a  general  action  took  place 

on  Antietam  (an-te'tam]   Creek.     The  battle  was 

stubborn,  and  attended  with  heavy  loss  on  both  sides.     After 

waiting  a  day,  in  expectation  of  a  renewed  attack,  Lee  crossed 

the  Potomac  in  the  night,  and  was  followed  by  McClellan. 

THE     BATTLE     OF     FREDERICKSBURG. 

28.  General  McClellan  was  again  displaced.      Gen 
eral  Burnside  reluctantly  accepted  the  chief  command  of  "the 
Army  of  the  Potomac."     He  determined  to  move  straight  on 

.  Richmond  by  way  of  Fredericksburg.     After  longprepara- 

_^        tion,  the  Rappahannock  was  passed  below  the 

town,  and  the  town  was  subjected  to  a  heavy 

cannonade.     The  Federal  columns  gallantly  assaulted  Marye's 

(mar-eat)  Hill,  but  were  hurled  back  with  frightful  slaughter 

on  every  attack.     Burnside  returned  to  the  northern   shore  of 

the  river,  and  was  superseded  by  General  Hooker — "  Fighting 

Joe  Hooker,"  as  he  was  called  in  the  army. 

THE     BATTLE     OF     SHILOH. 

29.  The  Confederate  disasters  in  the  West  almost 


CA  P  TURE  OF  NE  W  OR  LEA  NS.  2  4 1 

outweighed  the  successes  in  Virginia.  The  Union  army,  after 
gaining  Fort  Donelson  and  Nashville,  pressed  on  towards  Mis- 
x  A  sissippi.  At  Shiloh  Church,  near  PittsburgLand- 
'  7  pn  '  ing,  General  Albert  S.  Johnston  fell  upon  Grant, 
and  drove  him  to  the  Tennessee  River,  under  shelter  of  the  gun 
boats.  At  this  moment  Johnston  received  a  mortal  wound. 
During  the  night  General  Buell  joined  Grant,  and  their  com 
bined  forces  renewed  the  battle  next  morning.  General 
Beauregard,*  who  was  now  in  command  of  the  Confederates, 
withdrew  to  Corinth.  That  place  was  abandoned  on  the  ap 
proach  of  the  Federal  army,  of  more  than  one  hundred  thou 
sand  men,  under  General  Halleck.  A  week  later,  Memphis 
was  captured  by  the  Federals,  and  the  whole  course  of  the 
Mississippi  above  Vicksburg  fell  into  their  hands.  An  unsuc 
cessful  attempt  on  the  latter  city  was  made  by  General  Grant 
and  General  Sherman, f  in  December. 

THE  CAPTURE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 

30.  A  more  important  conquest  had  been  made  by 
the  Federals  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  six  weeks  before  the 

.  ..  fall  of  Memphis.  As  the  forts  which  defended  the 
river  approach  to  New  Orleans  did  not  yield,  when 
bombarded  by  Admiral  Farragut,  he  cut  the  chain  which 
barred  the  passage,  led  his  fleet  past  the  guns,  and  appeared 
before  the  city.  It  was  wholly  defenceless,  and  capitulated  at 
once.  A  week  after,  General  Benjamin  F.  Butler  arrived 
with  the  land  forces,  and  took  military  possession  of  the  place, 
which  he  ruled  with  coarse  severity.  The  upper  and  the  lower 
course  of  the  Mississippi  was  lost  to  the  Southern  Confederacy, 
with  nearly  all  Louisiana. 

BATTLE     OF     PERRWILLE. 

31.  The  Confederate  invasion   of  Kentucky  failed 


,*  General  Pierre  Gustave  Toutant  Beauregard  (1818-        )  was  promoted  for  gal 
lant  service  in  Mexico,  and  became  a  full  General  in  the  Confederate  service. 
t  General  William  Tecumseh  Sherman  (1820-       )  served  in  the  Seminole  War.  He 
II 


242  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

entirely.  Some  slight  successes  were  gained  at  first.  Buell 
reached  Louisville  before  General  Bragg,  who  was  advancing 
to  seize  it.  Bragg  fell  back,  and  was  joined  by  General  Kirby 
Smith  with  the  other  invading  column.  An  engagement  took 
g  Q  place  at  Perryville.  The  Confederates  gained  the 
advantage,  but  were  unable  to  profit  by  it.  Buell  was 
removed  from  command,  and  General  Rosecrans  was  ap 
pointed  in  his  place. 

BATTLES    OF    MURFREESBORO. 

32.  Rosecrans  followed  Bragg  into  Tennessee,  and 

fought  two  battles  with  him  at  Murfreesboro.     On  the  last 
day  of   the  year  his  right  wing   was  driven 
T  862    kack.     He   maintained   his   ground,  and    re 

newed  the  battle  on  the  second  day  of  the  new 
year.  The  fighting  was  desperate,  the  slaughter  great,  the 
other  losses  very  heavy.*  Bragg  retired  southwards. 

NAVAL     OPERATIONS. 

33.  The  Federal  blockade  was  strengthened.     The 

islands  along  the  coasts  of  Georgia  and  Florida  were  captured. 
£,         The  attacks,  by  sea  and  land,  on  the  city  of  Charles- 

1862*     t0n'  met  W^  no  success>  nor  na<3  any  attended  the 
malicious  scheme  for  ruining  its  harbor.f     It  was 
still  reached  by  daring  blockade-runners.      Wilmington  was 
the  only  other  port  on  the  Atlantic  coast  that  remained  ac 
cessible  to  Confederate  intercourse  with  foreign  countries. 

THE     EMANCIPATION     PROCLAMATION. 

34.  At  the  autumnal  equinox  President  Lincoln  announced 
his  purpose  of  declaring  the  slaves  free,  wherever  the  Federal 


was  head  of  the  Louisiana  State  Military  Academy  when  the  war  broke  out.  He 
gave  up  his  position  and  joined  the  Union  army.  He  succeeded  Grant  as  General  of 
the  army. 

*  The  killed  and  wounded  on  each  side  exceeded  nine  thousand. 

f  Towards  the  end  of  the  preceding  year  seventeen  vessels  loaded  with  stone  were 
sunk  in  the  harbor.  The  obstruction  deepened  another  channel. 


THIRD   YEAR  OF  THE    WAR. 


243 


authority  continued  to  be  resisted  after  the  close  of  the  year.* 
No  attention  was  paid  to  the  threat.  An  Emancipation 
Proclamation  was,  accordingly,  issued  on  New- Year's  Day.  It 
produced  no  immediate  effect. 

MEDIATION     ATTEMPTED. 

35.  Louis  Napoleon,  the  Emperor  of   France,  invited 
England  and  the  Czar  of  Russia  to  join  with  him  in  of 
fering  mediation  between  the  warring  sections  of  the  disunited 
States.     The  invitation  was  declined  by  England,  and  the  proj 
ect  could  not  be  prosecuted.     At  the  beginning  of  the  next 
year  a  direct  proposal  was  made  by  the  Emperor  alone.     It 
was  declined. 

CONDITION     OF    THE     BELLIGERENTS. 

36.  The  war  was  sustained  on  both  sides  by  Gov 
ernment  currency.!     The  value  of  the  paper  money  de 
clined,  but  much  more  rapidly  at  the  South  than  at  the  North. 
The  credit  of  the  Federal  Government  was  upheld  by  trade, 
manufactures,   exports,    and    accumulated  capital ;  by  heavy 
taxes  on  imports,  on  domestic  products,  on  business  transac 
tions,  and  on  everything  that  could  be  taxed.     The  Confeder 
acy  was  weakened  by  the  rigorous  blockade,  by  the  various 
interruptions  of  industry,  by  the  loss  of  whole  States,  or  parts 
of  States,  and  by  the  Federal  control  of  the  Mississippi  and  its 
great  tributaries. 

THE  THIRD  YEAR   OF   THE  WAR,  1863. 

37.  The  nations  of  Europe  had  witnessed  with  interest  and 
concern  the  progress  of  the  intestine  war  in  America.     The 
British  manufacturers,  both  employers  and  factory  hands,  suf- 

*  Captured  and  runaway  slaves  had  been  freed  before  this  time,  as  property  u  con 
traband  of  war."  This  device  had  been  adopted  by  General  Butler  at  Fortress 
Monroe. 

t  The  notes  issued  by  the  Confederate  Government  promised  to  pay  the  amounts 
specified  on  their  face  ll  two  years  after  the  conclusion  of  a  Treaty  of  Peace  with  the 
United  States." 


244  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

fered  severely  from  the  stoppage  of  the  usual  supplies  of  cot 
ton.  Other  classes  suffered  in  connection  with  them.  Recog 
nition  of  the  Confederate  States  was  proposed.  There  was  a 
wide  division  of  sentiment  on  the  subject.  Hostilities  pro 
ceeded  with  increased  virulence,  and  the  United  States  put 
into  the  field  armies  larger,  more  disciplined,  and  better 
equipped  than  before.  The  military  operations  continued  to 
be  disconnected,  and  may  be  distributed,  according  to  their 
occurrence  : — in  Virginia  ;  on  the  Mississippi,  or  beyond  it ;  in 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Georgia ;  and  on  the  coast.  The 
year  was  notable  for  numerous  raids  conducted  on  a  large 
scale. 

THE     BATTLE     OF    CHANCELLORSVILLE. 

38.  "  The  Army  of  the  Potomac "  numbered  one 
hundred  and  thirty-two  thousand  men.     Lee's  force 
was  little  more  than  one-third  as  many.      Hooker  dispatched 
General  Sedgwick  to  watch,  and  to  threaten,  the  Confederate 
right  at  Fredericksburg,  while  he  moved  up  the  Rappahannock 
with  the  main  body.     Hooker  crossed  the  river,  and  took  up 
a  fortified  position  at  Chancellorsville.     General  Jackson 
marched  with  a  large  part  of  the  Confederate  army,  from  its 

__         extreme  right,  across  the  front  of  the  whole  Federal 
army,  turned  Hooker's  flank,  and  suddenly  crushed  in 
his  right  wing.     He  received  several  wounds  in  the  darkness 
from  his  own  men,  while  preparing  to  push  the  great  advan 
tage  which  he  had  gained.     In  eight  days  he  was  dead. 

39.  The  advantage   was  not  wholly  lost   by  Jackson's  re 
moval  from  the  field.     The  Federals  were  closely  "  pressed," 
the   next  day,    by   Lee   in  front,  and  by  Stuart  in  flank,  and 
were  forced  back  to   the  river.     Lee  was  recalled   from  the 
scene  by  the  necessity  of  meeting  Sedgwick,  who  was  coming 
up  on  his  rear.     Sedgwick  was  repulsed,  but  made  good  his 
retreat  across  the  Rappahannock.     The  river  was  repassed  by 
Hooker  also,  and  rose  so  much  from  recent  rains  as.  to  render 
pursuit  hazardous. 


IN VA  SION  OF  PENNS  YL  VANIA .  245 

INVASION     OF    PENNSYLVANIA. 

40.  General  Lee  crossed  the  Blue  Ridge  into  the 
Valley,  when  relieved  from  the  enemy  in  his  front,  and  led 
sixty  thousand  men  into  Pennsylvania.     The  cavalry  protect 
ing  the  rear  of  both  armies  and  concealing  their  movements, 
engaged  in  a  long  and  repeated  combat  on  the  broad  plains 
near  Brandy  Station  (Battle  of  Fleetwood).     This  was  the 
greatest  cavalry  action  of  the  war.     Winchester  was  surprised 
and  captured,  and  Lee  poured  his  army  across   the  Potomac. 
One  hundred  thousand  Union  volunteers  were  suddenly  called 
for  to  meet  the  imminent  danger. 

THE      BATTLE    OF    GETTYSBURG^ 

41.  Hooker  resigned  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  and  was  succeeded  by  General  Meade.     The 

.  .  Federal  and  Confederate  armies  stumbled  upon 
1-3  Ju  y.  each  Qther  a(.  Gettysburg,*  and  the  fiercest,  the 
most  obstinate,  and  the  bloodiest  battle  of  the  war  occurred. 
On  three  successive  days  the  Confederates  endeavored  to 
storm  the  strong  Federal  positions  on  the  heights  above  the 
town.  On  the  third  day,  a  furious  assault  was  made  on  the 
Union  centre  by  Pickett's  division  and  other  troops.  The  as 
sailants,  broken  and  torn  by  the  murderous  cannonade  to  which 
they  were  exposed,  reached  the  intrenchments,  and  many  fell 
between  the  guns  on  the  ramparts.  They  were  not  effectually 
supported,  and  were  driven  back  with  fearful  loss.  Lee  waited 
a  day  to  be  attacked,  and  offered  battle  on  his  sturdy  retreat. 
The  battle  of  Gettysburg  was  the  turning  event  of  the  war. 
The  Confederates  who  lay  on  those  heights  were  never  re 
placed. 

42.  Lee  returned  across  the  Potomac  into  the  Valley 
of  Virginia,  and  was  followed  by  Meade.  f  He  fell  back  slowly 

*  "  Meade's  army  numbered  at  least  one  hundred  thousand  men  ;  Lee's  less  than 
sixty  thousand  of  all  arms." 

t  On  his  return  to  Virginia,  after  the  Gettysburg'  campaign,  General  Lee  tendered 
his  resignation  to  President  Davis.  It  was  not  accepted. 


246  HISTOR  Y   OF  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

to  the  Rapidan.     By  a  bold  dash,  he  nearly  succeeded  in  cut- 
Nov    ^n^    ^cade's  communications  with    Washington. 
He  subsequently  defeated,  at  Mine  Run,  an  ef 
fort  to  turn  his  flank  and  get  in  his  rear. 

SIEGE    AND    CAPTURE     OF    VICKSBLJRG. 

43.  A  second  attempt  was  made  in  the  spring  to  take 
Vicksburg,  and  thus  secure  control  of  the  whole  course  of 
the  Mississippi.     A  canal,  designed  to  reach  the  river  below, 
and  to  change  the  course  of  the  stream,  was  dug  across  the 
neck  of  a  great  bend  opposite  the  city.     It  was  destroyed  by  a 
flood.     Grant,  who  was  in  command,  then  changed  his  plans. 
The  Federal  iron-clads  and  transports  passed  the  batteries  of 
Vicksburg  in  the  night.     Grant  led  his  army  down  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  crossed  it,  and  prepared  to  attack  the  city 

,yj.        from  the   rear.     He   took    Jackson,   the   capital  of 
Mississippi,  tore  up  the  railroads,  inflicted  other  in 
juries,  routed  General  Pemberton  at  Baker's  Creek  (Cham 
pion  Hill),  shut  him  up  in  Vicksburg,  and  invested  it. 

44.  General  Joe  Johnston,  the  chief  Confederate  com 
mander  in  Mississippi,  was  too  weak  to  interrupt  the  siege. 
Two  attempts  were  made  to  take  the  place  by  storm.     They 

,  j  were  repulsed  with  great  'slaughter.  The  city  was 
y*  surrendered  on  the  4th  of  July.  Thus,  in  the  same 
days,  the  Confederacy  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  East  and 
in  the  West.  The  whole  course  of  the  Mississippi  was  recov 
ered  for  the  Union,  and  the  country  beyond  it  was  almost 
entirely  severed  from  the  rest  of  the  Confederacy. 

STREIGHT'S     RAID. 

45.  The  severity  of  winter  kept  the  armies  in  Ten 
nessee  inactive.     In  the  early  summer  a  raid,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  cutting  the  railroads,  was  made  by  Colonel  Straight, 

-_        and  a  picked   body  of  Federal  cavalry.     They  were 
captured  by  General  Forrest,  on  the  border  of  Ala 
bama  and  Georgia. 


IMP  OR  TA  NT  BA  TTLES.  247 


MORGAN'S    RAID. 

46.  General  Morgan  with  his  cavalry  made  a  like 
raid  northwards  and  across  the  Ohio.     He  crossed  Kentucky, 
passed    the  Ohio  below  Louisville,  swept  round   Cincinnati, 

,   ,  and  after  vain  attempts  to  recross  the  Ohio,  sur- 

26  July.         .       ,     .,-       i_      j     j 

rendered  with  five  hundred  men,  near  the  upper 

bend  of  the  river.      These  prisoners  were  confined  in  the  Pen 
itentiary. 

BATTLE     OF    CHICK  AM  AUGA. 

47.  Morgan  had  failed  to  receive  support,  as  General  Rose- 
crans  had  advanced  from  Murfreesboro  on  General  Bragg  at 
Tullahoma.     Bragg  withdrew  to  Chattanooga.     This  he  aban 
doned  when  Rosecrans  approached.    Both  armies  were  strongly 

<.,          reinforced.       Bragg   fell    upon    Rosecrans    on 
Chickamauga    Creek,  and    drove    him,  with 
heavy  loss,  back  into  Chattanooga.*     An  utter  rout  was  pre 
vented  only  by  the  steadiness  of  General  Thomas  and  the  left 
wing  of  the  Union  army.f 

BATTLES     OF     LOOK    OUT    MOUNTAIN     AND    MISSIONARY 

RIDGE. 

48.  Grant  was  now  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Federal  armies  on  the  Tennessee.     He  brought  strong  rein 
forcements  to  the  relief  of  Rosecrans,  who  was  cooped  up  in 
Chattanooga,  with  his  communications  by  river  and    rail  all 
broken.     By    Hooker's    capture  of  Look  Out    Mountain 

2e  M     '    (t^e  Batt^e  °f  tne  Clouds), |  and  by  Sherman's 

'  victory  next  day  at  Missionary  Ridge,  Bragg 

was  forced  out  of  his  strong  position,  and  Rosecrans  entirely 


*  Chickamauga— "  the  Dead  River" — twelve  miles  from  Chattanooga. 

t  General  Garfield,  afterwards  President,  joined  Thomas  in  this  stubborn  retreat, 
after  the  body  to  which  he  had  been  attached  was  scattered. 

*  "  The  Battle  of  the  Clouds  "  never  occurred.    There  was  only  some  skirmishing. 
It  was  fog  in  the  valley,  not  cloud  on  the  mountain,  that  hid  Hooker's  movements. 


248  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

relieved.     General  Bragg  had  seriously  weakened  himself  by 
,.         sending  General  Longstreet  and  his   corps  against 
Burnside  at  Knoxville,  which   they   besieged.     A 
rash  attempt  to  storm  the  town  was  disastrously  repulsed. 

BOMBARDMENT    OF     FORT    SUMTER    AND    CHARLESTON. 

49.  No  serious  change  resulted  from  the  operations 
on  the  coast  this  year.     The  Confederates  recovered  Gal- 
veston,  in  Texas,  on  New- Year's  Day.     The  most  important 
transaction  was  the  renewed  attack  on  Charleston,  S.  C.     An 
assault  on  Fort  Sumter,  by  iron-clad  war  vessels,  was  defeated 
with  heavy  damage  to  the  assailing  fleet.     Attempts  to  surprise 
the  fort  were  foiled.     Its  walls   crumbled   under  the  furious 
tempest  of  shot  and  shell  to  which  it  was  exposed.     Its  ruins 
rendered  it  invulnerable.     Shot  and  shell  plunged  harmlessly 
into  the  rubbish  with  which  it  became  encased.     The  besieg 
ers  slowly  worked  their  way  closer  to  the  city,  by  land.     Fort 
Wagner  was  evacuated   after  a  siege  of  fifty-seven  days.     A 
heavy  "  Parrott  gun  "  was  planted  in  the  swamps,  and  called 
"  The  Swamp  Angel."     Shells  were  thrown  by  it  into  the  city, 
which  had  been  damaged  and  set  on  fire  by  a  previous  bom 
bardment. 

THE     ALABAMA. 

50.  The  Confederate  cruisers,  and  especially  the  Ala 
bama,*    under   Capt.  Semmes,    inflicted  very  great  damage 
upon  the  shipping  and  commercial  interests  of  the  Northern 
States.     These  injuries  occasioned  the  demands  subsequently 
made  on  Great  Britain,  under  the  designation  of  the  Alabama 
Claims. 


*  The  A  labama  was  built  and  equipped  at  Birkenhead,  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Liver 
pool.  It  sailed  under  the  name  of  the  kl  290,"  being  the  zgoth  vessel  constructed  by 
the  Messrs.  Laird.  Her  armament  and  stores  were  sent  in  advance  of  her,  in  a  trans 
port,  to  the  Azores.  A  sharp  correspondence  took  place  between  Mr.  Adams,  the 
United  States  Ambassador,  and  Lord  John  Russell,  on  the  subject  of  her  detention. 


FOURTH   YEAR  OF  THE    WAR.  249 


WEST    VIRGINIA. 

51.  West  Virginia,  which  had   been  torn  off  from  Vir 
ginia  in  the  early  period  of  the  war,  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  separate  State,  during  the  year. 

CONSEQUENCES     OF    THE     CAMPAIGN 

52.  The  Southern  Confederacy  was  cut  in  two  by 

the  loss  of  the  Mississippi.  Tennessee  was  wrenched  from  it, 
and  its  available  domain  was  greatly  contracted.  It  was 
declining  in  extent,  in  resources,  and  in  strength.  Its  cur 
rency  was  almost  worthless,  and  every  project  entertained  for 
its  improvement  quickened  its  depreciation.  The  Federal 
finances  were  sustained  by  European  loans,  and  by 
'  '  Secretary  Chase's  scheme  of  National  Banks  and 
National  Currency.  The  burdens  of  war  weighed  upon 
the*  mass  of  the  people,  but  war  produced  its  own  interests  and 
opportunities,  and  vast  fortunes  were  rapidly  made.  The  ter 
ritories  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  were  filling  up  with  a 
busy  population,  while  the  older  States  were  involved  in  bloody 
strife.  Nevada  was  already  beginning  to  add  her  treasures  to 
the  silver  of  the  world. 

A  Conscription  Act  was  passed  in  the  spring  by  the  Con 
gress  of  the  United  States.  The  Union  armies  needed  re 
cruits,  and  three  hundred  thousand  more  men  were  ordered  to 
the  field.  This  act  was  resisted  in  some  places,  and  the  con 
scription  caused  a  desperate  riot  at  New  York. 

THE   FOURTH  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR. — 1864. 

53.  A  million  of  men  were  in  the  Federal  armies 

in  the  fourth  year  of  the  war.    The  Confederate  forces  scarcely 
reached  a  quarter  of  that  number.     The  interest  is  concen 
trated  on  two  lines  of  operation  :  the  advance  on  Richmond 
in  the  East,  and  on  Atlanta  in  the  South-west, 
n* 


250  HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Some  transactions  elsewhere  require  previous  notice  to  avoid 
confusion. 

54.  General  Seymour  invaded  Florida,  to  reclaim  it 
for  the  Union  before  the  Presidential  election.     He  was  utter- 

20  Feb  ly  defeated  at  Olustee  (Ocean  Pond).  Sher 
man  marched  from  Vicksburg,  to  drive  the  Con 
federates  out  of  Mississippi.  He  destroyed  the  railroads  round 
Meridian,  and  marked  his  track  with  ravage.  A  cavalry  raid 
was  intended  to  support  this  movement,  but  it  was  arrested  by 
General  Forrest  at  Okalona.  Forrest  made  an  attempt  on 
Padu'cah,  Ky.  He  failed  there,  but  stormed  and  took  Fort 
Pillow. 

55.  General  Banks,  with  a  part  of  his  own  and  of  Sher 
man's  command,  undertook  an  expedition  up  the  Red  River, 

8  April    in  Louisiana-     He  was  defeated  near  Mansfield, 
was  attacked  next  day  at  Pleasant  Hill,  and  driven 
to  the  protection  of  his  gun-boats. 

In  North  Carolina  the  Confederates  gained  an  advantage 
at  Newbern,  and  that  town  and  Plymouth  afterwards  fell  into 
their  hands. 

KILPATRICK'S     RAID    AND     DAHLGREN'S     DEATH. 

56.  The  Fourth  Campaign  in  Virginia  was   more 
stubborn  and  more  desperate  than  any  previous  one  had 
been.    While  the  armies  still  watched  each  other  on  the  Rapi- 
dan,  Kilpatrick  led  his  cavalry  round  Lee's  right  flank,  to  cut 
the  railroads  and  surprise  Richmond.     Colonel  Dahlgren,  who 
accompanied  the   expedition,  had  undertaken  to  liberate  the 
Union  prisoners  on  the  further  side  of  James  River,  and,  it  is 
asserted,  to  burn  Richmond  and  to  massacre  the  high  officers 
of  the  Confederate   Government.      He  could  not  cross  the 
river,  and  was  killed  on  the  retreat. 

GRANT     COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 

57»   General    Grant,    now    commander-in-chief    of  all  the 


GRANT  COMMANDER-IN-CHJEF.  251 

armies  of  the  United  States,  passed  the  Rapidan,  in  the  be 
ginning  of  May,  with  one  hundred  thousand  men,  having  forty 
thousand  more  under  his  immediate  orders.  Lee  encountered 
him  with  less  than  thirty  thousand,  but  was  joined  by  Long- 
street  and  other  detachments,  in  the  second  day's  battle. 
Butler  proceeded  up  the  James  River,  against  Richmond  and 
Petersburg,  with  more  than  thirty  thousand  men.  Other 
Federal  bodies  were  distributed  in  other  quarters,  to  divide  the 
Confederate  forces  or  to  distract  their  attention. 

THE     BATTLES     OF    THE     WILDERNESS. 

58.  Lee,  with  his  weak  force,  engaged  at  once  the  great 
army  of  Grant,  on  its  march  through  the  thickets  and  woods 

-_.          of  the  Wilderness.      Longstreet  arrived  on  the 
second  day,  but  was  seriously  wounded  by  his  own 
men,  and  continued  long  unfit  for  service.     The   desperate 
fighting  lasted,  with  few  interruptions,  for  a  week  or  more. 
Grant  was  constantly  reinforced,  and  steadily  endeavored  to 
turn   the   right   flank   of   the   Confederates.      He  found    Lee 
always  in  his  front,  and  he  was  always  compelled  to  edge  off 
in  the  direction  of  his  own  left.     A  fierce  struggle  took  place 
-_         at  Spottsylvania  Court-House,  when  an   advanced 
work  of  the  Confederates  was  carried  in  the  early 
morning  by  the  Union  troops.*     No  permanent  advantage  was 
thus  gained.     Grant  continued  to  slide  down  Lee's  right  flank 
towards  Richmond.     He  had  lost,  in  the  repeated    engage 
ments,  as  many  men  as  were  in  Lee's  whole  army. 

DEATH     OF     GENERAL    STUART. 

59.  General  Sheridan  made  a  rapid  raid,  to  cut  the 

railroads  behind  Lee,  and  fall  unexpectedly  upon  Richmond. 

_.         He  pierced  the  outer  defences  of  the  city,  but  met 
ii  May.     .  *          .  .  . 

with   opposition,  and  returned  to  the  mam  army. 


*  Here,  and  on  another  occasion,  a  few  days  previously,  General  Lee  had  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  his  column,  and  was  forced  back  by  the  cry  of  his  men  : 
"  General  Lee  to  the  rear  !  General  Lee  to  the  rear !  " 


252  HISTORY  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES. 

The  Confederate   General,  J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  was  slain  in  an  en 
counter  with  this  force. 

60.  General  Butler  had  disembarked  below  Richmond,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Appomattox  with  the  James.     He  was 
driven  into  his  intrenchments  and  shut    up  in  his  lines  by 
Beauregard  : — "  bottled  up,"    as   General    Grant    afterwards 
said. 

THE  FEDERAL  INROAD  INTO  THE  VALLEY. 

61.  In  the  Valley,  Sigel  (see'ghel]  was    routed  by  Breckin- 
ridge,  at  Newmarket,  a  victory  decided  by  the  Cadets  of  the 

-_.  State  Military  Institute.  Sigel  was  replaced  by 
y*  Hunter.  The  latter  was  joined  by  Averill  from  the 
Kanawha,  and  by  Cook,  who  had  gained  a  victory  at  Dublin, 
and  destroyed  the  bridge,  in  that  neighborhood,  over  New  River. 
The  united  force  entered  Lexington,  burnt  the  Military  Insti 
tute,  where  "  Stonewall  "  Jackson  had  been  a  professor,  and 
other  buildings.  They  then  crossed  the  Blue  Ridge  by  diffi 
cult  paths,  and  appeared  before  Lynchburg.  Here  they  were 
met  by  Early  and  Breckinridge.  They  retreated  in  ruinous 
disorder  to  the  Valley  of  the  Kanawha,  and  were  hotly  pursued 
for  a  time. 

THE    SECOND     BATTLE    OF    COLD     HARBOR. 

62.  Grant  was  still  edging  towards  Richmond  while 
these  movements  were  proceeding  elsewhere.     He  attempted 
to  carry  the  Confederate  works  at  Cold  Harbor,  but  was 

..  hurled   back   with  such   horrid  slaughter  that  his 

"  men  refused  to  repeat  the  attack.  In  ten  minutes 
he  had  sacrificed  more  than  thirteen  thousand  of  his  troops. 
He  then  transported  his  army  to  the  southern  bank  of  James 
River.  General  Sheridan  was  dispatched  with  the  cavalry  to 
seize  Gordonsville  and  Charlottesville,  but  was  defeated  by 
General  Hampton  with  a  greatly  inferior  force. 


ADVANCE  ON    WASHINGTON.  253 

THE     SIEGE     OF     PETERSBURG. 

63.  Grant  threw  up  intrenchments  along  the  whole 
front  of  his  new  position.      He  was  protected  on  the  wings 
and  rear  by  the  James  and  Appomattox  rivers.     He  still  en 
deavored  to  turn  Lee's  flank.  The  subsequent  operations  of  the 
campaign  took  place,  in  consequence,  mainly  around  Peters 
burg.      A  fort  in  front  of  that  city  was  mined,  and  blown  up, 

_  .  with  damage  only  to  the  assailants,  four  thousand  of 
y'  whom  perished.  The  scene  of  the  disaster  received 
the  name  of  "  The  Crater."  Grant  continued  to  extend  his 
lines  to  the  left.  He  gained  the  Weldon  Railroad,  and  pushed 
beyond  it.  He  thus  threatened  more  and  more  the  right  and 
rear  of  the  Confederates,  and  captured  or  menaced  the  rail 
roads  which  brought  their  supplies  from  the  South  and  the 
South-west.  Other  attempts  were  made  in  other  quarters  to 
break  or  to  turn  Lee's  thin  lines.  General  Butler  endeavored 
to  divert  the  course  of  the  James  River,  by  digging  a  canal  at 
"  Dutch  Gap,"  across  a  neck  of  land,  at  a  great  bend  of  the 
river  * 

ADVANCE     ON     WASHINGTON. 

64.  Early  and  Breckinridge  were  ordered  across 
the  Potomac,  when  the  Valley  of  Virginia  was  cleared  by 
Hunter's  retreat  from  Lynchburg.     It  was  intended  to  threaten 
Baltimore  and  Washington,  in  the  hope  that  Grant  would  be 
thus  recalled  from  Petersburg.     Grant  did  not  move.     The 
Confederates  gained  a  victory  on  the  Monocracy,  and  turned 

II  July    towards  Washington.      Strong  reinforcements  ar- 
'  rived  from  Grant,  and  Early  retired.     In  passing 
through  Pennsylvania,  Chambersburg  was  burnt  in  retaliation 
for  Hunter's  wanton  destruction  in  the  Valley. 

SHERIDAN     IN    THE     VALLEY. 

65.  The  Confederates  were  followed  into  Virginia 

*  The  cut  has  been  coracleted  since  the  war.  with  bene6t  to  the  navigation. 


254 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


by  Sheridan,  with  more  than  thrice  their  numbers.     They 

^  were  attacked  at  Winchester,  and    at  Fisher's 

Hill.      Sheridan  pushed  on,  burning  barns,  mills, 

and  houses,  and  rendering  the  country  "  so  bare  that  a  crow 

^         could  fly  over  it  without  finding  food."     His  main 

body  was  routed  at  Cedar  Creek,  but  he  arrived 

in  person  on  the  field,  and  converted  defeat  into  victory. 

SHERMAN'S    ADVANCE     ON     ATLANTA. 

66.  Sherman  received  the  chief  command  of  the 
Union  armies  on  the  Tennessee  when  Grant  went  to 
Virginia.  General  Joe  Johnston  was  the  Confederate  com 

mander  in  that  quarter, 
in  place  of  Bragg.  Sher 
man  advanced  in  three 
columns,  which  threat 
ened  Johnston  in  front 
and  on  both  wings.  Each 
column  was  but  little  in 
ferior  to  the  whole  Con 
federate  force.  John 
ston  slowly  and  skilfully 
retired,  as  his  succes 
sive  positions  wrere  in 
danger  of  being  flanked. 
A  general  engagement, 
under  ordinary  circum- 

JOSEPH  E.  JOHNSTON.  ^^   ^4   hayebeen 

ruinous  to  him.     Skirmishes  and  combats  were  frequent,  and 

at  Kenesaw  Mountain  assumed  the  proportions  of  a  battle. 

y   ,      Johnston  fell  back  to  Atlanta,  and  was  removed  by 

President  Davis  from  the  command.  General  Hood, 

"more  bold  and  rash,"  was  appointed  in  his  stead. 


HOOD'S    CAMPAIGN. 

67.  Hood  assailed  Sherman  four  times  in  front  of 


SHERIDAN'S  "MARCH  TO  THE  SEA: 


255 


Atlanta,  and  was  on  each  occasion  repulsed  with  disastrous 
^  loss.     He  gave  up  the  city,  and  marched  north 

wards,  breaking  the  railroad  at  Big  Shanty    and 
Resaca.     He  was  pursued.     He  then  turned  to  the  West.    For 
some  time  nothing  was  heard  of  him.      Generals  Thomas  and 
Schofield  were  sent  to  oppose  him  in  Tennessee.      A  severe 
skirmish  took  place  at  Columbia.      A  victory  was  gained  by 
,  _        Hood  at  Franklin,  and  he  pushed  on  to  the  heights 
'          ""  of  Nashville.     Here  a  decisive  action  occurred. 
The  Confederates  were  utterly  routed,  and  the  scattered  rem 
nants  of  that  army  never  reassembled. 

SHERMAN'S     "MARCH     TO     THE     SEA." 

68.  Sherman  returned  to  Atlanta  before  Hood  turned 
aside  to  Alabama.  He  resolved  to  force  his  way  to  the  At 
lantic  coast.  The  inhabitants  of  Atlanta  were  driven  out  and 
the  city  destroyed.  Sher 
man  moved  southwards 
by  easy  marches,  leaving 
desolation  behind  him 
over  a  breadth  of  eighty 
miles.*  No  force  op 
posed  him.  One  attack 
was  made  by  Wheeler's 
cavalry.  It  produced 
little  effect.  The  Con 
federates  withdrew  into 
the  lines  of  Savannah. 
Communications  were 
opened  with  the  United 
States  fleet.  Fort  Mc 
Allister,  which  commanded  the  Ogee'chee,  was  stormed. 
Savannah  was  occupied  in  little  more  than  five  weeks  after 


WILLIAM    T.    SHERMAN. 


*  General  Sherman  characterized  the 
march." 


March  to  the  Sea  "  as  "  our  rather  Vandalic 


256  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the   departure  from  Atlanta.       It  was  offered  to    President 
-^          Lincoln  as  a  "  Christmas    gift."     The    shrunken 
territory    of    the    Confederate    States  was   again 
cut  in  two. 

CONFEDERATE     DISASTERS     ON     SEA     AND     COAST. 

69.  The  Confederate  disasters  on  the  sea  and  along 
the  coast  corresponded  with  the  misfortunes  on  land.     The 

,  noted  cruiser  Alabama  was  shattered  and  sunk 

by  the  Kearsarge,  off  Cherbourg  {shair  boorg) ,  in 

France.*     The  Florida  was  seized  by  the  Wachu  setts,  in  the 

_         neutral  harbor  of  San  Salvador,  in  Brazil.     It  was 

'   conveniently  run  into  by  a  United  States  vessel,  and 

sunk  in  Hampton  Roads.      The  harbor  of  Mobile  was  gained 

and  closed  by  Admiral  Farragut,  with  a  Federal  squadron. 

The  Confederate  ram  Tennessee  was  disabled,  and  reduced  to 

_        surrender.     Fort  Fisher,  at  the  mouth  of  the 

"  Cape  Fear  River,  was  vainly  assailed  by  General 

Butler,  who  was  supported  by  a  fleet.     He  exploded  a  large 

powder-boat  at  such  a  distance  as  to  make  much  noise  and 

inflict  no  damage.f     The  fort  was  taken  early  in  the  next  year, 

and  Wilmington  was  evacuated  a  month  afterwards. 

REELECTION     OF     PRESIDENT     LINCOLN. 

70.  A  Presidential  Election    occurred    during  the 
year.       Lincoln  was  reflected  by  a  small  majority    of    the 
popular  vote,  which  included  the  votes  of  the  soldiers  in  the 
army  and  navy.     Andrew  Johnson,];  of  Tennessee,  was  elected 

*  In  this  action  the  Kearsarge  was  protected  by  heavy  chains  hung  over  its  sides 
where  it  was  most  vulnerable.  Captain  Semmes,  the  commander  of  the  Alabama^ 
was  rescued,  after  the  sinking  of  his  ship,  by  the  steam-yacht  Deerhozind,  belonging 
to  a  private  English  gentleman.  He  was  carried  to  England. 

t  The  failure  of  this  scheme  was  anticipated  by  General  Sherman  and  other  officers 
of  experience. 

$  Andrew  Johnson  (1808-1875),  born  in  North  Carolina,  was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor 
fn  early  life.  He  taught  himself  to  read.  He  migrated  to  Tennessee  in  1826.  He 
was  United  States  Senator  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war.  Lincoln  made  him  Pro 
visional  Governor  of  Tennessee.  He  became  President  on  Lincoln's  assassination. 
He  was  United  States  Senator  when  he  died. 


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END   OF    THE    WAR. 


257 


Vice-President.  General  McClellan  was  the  candidate  brought 
out  in  opposition  to  Lincoln.  On  the  eve  of  the  election, 
Nevada  was  welcomed  into  the  Union  as  the  thirty-sixth 
State. 

FEDERAL     AND     CONFEDERATE     CURRENCY. 

71.  The  Federal  currency  sunk  to  one-third  of  its 
nominal  value,  in  consequence  of  the  large  amount  of  paper 
money  issued.     The  Federal  debt  reached  eighteen  hundred 
millions  of  dollars.     The  Confederate  debt  was  not  much  less, 
but  cannot  be  estimated,  as  the  value  of  the  currency  had  sunk 
below  a  twentieth  of  the  promises  on  the  face  of  the  notes.* 
The   old  currency,  too,   had  been  called  in  ;    and    "  a  New 
Issue  "  ordered,  which  only  hastened  the  progress  of  decline. 
Additional  taxes  were  imposed  ;  but  the  territory  of  the  Seced 
ing  States  was  shrivelled  up,  and  their  resources  exhausted. 

CLOSE   OF    LINCOLN'S   ADMINISTRATION.-THE    END   OF 
THE   WAR.— 1865. 

72.  The  fifth  spring  saw  the  close  of  the  war.    The 

main  operations  occurred  between  the  Savannah  and  the  James 
River.  Military  movements  took  place  beyond  these  narrow 
limits,  but  they  were  on  a  small  scale,  and  had  little  influence 
on  the  final  result.  The  death  struggle  was  fought  within 
closed  lists.  The  Federal  armies  numbered  more  than  a  mill 
ion  of  men.  The  South  was  drained  of  men,  of  means,  and  of 
supplies,  f  It  brought  into  the  field  barely  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  soldiers — ragged,  shivering,  hungry,  gaunt — whose 
families  were  starving  at  home.  Numbers  of  its  veterans  were 
famishing  in  Northern  prisons  ;  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners 
had  been  stopped. 

73.  The  end  was  manifestly  near  at  hand.     Irregular  pro- 


*  A  barrel  of  flour  sold  for  $400,  and  a  pair  of  boots  $800. 

t  General  Grant  said  the  Confederacy  "  had  robbed  the  cradle  and  the  grave  "  to  fill 
its  armies. 


258  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

posals  for  the  restoration  of   peace  were  made.      President 

_.,  ,      Lincoln  met  three  Confederate  Commissioners  near 

Fortress  Monroe.     Their  instructions  rendered 

any  settlement  by  conference  impossible.     The  previous  day, 

the  Thirteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution,  declaring 

the  abolition  of  slavery,  had  been  accepted  by  Congress. 

74.  The  final  campaign  consisted  of  two  divisions- 
parts  of  the  same  plan,  and  working  together  to  the  same  end. 
These  were  the  operations  in  Virginia  and  those  in  the  Car- 
olinas. 

DESTRUCTION    OF     RAILROADS     IN    VIRGINIA. 

75.  Lee  lay  during  the  winter  in  his  long  lines  before 
Petersburg  and  Richmond.     He  had  less  than  forty  thousand 
ynen  confronting  the  Union  army  of  nearly  two  hundred  thou 
sand.     The  railroads  by  which  his  troops  were  supplied  were 
nearly  all  taken  before  the  winter  had  fairly  ended.     Sheridan 
hurried  up  the  Valley,  routed  and  scattered  Early's  small  and 

__  ,  worn-out  command  at  Waynesboro,  crossed  the 
2  Marc  .  Blue  Ridge?  Destroyed  the  railroads  round  Char- 
Icttesville,  broke  the  James  River  Canal,  and  was  prevented 
from  taking  Lynchburg  only  by  high  waters.  In  the  South 
west,  General  Stoneman  cut  the  railroad  at  Wytheville  and 
Christiansburg.  The  lead  mines  near  the  former  place,  and 
the  salt  works  on  the  Holston,  were  rendered  unserviceable  at 
the  same  time.* 

EVACUATION     OF     RICHMOND    AND     PETERSBURG. 

76.  Grant  continued  to  threaten  Lee's  right  flank, 

and  the  railroads  on  the  south  side  of  James  River,  by  which 
the  Confederates  now  received  their  chief  supplies  of  food. 
Grant's  forward  movements  were  vigorously  arrested  at  Hatch- 


*  From  the  Wythe  Lead  Mines  the  Confederates  obtained  all  their  lead  ;  from  the 
Holston  Salt  Works  nearly  all  the  salt  used  east  of  the  Mississippi. 


SURRENDER   AT  APPOMATTOX.  259 

er's  Run,  at  Fort  Steadman,  and  at  Five  Forks.     Sheridan 

-_.        ,     returned  the  day  after  the  last  repulse,  and  crushed 

AM"  tne    extreme    right  of   the    Confederates.     Next 

morning  Lee's  thin  lines  were  broken  in  three 

places.     During  the  ensuing  night  Richmond  and  Petersburg 

were  abandoned,  and  a  rapid  retreat  towards    Danville  was 

begun. 

THE  SURRENDER  AT  APPOMATTOX. 

77.  The  Confederates  were  hotly  pursued.  Lee's  lines  had 
been  held  at  last  by  only  twenty-five  thousand  men.  Of  these 
many  dropped  by  the  wayside,  or  straggled  off  on  the  retreat. 
They  were  hopeless,  broken  down,  famishing.  Horses  gave 
out,  long  trains  of  wagons  were  captured,  guns  were  aban 
doned,  muskets  were  thrown  away.  The  pursuit  was  breath 
less,  and  never  flagged.  Several  attacks  were  repelled,  but  a 
serious  disaster  was  experienced  at  Sailor's  Creek.  There  was 
no  time  for  rest,  for  sleep,  or  for  food.  There  was  no  food. 
Those  who  still  kept  with  the  standards  often  sustained  life  by 
snatching  an  ear  of  corn  from  the  corn-cribs,  the  horses,  or 
the  fields,  where  the  shocks  had  been  left  standing  all  winter. 
At  Appomattox  Court-House  Sheridan  appeared  in  front 
of  Lee.  A  hope  was  entertained  of  cutting  a  way  through  this 
opposition,  but  infantry  had  come  up.  Stoneman,  too,  was 
approaching  Lynchburg.  The  road  to  Danville  was  effectu 
ally  closed.  The  main  army  of  the  enemy  was  at  hand  on 
flank  and  rear.  General  Lee  was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of 
.  .«  surrendering.  He  had  only  eight  thousand  mus 
kets  in  his  ranks.  Honorable  terms  were  accorded 
by  Grant.*  General  Lee  bade  farewell  to  the  army  of  North 
ern  Virginia  in  a  touching  address,  and  retired  to  Richmond 


*  The  story,  long  current,  that  General  Grant  had  returned  General  Lee's  sword 
to  him,  has  been  contradicted  by  both  those  officers. 

General  Lee  remarked  :  "  He  had  no  opportunity  of  doing  so  ;  I  was  determined 
that  the  side-arms  of  officers  should  be  exempt  by  the  terms  of  surrender." 


260  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

on  parole.     The  war  was  over  in  Virginia,  and  the  surrender 
at  Appomattox  insured  its  termination  everywhere. 

BURNING     OF     RICHMOND. 

78.  The  public  property  at  Richmond  was  committed 
to  the  flames  by  the  Confederate   authorities  when  the  city 
was  evacuated.     The  fire  spread  widely,  and  a  large  part  of 
the  city  was  burnt.     In  the  midst  of  the  conflagration,  the 
Federal  troops  entered,  and  occupied  the  capital  of  Virginia, 
and  of  the  Southern  Confederacy. 

END     OF    THE     CONFEDERACY. 

79.  The  officers  of  the  Confederate  and  State  Governments 
had  escaped.     Mr.  Davis  and  most  of  his  Cabinet  proceeded 

A      ..    first  to  Danville,  then    to  Greensboro,  in    North 
Carolina,  and  thence  to  Charlotte,  where  the  Con 
federate  Government  was  dissolved. 

SHERMAN'S  MARCH  THROUGH  THE   CAROLINAS. 

80.  Sherman  had  been  ordered  to  join  Grant  by  sea, 
but  was  permitted  to  bring  up  his  army  by  land,  in  conse 
quence  of  the  difficulties  of  maritime  transportation.     Starting 
from  the  south-west  corner  of  South  Carolina,  he  directed  his 
course  towards  Goldsboro,  N.  C.,  where  supplies  were  sent  to 
meet  him.     Burning,  ravaging,  destroying,  he  pushed  on,  al- 

_   ,      most  without  interruption.     Columbia,  the  beauti- 
'  *  ful  capital  of  South  Carolina,  was  burnt.*    Charles 

ton  was    evacuated  on  the  capture  of    Columbia.     A  stub- 
A  M        h     k°m  acti°n  w^h  General  Hardee  took  place  at 
I     M   r  h     Averysboro,  N.  C.     Sherman  was  encountered 
with  steady  resolution  for  three  successive  days, 

*  There  is  not  one  line  in  Sherman's  military  correspondence,  in  the  Supplement  to 
the  Conduct  of  the  War,  relative  to  the  occupation  and  burning  of  Columbia.  There 
is  a  gap  from  i6th  February  to  2ist  February. 

On  the  preceding  New-Year's  Eve,  he  had  written  to  Admiral  Dahlgren  :  "  I  pro 
pose  to  march  my  whole  army  through  South  Carolina,  tearing  up  railroads  and 
smashing  things  generally." 


ASSASSINATION  OF  LINCOLN.  26l 

at  Bentonville,  by  General  Joe  Johnston,  who  had  been 
again  placed  in  command,  when  utter  hopelessness  prevailed. 
Sherman's  march  was  scarcely  delayed.  He  was  joined  by 
General  Schofield,  from  Newbern,  and  General  Terry,  from 
Wilmington.  By  his  own  account,  ninety-five  thousand  men 
were  around  him  at  Goldsboro,  his  new  base  of  supplies. 
Johnston  had  barely  a  quarter  of  that  number. 

JOHNSTON'S    SURRENDER. 

81.  Sherman  moved  against  Johnston  after  having 
rested  and  refreshed  his  weary  troops.  He  received,  near 
Raleigh,  propositions  for  a  surrender,  after  Lee's  surrender  was 
18  A  '1  known.  The  terms  were  arranged  by  the  opposing 

generals,  in  a  personal  conference,  at  Durham's 
Station.  They  were  rejected  by  the  Federal  Government, 
for  Lincoln  had  been  assassinated.  Hostilities  were  resumed. 
Grant  was  ordered  to  assume  the  command  of  the  army  in 
26  A  '1  ^ortn  Carolina.  He  accepted  the  surrender  of 

Johnston,  and  all  troops  under  his  command,  on 
the  same  terms  as  those  accorded  to  Lee. 

ASSASSINATION    OF     PRESIDENT     LINCOLN. 

x  82.  President  Lincoln  had  been  assassinated  in  a 
theatre  at  Washington.*  It  was  on  Good  Friday  that 


*  The  assassination  of  President  Lincoln  took  place  at  Ford's  Theatre,  in  Washing 
ton.  He  occupied  a  private  box.  immediately  adjoining  the  stage.  A  conspiracy  had 
been  formed  to  murder  the  President,  the  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Seward,  and  Gen 
eral  Grant.  Mr.  Seward  was  sick  at  home.  General  Grant  did  not  attend  the  theatre 
that  evening.  In  prosecution  of  the  plan,  Wilkes  Booth,  an  actor  of  note,  and  of 
diseased  temperament,  entered  the  private  box  and  shot  Mr.  Lincoln  from  behind. 
He  then  leaped  on  the  stage,  exclaiming  :  "  Sic  semper  tyrannis"  the  motto  of  the 
State  of  Virginia.  In  the  leap  his  foot  became  entangled  in  the  folds  of  the  United 
States  flag,  which  hung  over  the  President's  box.  He  fell  and  broke  his  leg.  He 
contrived,  however,  to  slip  behind  the  scenes,  mounted  a  horse  kept  in  readiness,  and 
made  his  escape  in  the  confusion.  Mr.  Lincoln  never  spoke  after  receiving  the  fatal 
wound.  He  died  the  next  morning. 

Powell,  another  of  the  conspirators,  forced  his  way  into  the  chamber  where  Mr. 
Seward  lay  seriously  sick,  and  attempted  to  cut  his  throat.  In  the  struggle  the  sick 
Secretary  was  frightfully  mangled,  and  his  son  severely  injured.  The  house  was 
roused  by  the  disturbance,  and  Powell  fled. 


262  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNUSED  STATES. 

this  atrocious  crime  was  committed  ;  the  very  day  on  which 
April   Sherman  had  received  Johnston's  first  proposals 
"  contemplating  a  surrender  ;    only  one    day   over 
four  years  after  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter.     The  murder  of 
Mr.  Lincoln  naturally  excited  the  wildest  indignation  through 
out    the    Northern  States,  and  provoked  unfounded  charges 
against  the  high  officials  of  the  Confederate  Government.     The 
grievous  crime  was  condemned  by  right-feeling  men  through 
out  the  South. 

OVERTHROW  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  CONFEDERACY. 

83.  Some  of  the  Confederate  officials  escaped,  but  sev 
eral  were  taken.  President  Davis  was  captured  near  Irwins- 
M  v^e>  *n  Georgia,  and  was  imprisoned  in  Fortress 
Monroe.  Alabama  and  Georgia  were  overrun  by 
the  cavalry  of  General  Wilson.  In  the  beginning  of  May,  the 
Confederate  troops  east  of  the  Mississippi  surrendered  to 
General  Canby.  The  surrender  of  the  forces  west  of  that 
river  took  place  at  the  end  of  the  same  month.  All  the  Con 
federate  armies  were  thus  disbanded  and  sent  to  their  homes. 
They  had  fought  a  desperate  and  losing  fight,  and  had  earned 
from  their  adversaries  the  highest  admiration.  There  was  no 
stain  on  "  the  Confederate  banner."  One  who  had  com 
manded  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  said,  many  years  after  the 
close  of  the  war  :  "  Search  the  world  'over,  and  you  will  not 
find  the  like  of  them.  I  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing  some 
of  the  armies  of  Europe  since  then — the  French,  Prussian, 
Russian,  and  Austrian — and  I  tell  you,  it  will  be  down-hill 
work  to  fight  them,  compared  with  our  late  foes."  * 

*  Major-General  Joseph  Hooker. 

The  total  number  of  engagements  is  said  to  have  been  two  hundred  and  fifty-two. 
Of  these,  eighty-nine  took  place  in  Virginia,  thirty-seven  in  Tennessee,  twenty-five  in 
Missouri,  twelve  in  Georgia,  ten  in  South  Carolina,  eleven  in  North  Carolina,  seven 
in  Alabama,  five  in  Florida,  fourteen  in  Kentucky,  and  one  in  the  Indian  country  ;— 
seventeen  of  them  were  naval. 

In  the  Federal  armies  nearly  two  million  seven  hundred  thousand  men  had  been 
enlisted.  The  Federal  debt  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  $2,773,000,000.  The  total  cost 
of  the  war  was  estimated  by  Secretary  Sherman,  in  1880,  at  nearly  $9,000,000,000. 


RE  CONS  TR  UC  TION.  2  6 


OTHER  IMPORTANT  TRANSACTIONS. 

84.  Before  Mr.  Lincoln's  murder,  the  Reciprocity  Treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  permitting  free  trade  between  the  United 
States  and  the  British  Provinces  in  North  America,  was  ab- 

-.  ,  rogated.  A  Bureau  for  the  protection  and  support 
of  the  Freedmen  was  established.  A  demand  was 
made  upon  the  British  Government  to  redress  the  injuries 
inflicted  on  American  commerce  by  Confederate  cruisers, 
bought,  built,  or  equipped  in  British  ports.  During  the 
war,  the  French  Emperor,  Louis  Napoleon,  had  conquered 
Mexico,  and  placed  Maximilian,  an  Austrian  prince,  upon 
the  throne  as  Emperor.  The  fall  of  the  Confederacy  was 
fatal  to  the  Empire  and  the  Emperor. 


RECONSTRUCTION. 

THE     ADMINISTRATION    OF    ANDREW    JOHNSON.— 

1865-1869. 

85.  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  the  Vice- 
President,  assumed  the  office  of  President,  on  the  lament 
able  death  of  Mr.  Lincoln.  The  subsequent  period  has  been 
a  time  of  confusion,  not  yet  terminated  ;  and  of  reconstruc 
tion,  not  yet  completed.  An  old  Greek  philosopher  observed, 
that  "  a  civil  war  was  ruinous  to  both  contending  parties,  and 
equally  corrupting  to  the  conquerors  and  the  conquered." 
The  War  of  Secession  has  been  no  exception  to  the  rule. 
The  succeeding  years  have  been  marked  by  irregular  proced 
ures  on  the  part  of  the  Federal  authorities,  and  by  irregular 
resistance.  The  estimation  of  every  measure  and  every  trans 
action  of  these  unhappy  times  is  discolored  by  virulent  ani 
mosities  and  prejudices.  No  agreement  is  possible  in  regard 
to  their  circumstances,  their  character,  or  their  significance. 
To  avoid  possible  misrepresentation  and  controversy,  it  was 
necessary  to  treat  in  a  brief  and  bare  manner  the  events  of  the 


264  HISTORY   OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

war  between  the  States.  It  is  more  needful,  for  the  like  rea 
sons,  to  treat  even  more  briefly  and  barely,  the  story  of  more 
recent  years. 

THE     PUNISHMENT     OF    THE     CONSPIRATORS. 

86.  The  first  task  of  President  Johnson's  Adminis 
tration   was   to  seize  and  bring  to  justice  the  murderer  of 
President  Lincoln,  and  those  who  had  attempted  at  the  same 
time  to  murder  Mr.  Seward,  the  Secretary  of  State.     J.  Wilkes 

.          Booth,  a  fanatical  actor,  was  the  assassin  of  Mr. 
.     Lincoln.     He  was  pursued,  tracked,  and  overtaken 
near  Port  Royal,  in  Virginia.     He  refused  to  sur 
render,  and  was  shot  down.     Powell,  Atzerott,  the  innocent 
Mrs.  Surratt,  and  others,  were  tried  by  a  Military  Court,  con 
demned,  and  hanged. 

TREATMENT  OF  THE  CONFEDERATES. 

87.  President  Davis,  as  has  been  mentioned,  was  taken  and 
imprisoned.     Two  years  afterwards,  he  was  released  on  bail, 
and  has  not  been  further  prosecuted.     Indictments  were  pro 
posed  against  Generals  Lee  and  Johnston.    They  were  quashed 
by  the  intervention  of  General  Grant.     A  Proclamation  of 
Amnesty  was  issued,  but  ^fourteen  classes  of    Confederates 

were  excluded  from  its  benefits.     No  general  Am- 

nesty  has  yet  been  £ranted'     The  suPPression  of 
the  Rebellion  was  proclaimed  a  year  after  the  fall 

of  Richmond. 

ATTEMPTS     AT     RECONSTRUCTION. 

88.  The  Reconstruction  of  the  Seceding  States,  and 

their  readmission  into  the  Union,  presented  questions  of  man 
ifest  difficulty.  They  occasioned  violent  contention  between 
the  President  and  the  extreme  Republicans,*  who  had  a  large 


*  Henry  Winter  Davis,  of  Maryland,  and  Thaddeus  Stevens,  of  Pennsylvania,  were 
their  leaders. 


ANDREW  JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.          265 

majority  in  Congress.     The  President  recognized  the  Govern 
ment  of  F.  H.  Pierpont  in  Virginia,  and  established  Provisional 
Governments  in  other  Southern  States.     He  was  deprived  of 
all  power  in  these  matters,  and  his  policy  was  annulled  by  the 
appointment  of  a  Joint  Committee   of  Congress.      The 
,,        views  of  the  Congressional  majority  were  displayed 
.      '       by  the  continuance  and  enlargement  of  the  Freed  - 
men's  Bureau  ;  by  the  passage  of  a  Civil  Rights 
Bill  ;  of  bills  conferring  on  colored  persons  the  right  to  vote 
._        in  the  District  of  Columbia  and  in  the  Territories  ; 
!       and,  at  a  later  period,  of  a  Fourteenth  Amendment 
to  the  Constitution,  declaring  them  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  and  making  other  important  regulations. 

A  bill  for  the  admission   of  Colorado  was  passed,  but  was 
vetoed  by  the  President.     The  vote  of  the  Senate 
P /"       failed  to   overrule  the  veto,  and  Colorado  was  not 
received  till  ten  years  later.      Nebraska  was,  how 
ever,  admitted,  notwithstanding  the  veto  of  the  bill. 

RECONSTRUCTION     MEASURES. 

89.  The  frequent  vetoes   increased  the  bitterness 

with  which  the  President  was  regarded   by   the   majority  in 
Congress.      The  ill-feeling  was  augmented  by  his  violent   and 
intemperate  denunciation  of  the  action   of  that   body.     His 
o/:7       power  was,  in  consequence,  crippled  by  the  Ten- 
I         ure  of  Office  Act,  which  required  the  consent  of 
the  Senate  to  the  removal  of  Government  officers ; 
and  by  placing  the  Southern  States  under   military  govern 
ment.     This  is  considered  to  be  the  beginning  of  the  Recon 
struction  Measures. 

IMPEACHMENT     OF     PRESIDENT    JOHNSON. 

90.  The  hostility  in  Congress  to  President  Johnson 

was  inflamed  by  his  public  denunciation  of  the  majority  which 
had   annulled  his  policy  and  restrained   his  action.     It  was 
determined  to  impeach  him.     The  first  effort  to  do  so  did  not 
12 


266  HISTOR  Y  OF  THE   UNITED  STA  TES. 

succeed.     It  was  done  about  two  months  later,  when  he  at- 

g,g       tempted  to  remove  Mr.  Stanton  *   from  the  office 

6  M         °^  Secretary  of  War.     The  preparations  for  the 

y'   impeachment  and  the  trial  occupied  three  months. 

The    Senate  acquitted  Johnson  by  a  majority  of  only  one 

vote. 

THE     TRANSATLANTIC     CABLE. 

91.  An  Electric  Cable,  between  Ireland  and  Newfound- 
„        land,  was  successfully  laid,  after  four  previous  at- 
T    j       tempts   had    failed.  \      In   the   same   summer  the 

broken  cable  of  the  previous  year  was  recovered 
and  repaired. 

EXECUTION     OF    THE     EMPEROR     MAXIMILIAN. 

92.  The  invasion  of  Mexico  by  the  French,  and  the 

establishment  of  an  Imperial  Government,  were  regarded  as  a 
violation  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine.     Louis  Napoleon  was  in 
duced  to  withdraw  his  armies,  and  invited  the  new  Emperor  to 
accompany  them.     Maximilian  hesitated,  and  remained.     He 
o^       was  deprived   of  the   necessary  military  support. 
_  Mexico  was  speedily  recovered  by  President  Juarez 

"  '   (hwah'rez).     The  Emperor  was  besieged  in  Quere- 

taro  (kd-rd-tah'ro),  betrayed,  and  shot  with  several  of  his  chief 
officers. 

ALASKA,     ST.    THOMAS,     AND     SAMANA. 

93.  Russian  America  was  purchased,  under  Johnson's 
administration,   for  more   than  $7,000,000,   and  was   named 


*  Edwin  McMasters  Stanton  (1814-1869)  was  appointed  Attorney-General  by  Pres 
ident  Buchanan  in  i8k>,  and  Secretary  of  War  by  President  Lincoln  in  1862.  He  was 
suspended  from  office  by  President  Johnson  in  1867,  and  removed  in  1868.  He  was 
nominated  by  President  Grant  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1869,  and  ended  his 
life  a  very  few  days  thereafter. 

t  The  first  message  was  from  Cyrus  Field  to  President  Johnson,  and  said  :  "  I  hope 
that  it  will  prove  a  blessing  to  England  and  the  United  States,  and  increase  the  in 
tercourse  between  our  country  and  the  eastern  hemisphere." 


ELECTION  OF  GENERAL    GRANT. 


267 


Alaska.  A  treaty  with  Denmark,  for  the  purchase  of  the  isl 
ands  of  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John,  in  the  West  Indies,  was 
rejected  by  the  Senate.  An  offer  made  by  the  Government  of 
San  Domingo  to  lease  the  bay  of  Samana  to  the  United  States, 
was,  in  like  manner,  refused. 

TREATIES    WITH     CHINA    AND     GREAT     BRITAIN. 

94.  A  Treaty  of  Commerce  with  China  was  negotiated 
by  Mr.  Anson  Burlingame,  who  had  been  appointed  by  that 

_.£       strange    empire    a    strange    ambassador    to    the 

_     '      United  States  and  to  the   European  courts.      A 

treaty  was  also  made  with  Great  Britain,  for  the 

settlement  of    the   "Alabama  Claims."       It  was   called  the 

R,          Clarendon-Johnson  Treaty,*  from  the  names  of  its 

j         negotiators.     Through  the  exertions  and  influence 

of  Senator  Sumner  f  it  was  rejected  by  the  Senate, 

with  only  one  dissenting  voice,  in  the  second   month   of  the 

next  administration. 

ELECTION  OF  GENERAL  GRANT. 

95.  A  Presidential  Election  followed  the  impeachment 
of  President   Johnson.     The    Democrats  nominated  as  their 
candidates    Horatio  Seymour,    of   New   York,    and    General 
Francis  P.  Blair,  of  Missouri.     The  Republican  nominees  were 
elected.     They  were  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  and  Schuyler 
Colfax,  of  Indiana.     No  election  was  held  in  Virginia,  Texas, 
and  Mississippi ;  and  Georgia's  vote  was  left  in  dispute. 

THE  FIFTEENTH  AMENDMENT. 

96.  A  Fifteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  was 


*  The  Clarendon-Johnson  Treaty  was  negotiated  in  London  by  the  Earl  of  Claren, 
don  and  the  Hon.  Reverdy  Johnson,  special  ambassador  to  Great  Britain. 

t  Charles  Sumner  (1811-1874),  of  Massachusetts,  was  elected  in  1841  successor  to 
Daniel  Webster  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  was  struck  down  in  his  seat  by 
Preston  S.  Brooks,  of  South  Carolina,  in  1856,  and  did  not  resume  his  place  till  fom 
years  after. 


268 


HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


adopted  by  Congress,  ten  days  before  the  end  of  Johnson's 
Administration.  It  was  afterwards  accepted  as  an 
addition  to  the  Constitution.  It  extended  the  right 
of  voting  to  all  citizens,  without  regard  to  "  race, 
color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude."  Other  amendments 
have  since  been  proposed,  but  have  not  met  with  favor. 


1869. 
23  Feb. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  GENERAL  GRANT.— 
1869-1873. 

97.  The  two  successive  administrations  of  Presi 

dent  Grant  were  occupied 
with  the  process  of  Recon 
struction.  They  were 
marked  by  frequent  dis 
turbances  in  the  Southern 
States.  These  were  aggra 
vated  by  the  endeavor  to 
suppress  them  by  special 
legislation,  by  Federal  in 
terference,  and  by  military 
rule.  As  is  usual  in  the 
heat  of  political  controv 
ersy,  and  as  is  habitual 
after  civil  wars,  embezzle- 

corniptionS      of 


ULYSSES  S.   GRANT. 


all  kinds  were  believed  to  be  frequent. 

THE     PACIFIC     RAILROAD. 

98.  The  completion  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  which 

crossed  the   Continent  from  the  Missouri  to  San  Francisco, 

rendered  notable  the  first  months  of  Grant's  pres- 

1  M^        idency-     The  first  cliarter  for  its  construction  had 

been  accorded  nearly  seven  years  before,*  during 

the  War  of  Secession. 


*  The  original  charter  for  the  Pacific  Railroad  was  granted  ist  July,  1862.    The  last 
spike,  completing  the  road,  was  driven  ioth  May,  1869.      The  first  project  of  a  trans 


RESTORATION  OF  ALL    THE   STATES.  269 


FINANCIAL     PANIC. 

99.  Great  financial  distress,  though  mainly  confined  to 
.          brokers  and  speculators,  was  occasioned  by  the  sud- 

c      .     den  rise,  and  still  more  sudden  fall,  in  New  York, 
of  the  premium  on  gold.     The  day  of  the  greatest 
fluctuation  and  panic  was  called  Black  Friday. 

DEATH  OF  GEORGE  PEABODY. 

100.  The  death  of  the  wealthy  and  beneficent  George  Pea- 
body,*  an  American  banker  in  London,  deserves  to  be  noted, 
on  account  of  the  extent  of  his  liberalities,  the  judgment  with 
which  they  were  bestowed,  and  the  national  honors  accorded 
to  his  remains.     Besides  numerous  other  benefactions  of  large 
amount,  he  gave  three  millions  and  a  half  for  the  education  of 
the  poorer  classes  in  the  Southern  States,  without  distinction 
of  color. 

RESTORATION     OF     ALL    THE     STATES. 

101.  Virginia,  Mississippi,  and  Texas  were  restored 

to  their  position  as  States  of  the  Union  in  1870  ;  but  Georgia 
was  excluded  for  some  time  longer.  The  Fifteenth  Amend 
ment  was  adopted  by  the  end  of  March,  being  made  a  condi 
tion  for  the  readmission  of  the  Southern  States.  With  the  re- 
admission  of  Georgia,  the  process  of  Reconstruction  was  nom 
inally  complete.  The  discords  excited  by  it  still  continue. 


continental  railroad  was  broached  by  Asa  Whitney,  in  the  beginning  of  1845.  He 
presented  his  scheme  to  Congress,  with  a  petition  for  a  grant  of  lands  along  the  right 
of  way. 

*  George  Peabody  (1795-1869),  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  poor  boy.  In  1837  he  estab 
lished  himself  in  London  as  a  banker,  and  resided  there  till  his  death.  He  gave 
$250,000  to  the  Peabody  Institute  and  Library  of  his  native  town,  Danvers,  and 
$1,400,000  to  the  Peabody  Library  at  Baltimore.  In  1862  and  subsequent  years  he 
bestowed,  in  London,  $?,5oo,ooD,  for  the  erection  of  model  lodging-houses  for  work 
people.  In  acknowledgment  of  this  benevolence,  Queen  Victoria  offered  him  a  bar 
onetcy,  or  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  The  offer  was  declined.  To 
Harvard  College  he  gave  $150,000,  and  the  same  sum  to  Yale.  His  gifts  to  public 
objects  amounted  to  eight  millions  and  a  half  of  dollars,  while  his  bequests  to  his  rela 
tives  reached  five  millions.  His  remains  were  conveyed  across  the  Atlantic  by  ves 
sels  of  the  British  and  the  American  navies. 


270  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


FOREIGN     INTERESTS. 

102.  Attention  was  attracted  to  Foreign  Affairs  by 

g  the  Fenian*  invasion  of  Canada,  and  by  the  en- 

M  '      deavor  of  the  Administration  to  secure  the  annexa 
tion  of  the  Republic  of  San  Domingo.     The  treaty 
for  the  latter  purpose  was  rejected  by  the  Senate. 

THE    CENSUS.— THE     DEBT. 

103.  The  Census  of  1870  reported  the  population  of  the 
United  States  to  be  thirty-eight  million  five  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  thousand  three  hundred  and  seventy-one.     The  country 
was  prosperous,  and  was   recovering  from   the   effects    of  the 
late  war.     The  national  debt  was  reduced  about  two  hundred 
millions  of  dollars,  and  the  currency  had  risen  in  value  till  it 
was  only  ten  per  cent,  below  par. 

THE    HIGH     JOINT    COMMISSION. 

104.  The  relations  with  England  continued  to  be 
very  unsatisfactory.     The  " Alabama    Claims"  remained 
unsettled  in  consequence  of  the  repudiation  of  the  Clarendon- 
Johnson  Treaty.       To  restore  tranquillity  and  friendship,  a 

£  High  Joint  Commission  f  of  United  States  and 

P  "      British  Plenipotentiaries  assembled  in  Washington, 

and,  after  a  discussion  of  more  than   two  -months, 

negotiated  a  treaty,  by  which  the   various  matters  in  dispute 

were  referred  to  an  International  Board  of  Arbitration.     The 

treaty  was  earnestly  debated  in  the  Senate,  but  was  aecepted. 


*  The  Fenian  Brotherhood  was  a  secret  organization  of  Irishmen  in  the  United 
States,  in  Ireland,  and  elsewhere,  to  overthrow  the  British  rule  in  Ireland.  Its  origin 
is  traced  from  the  "  Emmet  Monument  Association  "  of  1857.  The  society  was  re 
organized  in  1865,  and  received  numbeis  and  energy  from  the  Irish  soldiers  of  the 
Federal  armies  in  the  war 

tThe  Joint  High  Commission  met  27th  February,  1871.  The  treaty  of  Washington 
was  signed  8th  May,  and  ratified  by  the  Senate  24th  May.  The  Geneva  Tribunal  as 
sembled  isth  December,  and  adjourned  to  isth  July,  1872  It  broke  up,  i4th  September. 
The  American  claims  amounted  to  $45,500,000,  even  after  the  withdrawal  of  indirect 
damages. 


GENEVA    TRIBUNAL.  271 


THE    GENEVA    TRIBUNAL. 

105.  The  Tribunal  was  appointed  to  meet  at  Ge 
neva,  in  Switzerland.*    It  met,  but  adjourned  in  consequence 
of  extravagant  demands  put  forward  by  the  United  States. 
These   demands    were   withdrawn.      When  the   Tribunal  re 
assembled,  it  awarded  $15,500,000  to  the  United  States,  for 
damages  inflicted  by  the  Alabama  and    other    Confederate 
cruisers.      This  heavy  indemnity  was  promptly  paid  by  Great 
Britain. 

THE     HALIFAX     FISHERV     COMMISSION. 

106.  The  Treaty  of  Washington  provided  for  an 
other  Commission,!  to  determine  the  amount  to  be  paid 
to  the  British  Provinces  of  North  America  for  the  use  of  the 
fisheries  along  their  coasts.     This  Commission  met  some  years 
later  at  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  fixed  the  sum  at  $5,- 
500,000.     This  award  was  reluctantly  paid  under  the  Presi 
dency   of  Mr.  Hayes,  and   was  accompanied   with   a  protest. 
The  same  treaty  referred  to  the  Emperor  of  Germany  the  dis 
puted  boundary  line  of  Oregon,  through  the  Straits  of  Fuca. 
His  decision  sustained  the  claim  of  the  United  States.]; 

COREA    AND    JAPAN. 

107.  Hostile  operations  were  undertaken  against  a  rude  pop 
ulation  on  the  north-east  coast  of  Asia.     Five  strongholds  of 
Corea  were  stormed  by  detachments  from  United  States  ves 
sels  in  the  Pacific.     A  large  and  splendid  embassy 

-. '    " ,     arrived  from  Japan,  and  succeeded  in  establish- 

'  ing  very  cordial  relations  with  the  United  States. 

It  was  the  first  Japanese  embassy  sent  to  any  civilized  power. 


*  The  arbitrators  composing  the  Geneva  Tribunal  were  :  Sir  Alexander  Cock- 
burn  for  Great  Britain,  Charles  Francis  Adams  for  the  United  States,  Count  Sclopis 
for  Italy,  Ex-President  Staempfli  for  Switzerland,  and  Baron  Itajuba  for  Brazil. 

t  The  Halifax  Fishery  Commission  met  and  made  its  award  in  1877. 

t  The  decision,  rendered  in  1872,  gave  the  island  of  San  Juan  to  the  United  States. 


272  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


GREAT     FIRES. 

108.  The  great  and  prosperous  city  of  Chicago  was  ravaged 
by  a  fearful  conflagration.*     The  flames  desolated  five  square 

miles  in  the  heart  of  the  town.  Nearly  twenty 
' '  '  thousand  buildings  were  destroyed.  Two  hundred 

and  fifty  persons  perished.  One  hundred  thou 
sand  were  left  destitute.  The  destruction  of  property  was  es 
timated  at  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars.  In  the  same  month 
of  October,  consuming  fires  swept  over  wide  tracts  in  Wiscon 
sin,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  and  Iowa.  High  winds  increased 
the  extent  and  the  fury  of  the  flames,  which  spread  over  three 
thousand  square  miles,  and  cost  two  thousand  lives.  The 
magnitude  of  these  calamities  excited  large  generosity.  Great 
contributions  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  poured  in  from  the 
East,  from  Europe,  and  from  other  quarters  of  the  globe.  In 
the  very  next  year,  Boston  was  visited  with  a  similar  affliction, 
and  property  worth  nearly  one  hundred  millions  of  dollars  was 
destroyed. 

THE     KU-KLUX     KLAN. 

109.  A  strange,  secret,  and  undiscoverable  body,  called  the 
Ku-Klux  Klan,f  excited  much  alarm  among  the  freedmen 
of  the  more  Southern  States,  and  provoked  rigorous  proceed 
ings  on  the  part  of  the  majority  in   Congress.     The  Military 
Enforcement  Act  was  the  most  stringent  of  these  measures. 

f  THE     FRAUDS     IN     THE     CITY     OF     NEW    YORK. 

1 10.  The  period    of   Reconstruction  was  marked 
throughout  by  disgraceful  frauds,  corruptions,  and  plunder, 
in  high  and  low  positions  ;  by  embezzlements  of  all  sorts  in 
connection  with  public,  corporate,  and    private    enterprises. 


*  There  was  a  second  fire  of  Chicago,  lyth  September,  1873.  The  great  fire  of  Bos 
ton  raged  6th  to  nth  November,  1872. 

t  The  first  official  mention  of  the  Ku-Klux  Klan  is  believed  to  have  been  made  in 
Alabama,  by  Judge  Busteed,  in  1871. 


POLITICAL  VIOLENCE.  273 

The  most  startling  of  these  peculations  occurred  in  the  city 
government  of  New  York.  The  debt  was  increased  to  nearly 
$100,000,000,  and  vast  sums  were  divided  among  a  few  offi 
cials.  The  enormity  of  the  offences  at  last  provoked  resist 
ance.  The  chief  criminals  escaped  without  due  restitution,  or 
due  punishment.* 

POLITICAL    VIOLENCES. 

in.  Serious  troubles  and  violences  attended  the  elec 
tion  for  Governor  in  the  States  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana. 

872  T  ^e  disturbances  were  repressed  for  a  time  by  the 
intervention  of  the  United  States  troops.  In  Louis 
iana,  there  were  two  rival  Governors,  two  rival  sets  of  State 
officials,  two  rival  Legislatures.  Fighting  took  place  in  the 
streets  of  New  Orleans.  The  difficulties  lasted  for  two  years. 
The  Federal  authorities,  the  army,  and  Congress  sustained  the 
Republican  claimants,  and,  at  length,  the  Democratic  State 
Government  submitted  to  Federal  coercion. 

THE    GRANGERS. 

112.  The  agricultural  community  of  the  West  instituted  an 
organized  opposition  to  railroad  charges,  the  alleged  oppres 
sion  of  corporations  and  capitalists,  and  the  profits  of  middle 
men,  or  intermediate  traders.  The  association  assumed  the 
name  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  but  was  commonly  termed 
the  Grangers.!  It  spread  rapidly  from  the  West  to  other 
parts  of  the  Union.  It  soon  became  connected  with  the 
Greenback  Party,  which  desired  an  increase  of  the  paper 
currency  of  the  Government,  and  its  substitution  for  gold  and 
silver,  in  public  and  private  transactions. 


*  Resistance  to  the  "Tweed  Ring  Frauds"  was  inaugurated  4th  September,  1871. 

+  The  "  Grangers  "  were  a  secret  society  of  farmers  and  others,  devised  and  organ 
ized  in  1867-8,  by  Wm.  Saunders,  a  Scotchman,  Superintendent  of  the  Gardens  of  the 
Agricultural  Department  at  Washington.  The  first  National  Grange  Convention 
was  held  nth  April,  1874. 

12* 


274 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


REELECTION   OF  GENERAL  GRANT. 

113.  General  Grant  was  reflected  President,  with 
Henry  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts,  as  Vice-President.    They  had 
been  opposed  by  Horace  Greeley,  of  New  York,  and  B.  Gratz 
Brown,  of  Missouri,  both  Liberal  Republicans,  who  had  been 
accepted  by  the  Democrats,  from  their  disposition  to  support 
"  anything  to  beat  Grant."     The  opposition  proved  as  unsat 
isfactory  and   futile   as  it  was  devoid  of  political  principle. 
Grant  received  two  hundred  and  eighty-six  electoral  votes  out 
of  the  three  hundred  and  forty-nine  counted.     Greeley  died  in 
less  than  a  month  after  the  election.  * 

THE     SECOND    TERM    -OF      GRANT'S    ADMINISTRA 
TION.     1873-1877. 

114.  Grant's    second    administration   continued  and 
aggravated  the  tendencies  of  the  first,  and  left  them  less  under 
restraint  than  before. 

THE     SALARY    GRAB. 

115.  As  the  First  Term  was  drawing  to  a  close,  the  salary 
of  the  President  was  increased  to  $50,000  a  year,  and 
the  pay  of  Members  of  Congress  to  $7,000.     This  measure  was 
called  the  Salary  Grab.     Several  members  refused  to  profit 
by  the  increase.     So  much  indignation  was  excited  by  it,  that 
the  Act  was  speedily  repealed,  except  with  respect  to  the  Pres 
ident's  salary. 

THE    COLLAPSE     OF     BUSINESS. 

116.  A  disastrous  financial  crash  occurred  in  the  first  au- 


*  Horace  Greeley  (1811-1872)  was  remarkable  for  earnestness,  simplicity,  sincerity, 
and  personal  integrity.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  utmost  indigence.  After  editing 
many  papers,  he  established  the  daily  Tribune,  loth  April,  1841.  With  it  his  name, 
his  fortunes,  and  his  influence,  were  ever  after  identified.  Mr.  Greeley  became,  at 
his  own  request,  one  of  the  securities  on  the  bail  bond  of  President  Davis,  May,  1867, 
and  by  that  magnanimous  conduct  sacrificed  the  prospect  of  election  as  United  States 
Senator  from  New  York. 


THE  MO  DOC    WAR.  275 

tumn.     The  decline  in  the  price  of  gold,  with  the  rise  in  the 
value  of  the  Government  paper,  the  excessive  de- 
R  c/^'       velopment  of  speculative  enterprises,  the  accumu 
lation  of  debt,  and  the  general  fall  of  prices,  occa 
sioned  a  ruinous  crisis  in  all  business  transactions.     The  finan 
cial  distress  spread  over  the  whole  country,  and  extended  to 
Europe.     The  decay  of  manufactures,  the  arrest  of  railroad 
construction,  and  stagnation  in  all  forms  of  industry  followed, 
and  continued  for  six  years. 


THE     MODOC     WAR. 

117.  The  Modoc  Indians  had  stirred  up  a  troublesome  lit 
tle  war  on  the  northern  border  of  California,  and  in  Southern 
Oregon.     They  acquired  sudden  notoriety  by  the  murder  of 
General  Canby,  and  some  of  his  companions,  at  a  confer 
ence.*     They  were  with  difficulty  dislodged  from  their  camp 
in  the  lava-beds.     Captain  Jack  and  three  others  were  hanged. 
The  rest  were  sent  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  scat 
tered  among  the  Dakotahs. 

THE      VIRGINIUS. 

118.  An  American  steam-vessel,  the  Virginius,  conveying 
volunteers  and  munitions  of  war  to  the  insurgents  in  Cuba,f 
was  captured  by  the  Spanish  man-of-war,    Tornado.      Capt. 

g  Fry  and  many  of  the  officers  and  passengers  of  the 

Oct  ^"Ze  W6re  hastily  tried  by  court-martial  and  shot. 
The  United  States  assumed  a  warlike  attitude,  re 
ceived  an  extraordinary  grant  of  $4,000,000  for  the  navy, 
and  assembled  a  fleet  on  the  coast  of  Florida.  Spain  con 
ceded  nearly  all  demands.  The  Virginius  was  surrendered, 
and  lost  on  the  homeward  voyage. 


*  General  Canby  was  murdered  nth  April,  1873.  Captain  Jack  was  hanged  3d 
October. 

t  An  extensive  insurrection,  or  attempt  at  revolution,  had  broken  out  in  Cuba 
soon  after  the  Spanish  Revolution  of  1868.  It  is  not  yet  entirely  suppressed  (1882). 


276  HISTORY  OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

FINANCIAL    CONDITION. 

119.  The  receipts  of  the  general  Government,  in  the 

year  of  the  crash,  were  more  than  $35,000,000  below  its  ex 
penditures.  Yet  neither  public  nor  private  calamity  arrested 
extravagance.  During  a  single  year  of  "  the  hard  times," 
cigars  of  the  value  of  $20,000,000,  and  liquors  estimated  at 
$500,000,000,  were  consumed. 

The  Currency  Question  presented  itself  in  many  forms. 
It  inspired  new  parties,  and  deranged  old  ones,  for  years. 
When  the  great  fall  in  the  value  of  silver  with  relation  to  gold 
began,  it  became  the  Silver  Question.  It  was  then  pro 
posed  to  enforce  by  legislation  the  acceptance  of  silver,  at  the 
old,  or  a  new,  fixed  value,  in  the  settlement  of  all  debts.  An 
Act  of  1877,  requiring  a  large  and  continued  coinage  of  silver, 
has  only  filled  the  vaults  of  the  Treasury  with  "  the  Dollar  of 
the  Fathers,"  which  no  one  prefers  to  bank-notes.  The  ques 
tion  of  the  commercial  relations  of  the  precious  metals  remains 
still  undetermined. 

RESUMPTION     OF    SPECIE     PAYMENTS. 

120.  More  important  than  these  monetary  controversies  was 
~  the  passage  of  a  Bill  for   the  Resumption    of 

y         Specie   Payments  on  the  New-Year's  Day  of 
1879.     The  measure  was  effectually  accomplished. 
It  caused  multitudinous  business   failures    as  the    time    ap 
proached. 

CENTENNIAL      CELEBRATIONS. 

121.  The  anniversary  of  the  meeting  of  the  first 
Revolutionary  Congress  began  the  long  series  of  Centen 
nial  Celebrations  of  Revolutionary  events,  which  will  scarcely 
be   allowed  to  close  with   the  inauguration  of    Washington. 
The  Centennial  Celebration  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen 
dence  was  associated  with  an  International  Exhibition  at  Phil- 


A    THIRD  TERM.  277 

adelphia.  It  was  conducted  with  great  energy  and  success. 
The  Exposition  was  opened  by  President  Grant,  in  the  pres 
ence  of  the  Emperor  and  Empress  of  Brazil,  the  first  reigning 
sovereigns  ever  in  the  United  States. 

THE     BELKNAP     IMPEACHMENT. 

122.  The  Centennial  spring  witnessed  the  Impeachment 
of  Belknap,  the  Secretary  of  War — one  of  the   President's 

.         personal  friends.     He  was  charged  with  corruption 

„,        ,      in  office,  and  appeared  from  his  own  admissions 
2  March.       , 

to  have  received  large  sums  of  money  on  account 

of  appointments  made  by  him.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  the 
Cabinet.  He  was  acquitted,  as  more  than  one-third  of  the 
Senators  declared  him  "  not  guilty,"  chiefly  on  the  ground  that 
he  was  not  liable  to  impeachment  after  having  become  a  pri 
vate  citizen  by  the  resignation  of  his  office. 

THE     WHISKEY     RINGS. 

123.  General  Babcock,  another  of  Grant's  favorites,  had 
been  tried  in  the  close  of  the  preceding  year  for  his  supposed 
connection  with  extensive  frauds  practised  by  the  "  "Whis 
key  Rings."     Several  other  persons,  many  of  them  of  con 
siderable  wealth,    and  of  political   or  social  influence,   were 
brought  to  trial  for  these  frauds  upon  the  revenue.  Some  were 
condemned  to  the  penitentiary  ;   some  compounded  for  their 
misdemeanors  by  heavy  payments.      Babcock  was  acquitted. 

A     THIRD    TERM. 

124.  These  exposures  damaged  Grant's  prospects 
of  election  for  a  third  term  as  President.     The  design  seems 
to  have  been  long  contemplated  by  his  most  earnest  support 
ers.     There  was  nothing  in  the  Constitution  or  the  laws  which 
forbade  indefinite  reelection.     The  practice  of  restricting  the 
office  to  two  terms  rested  upon  the  example  of  Washington  and 
Jefferson.     There  was  strong  repugnance  to  the  violation  of 
long  custom,  even  within  the  Republican  ranks.     A  resolution 


278  HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

prohibiting  a  third  term  was  approved  by  a  majority  in  the 
lower  House  of  Congress.* 

SIOUX     WAR. 

125.  A  war  with  the  Sioux  (soo)  arrested  attention  by  the 
1876       blo°dy  disaster  which  befell  a  body  of  United  States 

June    troops'     General  Custer,  with  five  companies  of 
cavalry,  rashly  attacked  a  superior  force  of  Indians, 
in  Montana  Territory.      He  was  cut  off,  with  his  whole  imme 
diate  command.     The  dashing  general  had  neglected  ordinary 
precautions. 

THE     PRESIDENTIAL     ELECTION. 

126.  The  Presidential  Election  towards  the  close  of 
Grant's  second  term  will  always  be  memorable  for  its  violent 
contentions,  its  intrigues,  corruptions,  frauds,  its  extraordinary 
procedures,  and  its  issue.     The  Democratic  nominees  were 
Tilden,  of  New  York,  and  Hendricks,  of  Indiana.     The  Re 
publican  candidates  were  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio,  and 
Wm.  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York.     The  controversy  and  struggle 
between  the  rival  claims  occupied   the  remainder  of   Grant's 
administration. 

GRANT'S     LAST     ANNUAL     MESSAGE. 

127.  Grant's   last   Annual   Message   opened  with  a 
rapid  biographical  sketch  of   himself,   and  with  the    confes 
sion  of  his  want  of  political  knowledge.     It  then  stated  the 
reduction  of   $300,000,000  in  the  taxes  during  his  adminis 
tration,  and    of   $450,000,000  in  the  national    debt.     In  the 
same  period,  a  saving  of  $30,000,000  annually  had  been  effected 
in  the  interest  on  the  debt.     A  favorable  change,  to  the  extent 
of  $250,000,000  in  the  year,  had  been  reached  in  the  course  of 
foreign  trade.     The  admission  of  Colorado,  "  the  Centennial 

*  John  Q.  Adams  was  apprehensive  of  a  third  term  for  General  Jackson.  John  Tyler 
spoke  of  the  possibility  of  three  terms  for  himself.  It  may  have  been  in  jest.  He 
did  not  regard  as  a  term  that  to  which  he  succeeded  as  Vice-President  after 
Harrison's  death. 


GRANT'S  LAST  ANNUAL  MESSAGE.  279 

State,"  was  recorded,  and  previous  recommendations  of  the 
annexation  of  San  Domingo  were  repeated. 

The  message  called  the  attention  of  Congress,  also,  "  to  the 
necessity  of  throwing  some  greater  safeguard  over  the  method 
of  choosing  and  declaring  the  election  of  a  President. 

128.  There  was  urgent  necessity  for  the  prompt 
action  of  Congress,  to  avert  unseemly   collisions  and  the 
hazard  of  a  new  civil  war.     The  electoral  votes  of  four  States 
were  in  dispute  :   South  Carolina,  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Ore 
gon.     Double  returns  had  been  received  from  them  ;  one  set 
announcing  Democratic,  the  other,  Republican  electors.  If  the 
Democratic  return  was  accepted,  Tilden  was  elected  by  thirty- 
seven  votes  ;  if  the  Republican,  Hayes  was  elected  by  one  vote. 

129.  The  Republicans  were  in  power,  and  held  all  the 
offices  of  Government.     The  Vice-President  pro  tern.,  the  pre 
siding  officer  of  the  Senate,  was  a  Republican.     He  was  sus 
tained  by  his  party  in   claiming  the  right  to  decide  between 
the  lists  of  the  State  Electors.      This  would  assure  the  elec 
tion  of  Hayes.     The  Democrats,  who  had  a  majority  on  joint 
ballot  in  Congress,  denied  the  claim  of  the  acting  Vice-Presi 
dent,  and  insisted  that  the  determination  rested  with  the  joint 
assembly  of  the  two  Houses  of  Congress.     This  would  give 
the  Presidency  to  Tilden.     The  view  of  the  Vice-President 
was  upheld  by  the  President  and  his  Cabinet.     A  large  body 
of  troops  was  collected  in  Washington  and  its  neighborhood, 
to  be  ready  for  any  contingency. 

THE     JOINT     ELECTORAL     COMMISSION. 

130.  Congress  appointed  an  Extraordinary  Com 
mission  to  decide  the  contested  issues  of  the  recent  election. 
This  afforded  a  peaceful  escape  from  the  grave  perils  in  pros 
pect.* 

The  Joint  Electoral   Commission  was  instituted  after 


*  The  members  of  the  Joint  Electoral  Commission  were  :  Edmunds,  Morton,  Fre- 
linghuysen,  Thurman,  Bayard,  of  the  Senate  ;  Payne,  Hunton,  Abbott,  Hoar,  and 
Garfield,  of  the  House  ;  and  five  Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court :  Clifford, 
Miller,  Fields,  Strong,  and  Bradley— the  last  selected  by  his  fellow-judges. 


28o 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


long  debates,  and  tedious  investigations  into  the  functions  of 
_  the  Vice-President.   The  electoral  votes  of  Florida, 

/*"       Louisiana,  South  Carolina,  and  Oregon  were  ac- 
P     '    corded    to  the   Republican  candidates.     The   de 
cision    was    accepted  as  better    than  the  contin 
uance  of  hazardous  discords.     Hayes  and  Wheeler  were  de 
clared  President  and  Vice-President  by  the  majority  of  one 
electoral  vote. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES. 
—1877-1881. 

131.  The  administration  of  Mr.  Hayes  was  not  dis 

tinguished  by  "  moving 
incidents  by  flood  and 
field."  Ithaditsfullshare 
of  important  events,  but 
they  were  not  such  as  to 
excite  general  or  perma 
nent  interest.  The  Gov 
ernment  pursued  "  the 
even  tenor  of  its  way," 
maintaining  order  and 
domestic  pence.  It  mer 
ited  respect,  rather  than 
won  admiration. 

RETURN  OF  PROS 
PERITY. 


UTHERFORD   B.    HAVES.  ^ 

the  new  administration  was  paralyzed,  to  a  great  ex 
tent,  by  the  difficulties  of  its  position.  It  could  attempt  little 
in  the  midst  of  continued  political  discords.  It  afforded, 
however,  repose  to  the  country,  allowed  .  attention  to  be  di 
rected  to  material  interests,  and  was  cheered  by  the  return  of 
enterprise,  prosperity,  and  the  increase  of  good-will.  The 
abundant  harvests  of  the  United  States,  the  deficient  crops  of 


WITHDRAWAL  OF  TROOPS  FROM  THE  SOUTH.   28i 

Europe,  the  war  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  and  other  fav 
oring  circumstances,  promoted  healthy  progress.  The  ad 
ministration  of  Mr.  Hayes  began  in  gloom,  depression,  and 
distrust.  It  closed  with  a  large  increase  of  public  wealth  and 
welfare,  and  with  the  successful  accomplishment  of  one  of  the 
most  arduous  financial  operations  of  our  times. 

133.  The  principal  topics  which  claim  attention  during  these 
four  years  are  : 

The  withdrawal  of  the  military  from  the  Southern  States. 

The  labor  riots  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  elsewhere. 

The  recoinage  of  silver  dollars. 

The  yellow-fever  epidemic,  and  the  National  Sanitary  Com 
mission. 

The  resumption  of  specie  payments. 

The  conflict  between  the  President  and  the  majority  in 
Congress  over  the  appropriation  bills. 

The  refunding  of  the  national  debt  at  a  reduced  rate  of  in 
terest. 

The  Presidential  election,  towards  the  close  of  the  term  ;  and 

The  vast  increase  of  the  population. 

THE     WITHDRAWAL     OF     THE     TROOPS     FROM     THE 
SOUTHERN      STATES. 

134.  President  Hayes  withdrew  the  United  States 
troops  from   South   Carolina  and  Louisiana  in   the   second 
month  of  his  administration.       In  both  States  there  were  rival 
Legislatures  and  contending  claimants  for  the  Governorship 
and  other  State  offices.     There  had  been,  for  some  months, 
danger  of  violent  collisions  in  both.     These  had  been  avoided 
by  the  moderation  and   discretion  of  the  Democratic  chiefs, 
and  by  the  orders   given    to   the  commanders  of  the  United 
States  forces.     General  Grant  had  shown  a  disposition  to  re 
move  the  troops.     He  left  this  duty  to  be  executed  by  his  suc 
cessor.     As  soon  as  it  was  done,  the  Democratic  Governors, — 
General    Wade   Hampton   in    South   Carolina,   and   General 
Nicholls  in  Louisiana— were  inaugurated.     General  Hampton 


282 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


had  borne  himself  with  singular  prudence,  self-restraint,  and 
courage  throughout  the  perilous  contest. 

TRAMPS    AND     LABOR     RIOTS. 

135.  The  panic  of  1873,  and  the  long  depression  of  industry 
consequent  upon  it,  had  thrown  multitudes  out  of  employment, 
reduced  the  wages  of  the  operatives  still  employed,  and  caused 

extensive  and  enduring 
distress.  Active  labor 
ers  could  find  nothing 
for  willing  hands  to  do. 
Families  hungered,  and 
thirsted,  and  shivered  ; 
children  perished  from 
want  and  misery.  Men 
wandered  from  place  to 
place,  and  from  State  to 
State,  seeking  occupation 
and  subsistence.  There 
was  no  work  for  them. 
Idlers  and  vagrants  of  all 
sorts — a  growing  horde 
WADE  HAMPTON.  of  "  sturdy  beggars  " — 

used  the  pretext  of  this  distress,  swarmed  through  the  coun 
try,  and  resorted  to  threats,  to  violence,  and  to  crime.  The 
designation  of  "  Tramps  "  was  given  indiscriminately  to  the 
honest  and  the  vicious,  who  roved  through  the  land  seeking 
work  or  asking  charity. 

136.  The  grievous  stagnation  of  industry  engendered  a  bitter 
feeling  between  employers  and  employed,  which  was  especially 
virulent   against  wealthy  capitalists  and   large    corporations. 
The  feeling  broke  out  into  alarming  violence,  and  occasioned 
much  destruction  of  property  during  the  first   summer  of  the 
Hayes  administration.     Railroad  riots,  occurring  almost  sim 
ultaneously,  and  apparently  by  concert,  produced  sudden  con- 


RECOINAGE  OF  SILVER  DOLLARS.  283 

sternation  in  the  Northern  and  Western  States.  They  were 
most  formidable  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  New  York. 
The  trains  were  stopped,  the  railroads  were  torn  up,  the  roll 
ing  stock  overturned  or  demolished.  The  strike,  and  the  in 
terruption  of  travel  and  transportation,  stretched  from  New 
England  to  the  Mississippi.  The  disturbances  did  not  prevail 
south  of  the  Potomac.  The  wildest  lawlessness  and  the  most 
~  serious  mischief  occurred  at  Pittsburg,  where 

/ * .      railroad  property   to  the  amount  of  eight  or  ten 
y*  millions  of  dollars   was  destroyed.     The  militia 
was  called  out,  and  detachments  from  the  regular  army  were 
sent  to  their  support.     Quiet  was  not  restored  for  some  weeks. 

RECOINAGE     OF     SILVER     DOLLARS. 

137.  The  enormous  increase  of  silver  from  the  Corn- 
stock  Lode  in  Nevada,  and  from  other  mines  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  concurrent  with  the  diminution  of  the  gold  returns 
from  California  and  Australia,  and  with  other  causes,  deranged 
the  familiar  relations  of  value  between  the  two  precious  metals. 
A  dollar  in  silver  became  worth  little  more  than  eighty-five 
cents  in  gold.     This  decline  aggravated  the  difficulties  of  all 
debtors,  whether  communities   or  individuals,  and   increased 
the   embarrassments   of  the   period   of  depression.      Various 
measures   of  relief,   by   tampering  with    the    currency,  were 
eagerly  welcomed.     Each  became  the  watchword   of  a  party 
or  a  faction.     The  last  delusion  was  to  raise  silver  to  the  value 
of  gold  by  legislation.     The  popular  current  in  favor  of  "  the 

«  ~       Dollar  of  the  Fathers  "  became  so  strong,  especially 

Q   L\      in  the  Western  States,  that  the  Bland  Silver  Bill 
2o   r  CD.  ,  _       .  ,       ,  ,.        .        . 

was  passed,  over  the  President  s  veto,  directing  the 

recoinage  of  the  cumbrous  silver  dollar  in  large  amounts,  and 
making  it  a  legal  tender.* 

THE     YELLOW      FEVER. 

138.  The  yellow-fever  epidemic,  during  the  summer 


*  This  mistaken  procedure  has  been  arrested  by  very  recent  legislation. 


284  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

of  1878,  will  long  be  remembered  for  its  wide-spread  ravages 
and  for  the  generous  liberality  and  heroic  devotion  displayed. 
The  mortality  was,  perhaps,  not  as  great  as  it  had  been  in 
some  localities  on  former  occasions,  but  its  fury  extended  over 
a  wider  region  than  ever  before,  and  attention  was  more  closely 
directed  to  its  progress.  The  stoppage  of  business,  the  arrest 
of  industry,  and  the  consequent  destitution  of  families,  in 
flicted  scarcely  less  suffering  than  the  plague  itself.  The  over 
whelming  affliction  was  solaced  by  a  beautiful  manifestation 
of  benevolence.  Physicians  and  nurses  flocked  into  the  sorely 
stricken  cities  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  contribu 
tions  of  money,  medicines,  and  supplies  filled  the  mails  and 
blocked  the  railroads. 

THE     NATIONAL     SANITARY     COMMISSION. 

139.  This  fearful  pestilence  attracted  the  attention  of  phy 
sicians  and  other  intelligent  men  to  the   search  for  means  of 
preventing  its   recurrence  or  arresting  its  spread.       On    the 
recommendation   of  medical  associations,   and    other  public 

~  bodies,  Congress  was  induced  to    appoint  a  Na- 

M  h  tional  Sanitary  Commission  for  the  purpose 
'of  making  investigations,  collecting  intelligence, 
giving  timely  warning  of  danger,  and  directing  such  precau 
tionary  measures  as  might  be  found  expedient.  Three  sum 
mers  passed  without  the  return  of  yellow  fever  in  an  epidemic 
form. 

RESUMPTION     OF    SPECIE     PAYMENT. 

140.  The  payment  of  specie  in  exchange  for  notes  was  re- 
_  sumed  on  the   day  appointed  four  years  before. 

The  return  to  gold  and  silver  coin,  after  the  sus 
pension  of  their  use  for  eighteen  years,  was  accom 
plished  without  disturbance,  and  almost  without  observacion. 
Preparations  had  been  diligently  made  for  the  event.  The 
operation  had  been  begun  by  the  free  issue  of  silver  dollars  in 
the  close  of  the  preceding  year. 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION.  285 


REFUNDING     OF     THE     NATIONAL     DEBT. 

141.  The  hope  of  diminishing  the   volume,  and  of 

lowering  the  interest  of  the  national  debt,  was  encouraged  by 
the  successful  resumption  of  specie  payments.  The  debt  still 
amounted  to  about  twenty-three  hundred  millions  of  dollars. 
Five  hundred  millions  had  been  paid  since  the  summer  of 
1869.  A  large  part  of  the  bonds  at  a  higher  rate  of  interest 
had  been  converted  into  four-per-cent.  bonds.  The  process 
was  continued  during  this  administration.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  next,  a  vast  amount  of  indebtedness  was  exchanged 
for  bonds  bearing  only  three  and  a  half  per  cent,  interest. 

THE     PRESIDENTIAL      ELECTION. 

142.  The  effort  made  in  the  Chicago  convention  to  secure 
the  renomination  of  General  Grant  for  the  Presidency,  as 
the  Republican  candidate,  was  the  only  other  event  of  note 
under  Hayes'  administration.  The  obstinate  struggle  was  begun 
with  the  confidence  of  success.      It  ended  in  disappointment. 
The  third  term  project  was  again  defeated.     The  Republicans 
selected  General  James  A.  Garfield,*  of  Ohio,  as  their  nominee. 
Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New  York,  was  accepted  as  the  candi 
date  for  the  Vice-Presidency.     They  were  fortunately  elected 
by  a  majority  which  left  no   room  for  dispute.     The  Demo 
cratic  nominees   were   General  Winfield  S.  Hancock,  of  the 
United  States  Army,  and  William  O.  English,  of  Indiana. 

*  General  James  Abram  Garfield  (1831-1881)  was  born  in  a  log  cabin,  in  Orange, 
Cayuga  County,  Ohio,  fifteen  miles  from  Mentor.  His  parents  were  poor,  laboring 
people,  of  the  class  of  small  farmers.  He  began  his  school  life  at  three  years  of  age. 
He  went  to  Hiram  College  in  1851.  In  1856,  having  been  graduated  with  honor  at 
Williams  College,  he  returned  to  Hiram  as  instructor,  and,  in  1857,  became  its  Presi 
dent.  In  1859  he  was  elected  State  Senator,  and  began  his  law  studies. 

In  August,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Forty-second 
Ohio  Volunteers.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  His  military  career 
ended  shortly  afterwards  by  his  election  as  a  member  of  Congress. 

In  1877  he  was  a  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission.  He  was  elected  to  succeed 
Thurman,  as  Senator  from  Ohio,  but  never  took  his  seat,  having  been  nominated  and 
elected  as  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  Presidency. 


286 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


THE    TENTH     CENSUS. 

143.  The  census  of  1880  shqwed  that  the  population  had 
risen  to  fifty  million  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  seventy-three,  an  increase  in  ten  years  of  nearly 
twelve  millions,  or  almost  thirty-three  percent.  The  continu 
ance  of  the  like  rate  of  progress  would  give  the  United  States 
about  ninety  millions  of  inhabitants  by  the  close  of  the  century. 
Such  an  increase  can  scarcely  be  expected,  as  the  census  of 
1870  was  confessedly  erroneous,  thus  enlarging  the  numbers 
apparently  added  during  the  last  decade. 


THE     ADMINISTRATION   OF   GENERAL   JAMES   A. 
GARFIELD.— 1881. 

144.  The  administration  of  General  Garfield  lasted 
not  much  over  half  a  year,  and  during  more  than  a  third  of  the 

time  he  was  slowly  dying. 
The  shortness  of  the 
period  has  left  little  to 
be  recorded,  except  his 
mournful  and  violent 
death.  He  was  welcomed 
as  President  with  general 
good-will,  and  hopes  were 
entertained  of  a  benefi 
cent  .administration,  and 
of  the  extinction  of  poli 
tical  asperities.  Hopes 
crushed  in  the  bud  pro 
voke  deep  regrets,  and 
sanguine  convictions  of 


JAMES   A.    GARFIELD. 

the  blessings  that  might  have  been, 


DEFEAT    OF     THE    REFUNDING     BILL. 

145.  A  bill  to  refund  the  bonds  of  the  Government 

at  the  reduced  interest  of  three  per  cent.-  was  defeated  by  the 


GARFIELD'  S  A  SSA  SSINA  TION.  287 

concerted  hostility  of  the  banks,  and  of  the  executive  authori 
ties.  Mr.  Windom,  the  new  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  boldly 
and  successfully  accomplished  the  conversion  of  a  large 
amount  of  the  debt  into  bonds  bearing  only  three  and  a  half 
per  cent,  interest. 

THE    WAR     BETWEEN     CHILI     AND    PERU. 

146.  An  angry  war  in  South  America  resulted  in  the 
complete   overthrow   and   occupation   of  Peru  by  the  Chilian 
army.     The   Peruvian   President  was  driven  into  remote  and 
inaccessible  parts  of  the   republic.        The  Government  was 
broken  up.     Lima  (lee  ma),  the  capital,  was  held  by  the  vic 
tors.     Mr.  Elaine,  the  Secretary  of  State,  endeavored  to  inter 
pose  for  the  restoration  of  peace.      He  contemplated  a  more 
resolute  policy  than  had  hitherto  prevailed,  in  regard  to  the 
republics  of  the  Southern  Continent,  and  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama.     The  exact  character  of  his  policy  has  not  yet  been 
disclosed. 

ASSASSINATION     OF     PRESIDENT     OARFIELD. 

147.  President     Garfield     was    shot    and    fatally 
wounded  in  a  railroad  depot  in  Washington.*     He  lingered 

££          for  ten  weeks.     Strong  hopes  were  at  times  enter- 
Tul '       tamed  of  his  recovery.       These  hopes  were  frus 
trated.     He  died  at  Long  Branch,  to  which  place 
he  had  been  removed,  a  fortnight  before,  for  cooler  and  purer 
~  air.     The  deep  indignation,  distress,  and  sympathy 

universally  excited  by  the  atrocious  crime,  were 


*  President  Garfield  was  shot  in  the  ladies'  waiting-room  of  the  Baltimore  and  Po 
tomac  depot,  being  in  company  with  Secretary  Elaine.  He  was  waiting  to  take  ^{ie 
train,  with  a  view  to  an  extended  tour  in  New  Hampshire  and  other  parts  of  New 
England.  During  his  illness,  sudden  fluctuations  in  his  condition  kept  hope  and 
anxiety  constantly  on  the  strain. 

When  the  funeral  cortege  was  leaving  Washington  for  Mentor,  the  handsomest 
decoration  on  the  coffin  was  placed  there  by  order  of  Queen  Victoria,  herself  so  soon 
to  be  exposed  to  an  assassin's  pistol. 

The  feeling  of  the  people  was  manifested  by  a  subscription  for  Mrs.  Garfield  ex 
ceeding  $300,000,  and  another  fora  monument  to  the  murdered  President,  intended 
to  reach  $250,000. 


288 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


manifest  by  the  anxious  inquiries  and  tender  messages  which 
poured  in  from  sovereigns  and  princes,  cabinets  and  public 
bodies,  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

THEC  ASSASSIN. 

148.  The  fatal  shot  had  been  fired  by  Guiteau  *   (ghee-to'}, 
a  disappointed  office-seeker.     He   was  a   sorry    lawyer  from 
Chicago — a  man  of  weak  and  distempered  mind,  of  unregu 
lated  life,  and  of  violent  passions.      He  was  brought  to  trial 
for  his  infamous  act.      The  trial  was  prolonged  through  weeks 
and  months.   He  was  found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 

THE   ADMINISTRATION  OF  CHESTER   A.  ARTHUR.— 

1881— 

149.  General  Arthur,  f    the  Vice-President,  succeeded 

to  the  Presidency  on 

the  lamentable   death  of 
«  President  Gar- 

>ep  field.  Notoriety 
was  carefully  avoided. 
President  Arthur's  ad 
ministration  has  so  recent 
ly  commenced  that  it 
affords  as  yet  few  topics 
that  can  be  suitably 
noticed  by  the  chronicler. 
It  will  be  sufficient  to 
note  the  disastrous  season 
in  the  assassination  year, 
and  the  Centennial  Cele 
bration  at  Yorktown. 


CHESTER    A.    ARTHUR. 


*  Charles  J.  Guiteau  was  of  French  descent,  but  of  American  birth.  He  professed 
to  have  committed  his  grievous  crime  under  direct  inspiration.  He  had  been  in 
Washington  six  weeks,  soliciting  an  appointment  as  Consul  to  France.  His  applica 
tions  had  been  slighted.  Two  weeks  before  the  murder,  he  had  been  at  the  same 
depot  with  the  same  design,  but  had  been  restrained  by  the  presence  of  Mrs  Garfield , 
who  was  recovering  from  a  dangerous  illness.  His  execution  took  place  3oth  June, 


t  General  Chester  Allen  Arthur  (1830-       ),  New  York  City,  had  been  a  delegate  u 


YORK  TOWN  CELEBRATION.  289 

THE      SUMMER    OF     1881. 

150.  The  summer  of  1881  was  intensely  hot  and 
dry,  over  almost  the  whole  country.      There  was  scarcely  a 
drop  of  rain  for  more  than  two  months.     The  corn  crop  was 
withered,  and  reduced  by  millions  of  bushels.*     The  deficiency 
in  Illinois  was  supposed  equal  to  $100,000,000.     The  streams 
ceased  to  run,  the  mills  stopped  grinding,  the  wells  dried  up. 
Many  cities  suffered  severely  from  the  failure  of  the  necessary 
supply  of  water.     Even  in  country  places  water  became  so 
scarce  that  it  was  sold.     The  drought  continued,  and  the  in 
tense  heat  recurred  in  the  beginning  of  September. 

FOREST     FIRES. 

151.  Everything  that  could  be  burnt  was  rendered 
readily  inflammable  by  the  excessive  and  continued  drought. 
Conflagrations  devastated  an  extensive    tract  of    country    in 
Michigan,  early  in  September.    Five  hundred  persons  were  said 
to  have  perished,  and  five  thousand  to  have   been  rendered 
houseless.     Similar  fires  occurred  also  in  Pennsylvania.! 

THE    CENTENNIAL    CELEBRATION     AT    "YORKTOWN. 

152.  The  centennial  anniversary  of  the  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis  was  commemorated  by  a  national  celebration  at  York- 

the  Saratoga  Convention  that  founded  the  Republican  party.  He  was  appointed 
Collector  of  New  York  in  1871,  and  was  removed  by  President  Hayes,  i2th  July,  1878. 
He  was  nominated  for  Vice-President  at  the  Chicago  Convention  in  1880,  out  of  def 
erence  to  the  disappointed  wing  of  the  party. 

*  The  potato  crop  failed  so  utterly  everywhere,  that,  in  the  winter  and  spring, 
shiploads  of  Irish  potatoes  were  imported  from  Ireland  and  Scotland  for  American 
consumption. 

The  summer's  drought  was  followed  by  a  ruinous  spring  flood.  The  winter  was 
exceedingly  rainy.  The  valley  of  the  Mississippi  was  inundated,  in  March,  1882,  from 
St.  Louis  to  the  Gulf.  The  river  was  in  places  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  wide.  Parishes  and  counties  were  submerged.  The  resources  of  Government 
were  required  to  arrest  death  and  mitigate  the  destitution  of  thousands. 

t  With  the  drought  and  the  fires  may  have  been  connected  "  the  Dark  Day  in  Sep 
tember,"  throughout  New  England.  "  The  air  was  very  close  ;  not  a  leaf  stirred,  not 
a  cloud  cduld  be  seen,  and  it  was  impossible  to  tell  the  position  of  the  sun.  *  *  Gas 
lamps  were  universally  lighted  in  shops  and  factories.  *  *  The  day  continued  to  be- 
come  darker  and  more  fearful  in  appearance  until  three  o'clock,  the  period  of  greatest 
obscuration,"  etc.,  etc. 

13 


290 


HIS  TOR  Y  OF  THE   UNITED  STA  TES. 


town.  It  was  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  a  Congressional 
1881       Committee.      Delegates    from    the    Republic    of 
Q  ',     France,  and  the  descendants  or  representatives  of 
Lafayette,  Rochambeau,  and  Steuben  were   pres 
ent,  by  invitation  of  the  Government,  and  as  its  guests.     The 
governors  of  other  States  were  in  attendance,  and  the  Gov 
ernor  of  Virginia  was,  of  course,  present,  but  the  Legislature 
of  Virginia  had  neglected  to  make  any  appropriation  for  the 
representation  of  the  State. 

153-  The  celebration  did  not  accord  with  the  importance  of 
the  event  celebrated.  Yorktown  had  shrunk  into  a  shabby 
hamlet.  The  people  around  were  impoverished,  and  were  prin 
cipally  freedmen.  There  was  very  inadequate  accommodation 
for  the  multitude  of  visitors.  The  foundation-stone  of  the 
monument  ordered  by  Congress  was  laid  with  Masonic  rites. 


THE    CENTURY    OF    INDEPENDENCE,    1781-1881. 


154.  A  hasty  retrospect  of  what 
has  been  accomplished  in  a  cen 
tury  of  independence  may  be  justified  and  required  by  the 
recent  celebration  of  its  completion. 


TERR  I  TOR  Y  A  ND  POP  ULA  T10N.  2  9 1 

TERRITORY    AND    POPULATION. 

155.  A  narrow  strip  of  land  along  the  Atlantic  shore,  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  sparsely  inhabited,  and  dotted  here 
and  there  by  a  few  small  cities,  has  been  expanded  till  it  fills 
the  breadth  of  the  continent,  and  reaches  from  the  endur 
ing  snow  and  ice  of  Alaska  and  the  wintry  plains  of  Dakotah 
to  the  almost  tropical  realm  of  Florida  and  Southern  California. 
A  territory,  largely  estimated  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  as 
embracing  eight  hundred   thousand   square  miles,  most  of  it 
still  in  the  occupation  of  the  Indians,  has  more  than  quadru 
pled  in   size  (three  million   six  hundred  and  three  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  forty-four).*     A  population,  still  more  lib 
erally  estimated  at  three  millions,  has  grown  with  such  rapidity 
that  it  now  exceeds  fifty  millions.!     There  are  now  thirty-five 
cities  numbering  over  fifty  thousand  inhabitants,  ten  of  them 
containing  more  than  two  hundred  thousand,  while  New  York, 
with  its  coronet  of  surrounding  cities,  has  nearly  reached  two 
millions. 

WEALTH. 

156.  The  wealth  of  the  country  has  increased  even 
more  surprisingly.     A  national  debt  of  $54,000,000,  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolution,  produced  consternation,  and  threat 
ened  ruin  to  the  new  Republic.     A  debt  of  $2,700,000,000  was 
borne  with  little  grumbling  at  the  end  of  the  War  of  Seces 
sion.     In  sixteen  years  this  debt  has  been  reduced  to  half  its 
cost,  and  less  than  three-quarters  of  its  volume.     There  was 
no  coinage  till  after  the  Revolution.     The  amount  of  money 
coined  in  1879,  1880,  and  1881  exceeded  $250,000,000.     The 


*  The  settled  area  in  1790  was  two  hundred  and  thirty-nine  thousand  nine  hundred 
and  thirty -five  square  miles.  It  is  now  one  million  five  hundred  and  sixty-nine 
thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy.  The  population  was  three  millions  nine  hundred 
and  twenty-nine  thousand  two  hundred  and  fourteen.  It  has  increased  to  fifty  mill 
ions  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-three.  The 
average  density  of  inhabitants  was  at  the  former  period  16.4  to  the  square  mile  ;  on 
the  present  larger  area  it  is  32. 

t  This  vast  increase  of  population  is  largely  due  to  the  arrival  in  the  United  States 
of  more  than  eleven  millions  of  foreign  immigrants  between  1789  and  1880. 


292 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


paper  money  in  circulation  was  over  $700,000,000  in  the  last 
of  those  years. 

INDUSTRY     AND    TRADE. 

157.  The  volume  of  the  circulation  in  paper  and  specie  is 
evidence  of  the  magnitude    and    activity  of    business    opera 
tions.     Agriculture,  manufactures,  and  the  exchange  of  com 
modities,  by  domestic  and  foreign  trade,  have  assumed  vast 
proportions.     They  have  called  new  arts  into  existence,  and 

^_= ^^^       so    improved    older 

^  arts  and  processes  as 
to  give  them  the  char 
acter  of  novel  inven 
tions. 

The  production  of 
Indian  corn  in  1880 
approached  two  thou 
sand  millionsof  bush 
els,  while  that  of 
wheat  was  nearly  five 
hundred  millions  of 
bushels.*  In  1789 
the  imports  were  valued  at  $23,000,000,  and  the  exports  of 
domestic  products  at  nearly  $20,000,000.  In  1881  the  im 
ports  were  almost  $730,000,000,  and  the  domestic  exports 
not  far  from  $850,000,000. 

STEAM     AND     ELECTRICITY. 

158.  All  transactions  have  been  quickened  by  the  net-work 
of  telegraphic  lines  and  of  railroads,  linking  together  the  re 
motest  parts  of  the  country,  f     The  manifold  applications  of 


GRAIN    ELEVATORS. 


*  Among  the  modern  appliances  for  handling  such  immense  quantities  of  grain, 
are  the  ELEVATORS,  which  are  huge  buildings  containing  facilities  for  storage  and  for 
the  transferring  of  the  grain  to  or  from  boats  or  cars. 

t  In  1881  the  telegraph  lines  of  the  United  States  attained  the  length  of  one  hun 
dred  and  twenty  thousand  miles,  in  addition  to  railway,  government,  and  private  lines. 

The  lines  of  railroad  amounted  to  ninety-three  thousand  six  hundred  and  sixty-nine 


STEAM  AND  ELECTRICITY,  293 

steam  and  electricity  to  the  service  of  daily  life  have  all  been 
subsequent  to  the  Treaty  of  Paris.  Now  fields  are  ploughed 
and  harvests  are  threshed  by  steam,  and  every  industrial  pro 
cess  avails  itself,  directly  or  indirectly,  of  its  gigantic  powers. 
The  land  and  the  water,  continents,  oceans,  lakes,  and  rivers 
are  traversed  by  its  agency,  and  it  is  employed  as  the  motive 
power  of  complex  machinery  in  crushing  rocks  and  in  sawing 
fire-wood. 

The  almost  instantaneous  conveyance  of  intelligence  by  the 
electric  telegraph — in  a  large  measure  an  American  invention 
— is  not  older  than  the  living  generation.  Still  more  recently, 
electricity  has  given  us  the  telephone,  and  that  most  marvel 
lous  of  instruments,  the  phonograph,*  both  of  them  fruits  of 
American  ingenuity. 

INVENTIONS. 

159.  The  progress  and  the  welfare  of  the  people 

have  been  greatly  promoted  by  the  genius  displayed  in  adapt 
ing  scientific  discoveries  to  practical  purposes.  The  multi 
plicity,  the  variety,  and  the  value  of  American  inventions  are 
equally  surprising.  A  glance  at  the  Patent-Office  reports  ex 
hibits  the  wonderful  activity  and  sagacity  employed  in  this  di 
rection.  The  means  of  dispensing  with  bodily  service,  or  of 
diminishing  it,  have  been  discovered  in  almost  every  process 
of  toil,  from  digging  and  washing  potatoes  to  making  fire-arms, 
cultivating  and  gathering  crops,  and  assuaging  pain. 

160.  So  numerous  are  these  inventions  that  they  can 
not  be  enumerated.     Among  the  most  notable,  originated,  or 
much  improved  by  American  talent,  since  the  surrender  of 
Yorktown,  are :  steam  navigation  on  river  and  sea ;  weather 
charts  and  forecasts  ;  charts  of  ocean  depths  and  currents, 


and  one -half  miles.    All  the  railroads  of  Europe  reach  only  one  hundred  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  twenty  miles. 

*  The  telephone  is  a  contrivance  for  conveying-  sounds  and  words  to  a  distance  by 
means  of  electricity.  Edison's  phonograph  is  an  instrument  for  recording  and  pre 
serving  sounds,  notes,  and  words,  and  for  reproducing  them  at  any  distance  of  time. 


294 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


with  the  deep-sea  sounding  line  ;  the  reaping  and  mowing 
machine,  and  multitudes  of  other  agricultural  implements  ; 
the  magnetic  telegraph,  the  telephone  and  the  phonograph  ; 
the  sewing  and  the  knitting  machine  ;  bank-note  engraving ; 
the  repeating  rifle  and  pistol  ;  the  Ericsson  hot-air  engine  ; 
the  sand  blast,  and  sulphuric  ether,  To  these  may  be  added 


MODERN    REAPING-MACHINE. 

wooden  clocks,  machine-made  watches,  and  the  machinery  for 
making  them  ;  with  the  wonderful  variety  of  India-rubber  and 
gutta-percha  applications. 


EDUCATION. 

161.  The  wide  diffusion  of  education  among  the  peo 
ple  may,  in  part,  explain  this  aptitude  for  invention,  and  for 
improvement  upon  the  inventions  of  others.  From  an  early 
period,  education,  of  the  higher  and  the  lower  grades,  at 
tracted  the  attention  of  the  colonists,  especially  in  New  Eng 
land.  There  were  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  colleges  pre 
vious  to  the  Revolution.  There  are  now  three  hundred  and 
sixty-four.  Common  schools  are  now  established  through 
out  the  country.  They  provide  every  one,  without  regard  to 


EDUCA  TION  AND  PRINTING. 


•95 


color,  sex,  or  condition,  opportunities  of  freely  pursuing  the 
royal  road  to  learning.  In  the  ample  provision  for  general  in 
struction,  the  United  States,  or  many  of  them,  long  anticipated 
Prussia,  France,  and  the  best  educated  countries  of  Europe. 

NEWSPAPERS      AND     PERIODICALS. 

162.  The  means  of  acquiring  knowledge  are  not  only  fur 
nished  to  all,  but  the  current  of  knowledge  flows  freely  within 
the    reach    of   every  one.     The  number  of  newspapers  and 
periodicals  is  not  more  remarkable  than  their   cheapness,  the 
wide  scope  of  their  intelligence,  and  the  multitude  of  copies 
issued  from  the  principal  presses.      The  desire  of  knowledge 
is  thus   both  indicated  and  fed.     There  is  scarcely  a  village 
without  its  newspaper.     Everywhere  are  found  the  issues  from 
the  capital  of  the   State,  and  from  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Washington,  and  the  other  principal  cities.     Never  before  has 
there  been  witnessed  such  a  copious  shower  of  daily,  weekly, 
monthly,  and  quarterly  publications.* 

PUBLIC      LIBRARIES. 

163.  The  more  solid  and  permanent  repositories  of 
learning  have  not  been  neglected,  as  the  country  has  ex 
panded   and   grown  in  wealth   and  comfort    and  refinement. 
The  publication  and  republication  of  books  flood  the  country. 
Of  the  making  of  books  there  seems  to  be  no  end.     Many  may 
be  worthless,  or  of  only  transitory  value.      Many,  however, 
merit  high  commendation,  and  have  added  to  the  permanent 
treasures  of  the  world. 

The  interest  excited  by  the  home  productions,  and  by  those 
of  other  countries  and  other  times,  is  shown  by  the  rapid  in 
crease  of  public  and  private  collections.  It  is  supposed  that 
there  were  no  more  than  twenty-nine  public  libraries  in  the 


*  The  number  of  periodical  publications  exceeds  ten  thousand.  Their  circula 
tion  is  about  thirty-six  millions,  taking  the  returns  of  1870  as  the  basis  of  calcu 
lation. 


296  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

colonies,  containing  only  forty-five  thousand  six  hundred  and 
twenty-three  volumes,  when  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  signed.  In  the  centennial  year  the  public  libraries  num 
bered  three  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty-two,  and  they 
possessed  twelve  million  two  hundred  and  seventy-six  thou 
sand  nine  hundred  and  sixty-four  volumes,  besides  uncounted 
pamphlets. 

LITERATURE. 

164.  The  domestic  production  of  literature  has  been 
overwhelming  in  quantity.  The  promiscuous  mass,  most  of 
which  will,  and  should,  speedily  perish,  is  enriched  by  the 
works  of  several  illustrious  authors,  who  have  secured  for 


A   HISTORIC     HOUSE  :     WASHINGTON'S    HEAD-QUARTERS—HOME    OF    LONG 
FELLOW. 

their  names  a  high  place  in  the  temple  of  fame.     Bryant   and 
Poe  and   Longfellow  ;  Cooper  and    Hawthorne  ;.  Irving  and 


SCIENCE  AND   THE  FINE  ARTS.  297 

Ticknor ;  Prescott  and  Motley,  are  the   most  eminent  on  the 
long  roll. 

SCIENCE. 

165.  American  science  has  been  directed  more  to 
practical  results  than  to  abstract   speculation.     Yet  much 
has  been  accomplished  in  late  years.     The  Smithsonian  Insti 
tution  *  is  founded  on  a  foreigner's  liberality.     But  richly  en 
dowed  observatories  and  technological  institutes  are  multiplied 
by  the  munificence  of  native  benefactors.     Already  American 
science  can  boast  of  conspicuous   triumphs  in  the  coast  sur 
vey,  the  geodetical,  topographical,  and  geological  explorations 
of  the  country,  the  physical  geography  of  the  oceans,  and  the 
system  of  meteorological  observations. 

It  can  point  with  pride  to  many  distinguished  names. 
Agassiz  was  a  Swiss,  and  Draper  an  Englishman,  but  their  chief 
labors  sprang  on  American  soil.  Hall's  discovery  of  the  Twins 
of  Mars  was  exclusively  American.  With  Hall  may  be  ap 
propriately  conjoined  Pierce  and  Henry,  Maury  and  Morton, 
Schoolcraft  and  Bancroft. 

THE     FINE     ARTS. 

166.  The  cultivation  of  the  arts   which  add  elegance 
or  splendor  to  life  has  not  been  disregarded.     With  the  rapid 
increase  of  wealth,  and  of  the  ease  and  leisure  which  attend 
wealth,  there  has  been  a  sudden  development  of  those  expen 
sive  displays  which  minister  to  refinement  or  to  ostentation. 
Little  judgment  and  less  taste  may  be   usually  exhibited   by 
those  who  foster  the  demand  for  such  works,  and   reward  its 
gratification.     But  architecture,  sculpture,  painting,  and  music 
have    been    recently    cherished    and    stimulated,    and    have 
achieved  memorable  successes.     The  government  buildings  at 


*  Mr.  James  Smithson,  an  Englishman,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  dying 
in  1829,  at  Genoa,  bequeathed  his  entire  fortune  to  the  Government  of  the  .United 
States,  for  the  foundation  at  Washington  of  an  institution  "  for  the  increase  and  dif 
fusion  of  knowledge  among  men."  The  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  was  organized  in 
1846. 


298  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Washington,  and  public  edifices,  ecclesiastical  and  civil,  in 
other  cities,  indicate  that  talent  is  abundant,  and  not  merely 
that  expenditure  is  lavish.  The  works  of  engineering  archi 
tecture,  in  bridges,  tunnels,  aqueducts,  etc.,  are  often  as  grace 
ful  or  as  imposing  in  appearance  as  they  are  bold  in  design 
and  execution. 

Powers  and  Story  and  Rogers  have  taken  high  rank  as 
sculptors  ;  Allston  and  Healy  and  Leutze,  Bierstadt  and 
Church,  have  merited  their  eminence  as  painters.  The  bright 
skies  and  the  pellucid  atmosphere  of  the  country,  and  the 
gorgeous  hues  of  American  forests  have  created  a  distinct  and 
admirable  school  of  landscape.  It  should  be  added,  that  the 
delicacy,  precision,  and  effect  of  American  wood  engraving 
have  never  been  equalled  in  any  other  country. 

The  advance  in  art  belongs  almost  exclusively  to  the  century 
just  closed,  and  mainly  to  very  recent  years.  The  times  before 
the  Revolution  could  claim  only  two  or  three  painters  as  rep 
resentatives  of  art. 

167.  Progress  of  the  United  States  during  a  single 
century  of  independence  may  be  estimated  by  comparing  this 
startling  picture  of  varied  prosperity  with  the  survey  of  the 
condition  of  the  colonies  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary 
period.  (See  pp.  81-87.) 


168.  The  eventful  tale  of  nearly  four  centuries  has  been 
simply  and  briefly  told  to  the  young,  whose  duty  it  will  be  to 
continue  the  task  of  their  forefathers  in  a  hopeful  and  reso 
lute  spirit. 

Four  hundred  years  ago,  the  continent  was  unknown  and 
unsuspected.  Three  hundred  years  ago,  there  was  no  English 
habitation  on  it.  A  few  scattered  settlements  were  the  begin 
ning  of  a  vast  domain.  The  settlers  increased.  They  subdued 
the  forest.  They  cultivated  the  soil.  They  drove  back  the 
roving  Indian,  whose  title  there  had  been  none  to  dispute. 
The  colonies  grew  strong,  in  hardship  and  peril  and  neglect. 


CONCLUSION.  299 

They  learned  self-reliance  and  independence  in  wars  with  the 
French,  whom  they  expelled  from  the  country,  and  in  struggle 
with  the  mother  country,  whose  yoke  they  threw  off  after  a 
stubborn  and  doubtful  warfare. 

This  new  nationality  grew  in  numbers  and  influence  and 
wealth.  It  triumphed  over  discords,  dissensions,  and  armed 
divisions.  A  hundred  years  only  have  elapsed  since  the  last 
military  success  of  the  Revolution  assured  its  independent  ex 
istence.  In  these  ten  decades  its  population  has  increased 
nearly  twenty-fold,  and  its  resources  have  increased  even  more. 

The  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  has  given  a  short  nar 
rative  of  the  marvellous  development  which  has  changed  the 
face  of  the  continent,  and  which  justifies  dreams  of  the  future 
brighter  than  the  achievements  of  the  past.  The  dangers  are 
as  great  as  the  hopes.  The  tale  is  for  the  present  ended,  and 
closes  with  the  trust  that  the  American  people  may  render 

"  That  which  they  have  done  but  earnest  of  the  things  that  they  shall  do." 


300  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SUMMARY  OF  TOPICS.— PART  VI. 

WAR  OF   SECESSION.-RECONSTRUCTION   AND 
GROWTH,  1861-1881. 

Lincoln's  Administration.  First  Year  of  the  War.  i.  The  history 
of  the  war  and  of  the  subsequent  time  impracticable  ;  what  is  attempted. 
2.  Remote  causes  of  the  conflict  ;  their  increasing  gravity.  3.  Capture  of 
Fort  Sumter  ;  Lincoln  calls  for  troops.  4.  Virginia  secedes  ;  capture  of 
Harper's  Ferry  and  Navy  Yard  ;  the  Merrimac.  5.  Other  States  secede  ; 
Kentucky,  Maryland,  and  Missouri ;  attack  in  Baltimore.  6.  Richmond 
made  the  Southern  capital  ;  Alexandria  seized.  7.  First  hostile  move 
ments  ;  Big  Bethel  ;  Rich  Mountain  ;  the  Kanawha  Valley;  Carnifex  Ferry; 
West  Virginia  secured  by  the  Federals.  8.  First  battle  of  Manassas  ; 
Stonewall  Jackson.  9.  Effect  of  Manassas  ;  increase  of  Federal  forces  ; 
McClellan.  10.  Missouri  obtained  by  the  Federals  ;  Booneville  ;  battle 
of  Oak  Hill.  u.  Missouri  Convention.  12.  Kentucky;  Columbus,  and 
Belmont.  13.  Naval  operations  ;  Hatteras  ;  Poit  Royal  ;  Fort  Pickens. 
14.  Confederate  Navy;  the  Sumter;  the  Nashville.  15.  Mason  and 
Slidell.  16.  Results  of  the  year  ;  paper  money  ;  confiscation. 

Second  Year  of  the  War.  17.  Confederate  disasters  ;  Mill  Springs  ; 
Elk  Horn  ;  Fort  Henry  ;  Fort  Donelson  ;  Kentucky  abandoned  ;  Nash 
ville  ;  Columbus  ;  Roanoke  Island  ;  Valverde.  18.  Inauguration  of 
President  Davis.  19.  Character  of  the  campaign.  20.  the  Virginia  and 
the  Monitor.  21.  McClellan's  change  of  the  scene  of  war;  Yorktown  ; 
Norfolk;  Williamsburg.  22.  Battle  of  Seven  Pines;  Johnston  wound 
ed  ;  succeeded  by  Lee.  23.  Jackson  in  the  valley  ;  McDowell  ;  Win 
chester  ;  Port  Republic.  24.  Seven  days'  battle  ;  Gaines's  Mill  ;  Cold 
Harbor;  Malvern  Hill.  25.  New  levy  ;  McClellan  removed.  26.  Cedar 
Mountain  ;  second  battle  of  Manassas.  27.  Maryland  invaded  ;  Harper's 
Ferry  ;  Sharpsburg  ;  Antietam.  28.  Battle  of  Fredericksburg.  29.  Bat 
tle  of  Shiloh  ;  Memphis  ;  Vicksburg.  30.  New  Orleans  taken.  31. 
Battle  of  Perryville.  32.  Battles  of  Murfreesboro.  33.  Operations  at 
sea.  34.  Emancipation  proclaimed.  35.  Proposed  mediation.  36.  Con 
dition  of  the  belligerents. 

Third  Year  of  the  War.  37.  Effect  of  the  war  on  foreign  countries  ; 
recognition  ;  campaign  of  the  year.  38.  Battle  of  Chancellorsville  ; 
Jackson's  death.  39.  After  Jackson's  wound.  40.  Pennsylvania  invaded  ; 


SUMMAR  Y  FOR  RE  VIE  W.  30 1 

Fleetwood.  41.  Battle  of  Gettysburg.  42.  Lee's  retreat.  43.  Siege  of 
Vicksburg  ;  Baker's  Creek.  44.  Surrender  of  Vicksburg.  45.  Streight's 
raid.  46.  Morgan's  raid.  47.  Battle  of  Chickamauga.  48.  Battles  of 
Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge  ;  Knoxville.  49.  Fort  Sum- 
ter  and  Charleston.  50.  The  Alabama  ;  "  The  Alabama  Claims."  51. 
West  Virginia.  52.  Results  of  the  campaign  ;  Confederate  currency  ;  na 
tional  banks  and  national  currency  ;  Pacific  territory  ;  Nevada  ;  con 
scription. 

Fourth  Year  of  the  War.  53.  The  respective  forces  ;  lines  of  op 
eration.  54.  Florida  invaded  ;  Olustee  ;  Sherman's  raid  ;  Okalona  ;  Fort 
Pillow.  55.  Battle  of  Mansfield  ;  Pleasant  Hill ;  Newbern.  56.  Kil- 
patrick's  raid  ;  Dahlgren's  design  ;  his  death.  57.  Grant  in  command  ; 
his  army  ;  Lee's  army  ;  General  Butler.  58.  Battles  of  the  Wilderness. 
59.  Stuart's  death.  60.  Butler  "bottled  up."  61.  Battle  of  Newmarket ; 
Dublin  ;  Lexington  ;  Lynchburg  ;  Hunter's  disaster.  62.  Second  bat 
tle  of  Cold  Harbor.  63.  Siege  of  Petersburg  ;  Grant's  endeavor  ;  the 
Crater  ;  Dutch  Gap.  64.  Early's  advance  on  Washington  ;  Monocacy ; 
Chambersburg  burnt.  65.  Sheridan;  battle  of  Winchester  ;  Cedar  Creek. 
66.  Sherman's  advance  ;  Kenesaw  Mountain  ;  Johnston  removed.  67. 
Battles  round  Atlanta  ;  Hood's  attempt  ;  Franklin  ;  Nashville.  68.  Sher 
man's  "march  to  the  sea  ; "  Fort  McAllister  ;  Savannah  occupied  ;  effect 
of  this  march.  69.  Naval  affairs;  the  Alabama;  the  Florida;  Fort 
Fisher.  70.  Lincoln  reflected  ;  Nevada  admitted.  71.  Federal  and 
Confederate  finances. 

Fifth  Year  of  the  War.  72.  The  main  operations  ;  forces  opposed  ; 
prisoners  not  exchanged.  73.  Negotiations ;  Thirteenth  Amendment. 
74.  The  final  campaign.  75.  Destruction  of  railroads ;  Waynesboro. 
76.  Battle  of  Five  Forks  ;  Richmond  and  Petersburg  evacuated.  77.  The 
pursuit  ;  the  surrender  of  Lee.  78.  Burning  of  Richmond.  79.  End  of 
the  Confederacy.  80.  Sherman's  march  through  the  Carolinas  ;  Columbia 
burnt ;  Averysboro  ;  Bentonville  ;  Sherman's  army.  81.  Convention  at 
Durham  Station  ;  Johnston's  surrender.  82.  Assassination  of  President 
Lincoln.  83.  Overthrow  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  ;  President  Davis 
captured  and  imprisoned  ;  Alabama  and  Georgia  ;  surrender  of  the  re 
maining  armies  ;  Hooker's  tribute  to  the  conquered.  84.  Reciprocity 
Treaty  abrogated  ;  Freedmen's  Bureau  ;  demand  on  Britain  ;  the  Emperor 
Maximilian. 

Andrew  Johnson's  Administration.  85.  Character  of  the  subse 
quent  history  ;  effect  on  its  treatment.  86.  Punishment  of  the  conspirators. 
87.  Release  of  President  Davis  ;  amnesty  proclaimed.  88.  Reconstruc 
tion  ;  President  Johnson's  procedure  ;  Joint  Committee  of  Congress  ;  Civil 
Rights  Bill  ;  Fourteenth  Amendment  ;  Colorado  ;  Nebraska  admitted. 


302 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


89.  Opposition  to  the  President  ;  Tenure  of  Office  Act  ;  military  govern* 
ments  in  the  South.  90.  President  Johnson  impeached.  91.  Trans 
atlantic  cable.  92.  Emperor  Maximilian  executed.  93.  Alaska  bought  ; 
St.  Thomas  ;  the  Bay  of  Samana  refused.  94.  Treaty  with  China  ; 
"Clarendon-Johnson  Treaty"  rejected.  95.  Grant  elected  President; 
States  excluded.  96.  Fifteenth  Amendment. 

Grant's  Administration.  97.  Reconstruction  continued  ;  character 
of  the  period.  98.  Pacific  Railroad.  99.  "  Black  Friday."  100.  George 
Peabody's  death  ;  his  munificence.  101.  All  the  States  restored  ;  the 
Fifteenth  Amendment  adopted.  102.  Fenian  invasion  of  Canada  ;  pro 
posed  annexation  of  San  Domingo.  103.  The  population  ;  the  national 
debt;  the  currency.  104.  "The  Joint  High  Commission;"  the 
"  Treaty  of  Washington."  105.  The  Geneva  Tribunal  ;  the  award.  106. 
"The  Fisher}'  Commission;"  its  award;  the  Oregon  boundary  line. 
107.  Hostilities  in  Corea ;  Japanese  Embassy.  108.  The  Chicago  fire; 
forest  fires.  109.  The  "  Ku-Klux  Klan  ; "  Military  Enforcement  Act. 
no.  New  York  frauds,  in.  Political  disturbances  in  the  South.  112. 
"  The  Grangers  ;"  "  The  Greenback  Party."  113.  Reelection  of  Gen 
eral  Grant.  114.  Character  of  his  second  administration.  115.  "The 
salary  grab."  116.  Financial  crash.  117.  Modoc  war  ;  General  Canby 
murdered.  118.  The  Virginius ;  conduct  of  the  United  States.  119. 
Financial  condition  ;  the  currency  question  ;  the  silver  question.  120. 
Resumption  of  specie  payments.  121.  Centennial  celebration  ;  Cen 
tennial  Exhibition  ;  Emperor  and  Empress  of  Brazil.  122.  Belknap  im 
peachment.  123.  Whiskey  rings  and  trials.  124.  The  third  term. 
125.  Sioux  war;  Custer's  massacre.  126.  Presidential  election.  127. 
Grant's  last  message  ;  Colorado  admitted.  128.  Hazards  of  the  Presi 
dential  election.  129.  Opposing  elements.  130.  The  "Joint  Electoral 
Commission  ;  "  Hayes  declared  President. 

Hayes's  Administration.  131.  Character  of  the  administration. 
132.  Prosperous  times.  133.  The  principal  topics.  134.  Troops  with 
drawn  from  the  South.  135.  Tramps.  136.  Labor  riots  ;  Pittsburg  riot. 
137.  Recoinage  of  silver  dollars.  138.  The  yellow  fever.  139.  Na 
tional  Sanitary  Commission.  140.  Resumption  of  specie  payment.  141. 
refunding  the  national  debt.  142.  Presidential  election  ;  Garfield 
elected.  143.  Census  of  1880. 

Garfield's  Administration.  144.  Its  brief  duration  ;  hopes  enter 
tained.  145.  Refunding  Bill.  146.  Peruvian  war  ;  Elaine's  policy.  147. 
Garfield's  assassination.  148.  The  assassin. 

Arthur's  Administration.  149.  Topics  to  be  noticed.  150.  The 
long  drought.  151.  Forest  fires.  152.  The  Yorktown  Centennial 
celebration.  153.  The  celebration  unsatisfactory. 


SUM  MAR  Y  FOR  RE  VIE  W.  303 

The  Century  of  Independence.  154.  A  retrospect  desirable.  155 
Territory  and  population.  156.  Wealth.  157.  Industry  and  trade. 
158.  Steam  and  electricity.  159.  Inventions.  160.  The  most  noted  in 
ventions.  161.  Education.  162.  Newspapers  and  periodicals.  163. 
Public  libraries.  164.  Literature.  165.  Science.  166.  The  Fine  Arts. 
167.  Progress  since  the  Revolution.  168.  Four  centuries — marvellous  de 
velopment. 


304  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

SETTLEMENT  AND  ADMISSION  OF  THE  STATES. 


NO. 

STATES. 

SETTLED. 

ADMIT 

WHEN. 

WHERE. 

BY   WHOM. 

TED. 

I. 

Virginia. 

1607. 

Jamestown. 

English. 

1776. 

2. 

New  York. 

1614. 

New  York. 

Dutch. 

3- 

Massachusetts. 

1620. 

Plymouth. 

English. 

" 

4- 

New  Hampshire. 

1623. 

Little  Harbc-. 

•• 

< 

5- 

Connecticut. 

1633- 

Windsor. 

«< 

' 

6. 

Maryland. 

1634. 

St.  Mary's. 

M 

• 

7- 

Rhode  Island. 

1636. 

Providence. 

" 

( 

8. 

Delaware. 

1638. 

Wilmington. 

Swedes  . 

< 

9- 

North  Carolina. 

1650. 

Chowan  River. 

English. 

• 

10. 

New  Jersey. 

1664. 

Elizabeth. 

Dutch. 

• 

n. 

South  Carolina. 

1670. 

Ashley  River. 

English. 

12. 

Pennsylvania. 

1682. 

Philadelphia. 

11 

' 

13- 

Georgia. 

I733- 

Savannah. 

" 

« 

14. 

Vermont. 

1724. 

Fort  Dummer. 

11 

1791. 

15- 

Kentucky. 

1775- 

Boonsboro. 

" 

1792. 

16. 

Tennessee. 

I757- 

Fort  Loudoun. 

" 

I796- 

17- 

Ohio. 

1788. 

Marietta. 

11 

1802. 

18. 

Louisiana, 

1699. 

Iberville. 

French. 

1812. 

19. 

Indiana. 

173- 

Vincennes. 

" 

1816. 

20. 

Mississippi. 

1716. 

Natchez. 

" 

1817. 

21. 

Illinois. 

1720. 

Kaskaskia. 

" 

1818. 

22. 

Alabama. 

1711. 

Mobile. 

" 

1819. 

23- 

Maine. 

1625. 

Bristol. 

« 

1820. 

24. 

Missouri. 

1764. 

St.  Louis. 

11 

1821. 

25- 

Arkansas. 

1764. 

Arkansas  Post. 

" 

1836. 

26. 

Michigan. 

1685. 

Detroit. 

" 

1837- 

27. 

28. 

Florida. 
Texas. 

1565- 
1692. 

St.  Augustine. 
San  Antonio. 

Spaniards. 

1845. 

1845. 

29. 

Iowa. 

1833. 

Burlington. 

Americans. 

1846. 

30. 

Wisconsin. 

1669. 

Green  Bay. 

French. 

1848. 

31- 

California. 

1769. 

San  Diego, 

Spaniards. 

1850. 

32. 

Minnesota. 

1846. 

St.  Paul. 

Americans. 

1858. 

33- 

Oregon. 

1811. 

Astoria. 

« 

1859- 

34- 

Kansas. 

11 

1861. 

35- 

West  Virginia. 

English. 

1863. 

36. 

Nevada. 

Americans. 

1864. 

37- 

Nebraska. 

<  < 

1867. 

38. 

Colorado. 

1876. 

TERRITORIES  AND  PRESIDENTS. 
TERRITORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


305 


NO. 

TERRITORIES. 

WHENCE   TAKEN. 

WHEN     ORGAN 
IZED. 

I. 

New  Mexico. 

Mexico. 

1850. 

2. 

Utah. 

it 

" 

3- 

Washington. 

Oregon  Territory. 

1853. 

4.        Dakota. 

Louisiana  Territory. 

1861. 

5- 

Arizona. 

Mexico. 

1863. 

6. 

Idaho. 

Oregon  Territory. 

7- 

Montana. 

Louisiana  Territory.                1864. 

8. 

Wyoming. 

" 

1868. 

9- 

Alaska. 

Russian  America. 

Unorganized. 

10. 

Indian  Territory. 

Louisiana  Territory. 

" 

District  of  Columbia. 

Maryland  [and  Virginia]. 

PRESIDENTS  AND  VICE-PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 


NO. 

PRESIDENTS. 

FROM  WHAT  STATE. 

INAUGURATED. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

I. 
2. 

George  Washington. 
John  Adams. 

Virginia. 
Massachusetts. 

April  30,  1789. 
March  4,  1797. 

John  Adams. 
Thomas  Jefferson. 

3.  j  Thomas  Jefferson. 

Virginia. 

u      1801. 

j  Aaron  Burr. 
)  George  Clinton. 

4.     James  Madison. 

5.     James  Monroe. 
6.  j  John  Quincy  Adams. 

M 

Massachusetts. 

"      1809. 
"      1817. 
"       1825. 

j  George  Clinton. 
I  Elbridge  Gerry. 
Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
John  C.  Calhoun. 

7.     Andrew  Jackson.        .Tennessee. 
8.     Martin  Van  Buren.       New  York. 
9.     William  H.  Harrison.   Ohio. 

41        Q       '  j  John  C.  Calhoun. 
IH29>  1  1  Martin  Van  Buren. 
"      1837.     Richard  M.  Johnson. 
1841.    John  Tyler. 

10.     John  Tyler.                    Virginia, 
ii      James  K.  Polk.              Tennessee. 

April  6,  !84i. 
March  4.  184=;.    George  M.  Dallas. 

12.     Zachary  Taylor.            Louisiana.                      '      5,  1849. 

Millard  Fillmore. 

13.     Millard  Fillmore.          New  York.            i  July  o,     1850. 
14    ,  Franklin  Pierce.            New  Hampshire.   March  4,  1853. 
15.     James  Buchanan.          Pennsylvania.                         1857. 

William  R.  King. 
John  C.  Breckinridge. 

16.     Abraham  Lincoln.        Illinois.                                    1861. 

j  Hannibal  Hamlin. 
|  Andrew  Johnson. 

17.     Andrew  Johnson.       |  Tennessee. 

April  15,  1865. 

18.     Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

Illinois. 

March  4,  1869. 

j  Schuyler  Colfax. 
1  Henry  Wilson. 

19.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 

Ohio. 

"    5,  1877. 

William  A.  Wheeler. 

20.  I  Tames  A.  Garfield. 

"     4,  i88i. 

Chester  A.  Arthur. 

Chester  A.  Arthur. 

New  York. 

Sept.  20,  1881. 

306  HISTORY  OF  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


THE 

DECLARATION     OF     INDEPENDENCE, 

ADOPTED  BY  CONGRESS  JULY  4,   1776. 


A    DECLARATION    BY    THE    REPRESENTATIVES    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    OF    AMERICA,    IN 
CONGRESS    ASSEMBLED. 

WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for  one  people  to 
dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to  assume, 
among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of 
nature  and  of  nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind 
requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created  equal ;  that  they 
are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  unalienable  rights  ;  that  among  these,  are 
life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  That,  to  secure  these  rights,  governments 
are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the 
governed  ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes  destructive  of  these  ends, 
it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  govern 
ment,  laying  its  foundation  on  such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such 
form,  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness. 
Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate  that  governments  long  established,  should  not  be 
changed  for  light  and  transient  causes  ;  and,  accordingly,  all  experience  hath  shown, 
that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right 
themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But,  when  a  long 
train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design 
to  reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off 
such  government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  security.  Such  hag 
been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which 
constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  government.  The  history  of  the 
present  king  of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations, 
all  having,  in  direct  object,  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these 
States.  To  prove  this,  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world  : 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and  necessary  for  the 
public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  Governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and  pressing  import 
ance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his  assent  should  be  obtained  ;  and, 
when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend  to  them. 


THE  DECLARA  TION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.         307 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large  districts  of 
people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in  the 
legislature  ;  a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  uncomfortable,  and 
distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing 
them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing,  with  manly  firm 
ness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause  others  to  be 
elected  ;  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  returned  to 
the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise  ;  the  State  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed 
to  all  the  danger  of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  States  ;  for  that  purpose, 
obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreigners ;  refusing  to  pass  others  to 
encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions  of  new  appropriations 
of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by  refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for 
establishing  judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for  the  tenure  of  their  offices,  and 
the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms  of  officers  to 
harass  our  people,  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies,  without  the  consent  of 
our  legislature. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  superior  to,  the  civil 
power. 

He  has  combined,  with  others,  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign  to  our  consti 
tution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws  ;  giving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pre 
tended  legislation : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us  : 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment,  for  any  murders  which 
they  should  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these  States  : 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world  : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent : 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  trial  by  jury  : 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offences  : 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a  neighboring  province,  estab 
lishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  ren 
der  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule 
into  these  colonies : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  laws,  and  altering, 
fundamentally,  the  powers  of  our  governments  : 


30 8  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

For  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested  with 
power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  protection,  and  wag 
ing  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns,  and  destroyed  the 
lives  of  our  people. 

He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries  to  complete 
the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny,  already  begun,  with  circumstances  of 
cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages,  and  totally  un 
worthy  the  head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive  on  the  high  seas,  to  bear  arms 
against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners  of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to 
fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  endeavored  to  bring  on 
the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of 
warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction,  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for  redress,  in  the  most 
humble  terms  ;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been  answered  only  by  repeated  injury. 
A  prince,  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is 
unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British  brethren. 

We  have  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  made  by  their  legislature  to 
extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded  them  of  the  cir 
cumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We  have  appealed  to  their  na 
tive  justice  and  magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  ties  of  our  com 
mon  kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  inevitably  interrupt  our 
connections  and  correspondence.  They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice 
and  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity,  which  de 
nounces  our  separation,  and  hold  them  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in 
war,  in  peace,  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA,  in  GENERAL 
CONGRESS  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude 
of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  people  of  these 
colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  That  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right 
ought  to  bc^free  and  independent  States  ;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance 
to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  state  of 
Great  Britain,  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved  ;  and  that,  as  FREE  AND  INDE 
PENDENT  STATES,  they  have  full  power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alli 
ances,  establish  commerce,  and  do  all  "other  acts  and  things  which  INDEPENDENT 
STATES  may  of  right  do.  And,  for  the  support  of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm  rel;- 
ance  on  the  protection  of  DIVINE  PROVIDENCE,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each 
other,  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 


THE  DECLARA  TION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


309 


[The  foregoing  Declaration  was,  by  order  of  Congress,  engrossed  and  signed  by 
the  following  members  :]  JOHN  HANCOCK. 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


William  Floyd, 
Philip  Livingston, 
Francis  Lewis, 
Lewis  Morris. 


MARYLAND. 


Samuel  Chase, 
William  Paca, 
Thomas  Stone, 


Charles  Carroll,  of  Carroll- 


Josiah  Bartlett, 

Richard  Stockton, 

MJU« 

William  Whipple, 
Matthew  Thornton. 

MASSACHUSETTS    BAY. 

John  Witherspoon, 
Francis  Hopkinson, 
John  Hart, 
Abraham  Clark. 

VIRGINIA. 

George  Wythe, 
Richard  Henry  Lee  , 
Thomas  Jefferson, 

Samuel  Adams, 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Benjamin  Harrison, 

John  Adams, 
Robert  Treat  Paine, 
Elbridge  Gerry. 

Robert  Morris, 
Benjamin  Rush, 
Benjamin  Franklin, 

Thomas  Nelson,  jr., 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee, 
Carter  Braxton. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

John  Morton, 

NORTH    CAROLINA. 

George  Clymer, 

Stephen  Hopkins, 

James  Smith, 

William  Hooper, 

William  Ellery. 

George  Taylor, 

Joseph  Hewes, 

James  Wilson, 

John  Penn. 

CONNECTICUT. 

George  Ross. 

SOUTH    CAROLINA* 

Roger  Sherman, 
Samuel  Huntington, 

DELAWARE. 

Edward  Rutledge, 

William  Williams, 

Caesar  Rodney, 

Thomas  Heyward,  jr., 

Oliver  Wolcott. 

George  Read, 
Thomas  McKean. 

Thomas  Lynch,  jr., 
Arthur  Middleton. 

Button  Gwinnett, 
Lyman  Hall, 
George  Walton. 


Copies  of  the  foregoing  Declaration  were,  by  a  resolution  of  Congress,  sent  to  the 
several  assemblies,  conventions,  and  committees,  or  councils  of  safety,  and  to  the 
several  commanding  officers  of  the  continental  troops  ;  and  it  was  also  proclaimed 
in  each  of  the  United  States,  and  at  the  head  of  the  army. 


310  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


THE 

CONSTITUTION 


UNITED   STATES    OF   AMERICA* 


[PREAMBLE.] 

WE,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  Union,  estab 
lish  Justice,  insure  domestic  Tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote 
the  general  Welfare,  and  secure  the  Blessings  of  Liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  Pos 
terity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  CONSTITUTION  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE   I. 

[THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT.] 

SECTION  i.  All  legislative  Powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

SECTION  2.  f1]  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  Members 
chosen  every  second  Year  by  the  People  of  the  several  States,  and  the  Electors  in 
each  State  shall  have  the  Qualifications  requisite  for  Electors  of  the  most  numerous 
Branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

[2]  No  Person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  Age 


*  This  is  an  exact  copy  of  the  original  in  punctuation,  spelling,  capitals,  etc.,— in 
all  respects  except  the  words  and  figures  which  are  inclosed  in  brackets,  and  the 
reference  marks. 


PREAMBLE.— For  what  purposes  was  the  Constitution  formed  ?  What  three  depart 
ments  of  government  are  established  under  the  Constitution  ?  Ans.  The  legislative, 
the  judicial,  and  the  executive  :  the  legislative  to  enact  the  laws  ;  the  executive  to 
enforce  the  laws,  and  the  judicial  to  interpret  them. 

ARTICLE  i.  Sec.  i.— In  whom  is  the  legislative  power  vested ,  and  of  what  does  it 
consist  ? 

Sec.  2.  C1]  By  whom  are  the  representatives  chosen,  and  how  often  ?  What  is  an 
elector  ?  Ans.  K  person  who  has  the  right  to  vote  in  choosing  an  officer. 

[a]  What  are  the  qualifications  for  representatives  ? 


THE  CONSTITUTION.  3 1 1 

of  twenty-five  Years,  and  been  seven  Years  a  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

[3J  Representatives  and  direct  Taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States 
which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their  respective  Numbers,* 
which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  Number  of  free  Persons,  including 
those  bound  to  Service  for  a  Term  of  Years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three- 
fifths  of  all  other  Persons,  t  The  actual  Enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three 
Years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every 
subsequent  Term  of  ten  Years,  in  such  Manner  as  they  shall  by  Law  direct.  The 
Number  of  Representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  Thousand,  but  each 
State  shall  have  at  Least  one  Representative  ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be 
made,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  chuse  three,  Massachusetts 
eight,  Rhode-Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five,  New  York  six, 
New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten, 
North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five,  and  Georgia  three. 

[4]  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  Representation  from  any  State,  the  Executive 
Authority  thereof  shall  issue  Writs  of  Election  to  fill  such  Vacancies. 

[5]  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  chuse  their  Speaker  and  other  officers  ;  * 
and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  Impeachment. 

SECTION  3.  [i]  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators 
from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  Years  ;  and  each  Senator 
shall  have  one  Vote. 

[2]  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  Consequence  of  the  first  Election, 
they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  Classes.  The  Seats  of  the 
Senators  of  the  first  Class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  Expiration  of  the  second  Year,  of 
the  second  Class  at  the  Expiration  of  the  fourth  Year,  and  of  the  third  class  at 
the  Expiration  of  the  sixth  Year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year  ; 


*  Under  the  census  of  1880  one  representative  is  allowed  for  every  154,325  persons. 

t"  Other  persons"  refers  to  slaves.  See  Amendments,  Art.  XIV.,  Sections 
i  and  2. 

%  The  principal  of  these  are  the  clerk,  sergeant-at-arms,  door-keeper,  and 
postmaster. 

[3]  How  were  representatives  and  direct  taxes  apportioned  ?  When  and  how  often 
"Xvas  the  census  to  be  taken  ? 

[4]  How  were  vacancies  in  the  representation  from  any  State  to  be  filled  ? 

[6]  What  powers  are  delegated  to  the  House  of  Representatives  ? 

Sec.  3.  f1]  Who  compose  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  ?  By  whom  chosen  ?  For 
what  period  of  time  ?  and  to  how  many  votes  is  each  senator  entitled  ?  How  does  a 
senator  differ  from  a  representative?  Ans.  A  senator  is  chosen  by  the  legislature 
of  his  own  State,  for  six  years,— a  representative  is  chosen  by  the  people,  for 
two  years. 

[2]  Into  how  many  classes  were  they  at  first  divided,  and  for  what  purpose? 
What  provision  is  made  for  vacancies  ? 


3i2  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

and  if  Vacancies  happen  by  Resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  Recess  of  the 
Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  Appointments 
until  the  next  Meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  Vacancies. 

[3J  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  Age  of  thirty 
years,  and  been  nine  Years  a  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

L«]  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the  Senate, 
but  shall  have  no  Vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

L8J  The  Senate  shall  chuse  their  other  Officers,  and  also  a  President,  pro  tempore, 
in  the  Absence  of  the  Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  Office  of 
President  of  the  United  States. 

[6]  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  Power  to  try  all  Impeachments.  When  sitting 
for  that  Purpose,  they  shall  be  on  Oath  or  Affirmation.  When  the  President  of  the 
United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside :  And  no  Person  shall  be 
convicted  without  the  Concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  Members  present. 

[7]  Judgment  in  Cases  of  Impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to  removal 
from  Office,  and  Disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  Office  of  Honour,  Trust  or 
Profit  under  the  United  States  :  but  the  Party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable 
and  subject  to  Indictment,  Trial,  Judgment  and  Punishment,  according  to  Law. 

SECTION  4.  [J]  The  Times,  Places  and  Manner  of  holding  Elections  for  Senators 
and  Representatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legislature  thereof ; 
but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  Law  make  or  alter  such  Regulations,  except 
as  to  the  places  of  chusing  Senators. 

[2]  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  Year,  and  such  Meeting 
shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  Law  appoint  a  dif 
ferent  Day. 

SECTION  5.  [»]  Each  House  shall  he  the  Judge  of  the  Elections,  Returns  and  Quali 
fications  of  its  own  Members,  and  a  Majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  Quorum  to 
do  Business;  but  a  smaller  Number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be 
authorized  to  compel  the  Attendance  of  absent  Members,  in  such  Manner,  and  under 
such  Penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

[2]  Each  House  may  determine  the  Rules  of  its  Proceedings,  punish  its  Members 
for  disorderly  Behaviour,  and,  with  the  Concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  Member. 


[3]  What  are  the  necessary  qualifications  for  a  senator  ? 

[4[  What  two  offices  does  the  vice-president  fill  ? 

[8]  What  officers  can  the  Senate  choose  ? 

[«]  What  further  power  has  this  body  ? 

[7]  In  cases  of  impeachment,  how  far  may  judgment  extend  ? 

Sec.  4.  [i]  For  what  does  the  legislature  of  each  State  prescribe? 

|2]  How  often,  and  when,  does  Congress  assemble? 

Sec.  5.  [M  Of  what  is  each  House  the  judge? 

[2]  What  other  powers  does  each  House  possess  ? 


THE  CONSTITUTION.  313 

[»]  Each  House  shall  keep  a  Journal  of  its  Proceedings,  and  from  time  to  time 
publish  the  same,  excepting  such  Parts  as  may  in  their  Judgment  require  Secrecy  ; 
and  the  Yeas  and  Nays  of  the  Members  of  either  House  on  any  question  shall,  at  the 
Desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  Present,  be  entered  on  the  Journal. 

[4J  Neither  House,  during  the  Session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the  Consent  of 
the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  Place  than  that  in  which 
the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

SECTION  6.  [']  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  Compensation* 
for  their  Services,  to  be  ascertained  by  Law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States.  They  shall  in  all  Cases,  except  Treason,  Felony  and  Breach  of  the 
Peace,  be  privileged  from  Arrest  during  their  Attendance  at  the  Session  of  their  re 
spective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  Speech 
or  Debate  in  either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  Place. 

[3]  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  Time  for  which  he  was  elected, 
be  appointed  to  any  civil  Office  under  the  Authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall 
have  been  created,  or  the  Emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during 
such  time ;  and  no  Person  holding  any  Office  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a 
Member  of  either  House  during  his  Continuance  in  Office. 

SECTION  7.  [l]  All  Bills  for  raising  Revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Repre 
sentatives  •  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  Amendments  as  on  other 
Bills. 

[2]  Every  Bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and  the 
Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a  Law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States  ;  If  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  Objections 
to  the  House  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  Objections  at  large 
on  their  Journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  Reconsideration  two- 
thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  Bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the 
Objections  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if 
approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  House  it  shall  become  a  Law.  But  in  all  such  Cases 
the  Votes  of  Both  Houses  shall  be  determined  by  Yeas  and  Nays,  and  the  Names  of 
the  Persons  voting  for  and  against  the  Bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  Journal  of  each 


*  The  present  compensation  is  $5,000  a  year,  and  an  allowance  of  20  cents  for  every 
mile  of  travel  to  and  from  the  national  capital. 


[3]  What  is  each  House  required  to  keep  ? 

[4]  What  restrictions  are  placed  upon  this  body  ? 

Sec.  6.  [']  What  do  they  receive  for  "their  services,  and  from  what  are  they  exempt  ? 

[2]  Can  a  senator  or  representative  hold  a  civil  office  ? 

Sec.  7.  [']  In  which  branch  of  the  government  do  revenue  bills  originate  ? 

[2]  To  whom  are  all  bills  presented,  after  they  have  passed  the  House?     If  the 
president  disapproves  of  the  bill,  what  becomes  of  it  ?     How  long  can  the  president 
retain  a  bill,  unsigned,  before  it  becomes  a  law? 
14 


314  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

House  respectively.  If  any  Bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  tei\ 
Days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  Same  shall  b», 
a  law,  in  like  Manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  Adjourn* 
ment  prevent  its  Return,  in  which  Case  it  shall  not  be  a  Law. 

[3J  Every  Order,  Resolution,  or  Vote  to  which  the  Concurrence  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  Adjournment) 
shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  ;  and  before  the  same  shall 
take  Effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be 
repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the 
Rules  and  Limitations  prescribed  in  the  Case  of  a  Bill. 

SECTION  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  Power. 

[']  To  lay  and  collect  Taxes,  Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises,  to  pay  the  Debts  and 
provide  for  the  common  Defence  and  general  Welfare  of  the  United  States  ;  but  all 
Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States  ; 

[2]  To  borrow  Money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States  ; 

[3]  To  regulate  Commerce  with  foreign  Nations,  and  among  the  several  States, 
and  with  the  Indian  Tribes ; 

[4]  To  establish  an  uniform  Rule  of  Naturalization,*  and  uniform  Laws  on  the 
subject  of  Bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States ; 

[*J  To  coin  Money,  regulate  the  Value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  Coin,  and  fix  the 
Standard  of  Weights  and  Measures  ; 

[•]  To  provide  for  the  Punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  Securities  and  current 
Coin  of  the  United  States  ; 

[7]  To  establish  Post  Offices  and  post  Roads  ; 

[8]  To  promote  the  progress  of  Science  and  useful  Arts,  by  securing  for  limited 
Times  to  Authors  and  Inventors  the  exclusive  Rightt  to  their  respective  Writings 
and  Discoveries ; 


*  The  Naturalization  laws  require  a  foreigner  to  be  in  the  country  five  years  before 
he  is  entitled  to  citizenship. 

t  An  Author  obtains  a  copyright  by  application  to  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  and 
it  is  secured  for  twenty-eight  years. 

An  Inventor  secures  a  patent  from  the  Patent  Office,  at  Washington,  for  a  certain 
number  of  years,  prescribed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

[3J  What  power  is  delegated  to  the  president  in  clause  3  ? 

Sec.  8.  [']  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  taxes,  duties,  etc.  ? 

[2    How  can  money  be  borrowed  ? 

[3]  What  can  Congress  regulate  ? 

[4J  What  rule  and  laws  can  it  establish  ? 

[&]  What  power  has  it  in  regard  to  money  ? 

f.*J  What  jurisdiction  over  counterfeiting  ? 

[7]  What  can  it  establish  ? 

[8]  How  does  it  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts 1 


THE  CONSTITUTION.  3!5 

[•]  To  constitute  Tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  Court ; 

[10]  To  define  and  punish  Piracies  and  Felonies  committed  on  the  high  Seas,  and 
Offences  against  the  Law  of  Nations  ; 

[i1]  To  declare  War,  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Reprisal,  and  make  Rules  con 
cerning  Captures  on  Land  and  Water ; 

[12J  To  raise  and  support  Armies,  but  no  Appropriation  of  Money  to  that  Use  shall 
be  for  a  longer  Term  than  two  Years  ; 

[13]  To  provide  and  maintain  a  Navy  ; 

[14]  To  make  Rules  for  the  Government  and  Regulation  of  the  land  and  naval 
Forces  \ 

['*]  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  Militia  to  execute  the  Laws  of  the  Union, 
suppress  Insurrections  and  repel  Invasions  ; 

[16J  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining,  the  Militia,  and  for 
governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  Service  of  the  United  States, 
reserving  to  the  States  respectively,  the  Appointment  of  the  Officers,  and  the 
Authority  of  training  the  Militia  according  to  the  Discipline  prescribed  by  Congress  ; 

[17]  To  exercise  exclusive  Legislation  in  all  Cases  whatsoever,  over  such  District 
(not  exceeding  ten  Miles  square;  as  may,  by  Cession  of  particular  States,  and  the 
Acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  Seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  exercise  like  Authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  Consent  of  the  Legis 
lature  of  the  State  in  which  the  Same  shall  be,  for  the  Erection  of  Forts,  Magazines, 
Arsenals,  Dock- Yards,  and  other  needful  Buildings  ;— And 

[18J  To  make  all  Laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into  Exe 
cution  the  foregoing  Powers,  and  all  other  Powers  vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  Department  or  Officer  thereof. 

SECTION  9.  [*]  The  Migration  or  Importation  of  such  Persons  as  any  of  the  States 
now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress, 


[9]  What  tribunals  can  it  constitute  ? 

[10J  What  does  it  punish  ?  What  is  meant  by  high  seas  ?  Ans.  The  water  of  the 
ocean  beyond  the  limits  of  low-water  mark. 

[ll]  What  authority  is  delegated  in  this  clause?  What  are  meant  by  letters  of 
marque  and  reprisal  ?  Ans.  Commissions  granted  to  individuals,  authorizing  them 
to  capture  vessels,  etc.,  of  any  other  nation  at  war  with  the  United  States  govern 
ment. 

[iaj  What  power  is  given  in  regard  to  armies,  and  with  what  restriction  ? 

[IS]  What,  in  regard  to  a  navy  ? 

[»*]  What  rules  can  it  make? 

[16]  For  what  purposes  can  the  militia  be  called  out  ? 

[i«j  What  is  the  law  respecting  the  militia  ?    What  right  is  reserved  to  the  States  ? 

[1T]  Over  what  is  exclusive  legislation  permitted  ?  What  does  the  State  legislature 
grant  to  Congress  ? 

[is]  What  general  powers  are  vested  in  this  body? 

Sec.  9.  [']  What  was  the  law  of  migration  or  importation  of  persons?  When  was 
this  importation  prohibited  ?  Ans.  Jan.  i,  1808. 


3i6  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

prior  to  the  Year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  Tax  or  Duty  may  be 
imposed  on  such  Importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  Person. 

[2]  The  Privilege  of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless 
when  in  Cases  of  Rebellion  or  Invasion  the  public  Safety  may  require  it. 

[3J  No  Bill  of  Attainder  or  ex  post  facto  Law  shall  be  passed. 

[<J  No  Capitation,  or  other  direct  Tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  Proportion  to  the 
Census  or  Enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

[6J  No  Tax  or  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  Articles  exported  from  any  State. 

[*]  No  Preference  shall  be  given  by  any  Regulation  of  Commerce  or  Revenue  to 
the  Ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another :  nor  shall  Vessels  bound  to,  or  from, 
one  State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  Duties  in  another. 

[7]  No  Money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in  Consequence  of  Appro 
priations  made  by  Law  ;  and  a  regular  Statement  and  Account  of  the  Receipts 
and  Expeditures  of  all  public  Money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

[8]  No  Title  of  Nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States :  And  no  Person 
holding  any  Office  of  Profit  or  Trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the 
Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  Emolument,  Office,  or  Title,  of  any  kind  whatever, 
from  any  King,  Prince,  or  foreign  State. 

SECTION  10.  [J]  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  Treaty,  Alliance,  or  Confederation  ; 
grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Reprisal ;  coin  Money  ;  emit  Bills  of  Credit  ;  make  any 
Thing  but  gold  and  silver  Coin  a  Tender  in  Payment  of  Debts  ;  pass  any  Bill  of  At 
tainder,  ex  post  facto  Law,  or  Law  impairing  the  Obligation  of  Contracts,  or  grant 
any  Title  of  Nobility. 

[3]  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  Imposts  or  Duties 
on  Imports  or  Exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its 
inspection  Laws :  and  the  net  Produce  of  all  Duties  and  Imposts,  laid  by  any  State 
on  Imports  or  Exports,  shall  be  for  the  Use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  ; 
and  all  such  Laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  Revision  and  Controul  of  the  Congress. 


[2]  When  can  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  be  suspended  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  writ 
of  habeas  corpus  ?  Ans.  A  written  order  from  a  magistrate  directing  that  a  certain 
person  shall  be  brought  before  him. 

[8]  What  is  embraced  in  this  clause  ?  What  is  meant  by  bill  of  attainder  ?  A  ns. 
An  act  of  the  legislature  by  which  a  person  guilty  of  high  crime  may  be  put  to  death 
without  other  trial.  What  is  an  ex  post  facto  law  ?  A  ns.  A  law  which  makes  an  act 
punishable,  which  was  not  so  at  the  time  of  its  commission. 

[4]  How  are  taxes  apportioned  ? 

[']  Can  articles  carried  from  one  State  to  another  be  taxed  ? 

[8]  What  is  the  law  regulating  revenue  and  commerce  ? 

[7]  What  is  the  regulation  imposed  respecting  public  moneys  ? 

[8]  Can  any  titles  be  granted  by  the  government,  or  any  gifts  be  received  by  its 
officials  ? 

Sec.  10.  t1]  What  restrictions  are  imposed  upon  the  States  ? 

[a]  What  prohibitions  are  the  States  under,  regarding  imposts,  etc.? 


THE  CONSTITUTION.  3!7 

[']  No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  Duty  of  Tonnage, 
keep  Troops,  or  Ships  of  War  in  time  of  Peace,  enter  into  any  Agreement  or  Com 
pact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  Power,  or  engage  in  War,  unless  actually 
invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  Danger  as  will  not  admit  of  Delay. 

ARTICLE  II. 

[THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT.] 

SECTION  r.  [l]  The  executive  Power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  Office  during  the  Term  of  four  Years,  and,  to 
gether  with  the  Vice  President,  chosen  for  the  same  Term,  be  elected,  as  follows  : 

[2]  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  Manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof  may  direct, 
a  Number  of  Electors,  equal  to  the  whole  Number  of  Senators  and  Representatives 
to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress  :  but  no  Senator  or  Representa 
tive,  or  Person  holding  an  Office  of  Trust  or  Profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be 
appointed  an  Elector. 

*  [3]  The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  Ballot  for  two 
Persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  Inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with 
themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  List  of  all  the  Persons  voted  for,  and  of  the 
Number  of  Votes  for  each  ;  which  List  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit 
sealed  to  the  Seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President 
of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  Presence  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  Certificates,  and  the  Votes  shall  then  be 
counted.  The  Person  having  the  greatest  Number  of  Votes  shall  be  the  President, 
if  such  Number  be  a  Majority  of  the  whole  Number  of  Electors  appointed  ;  and  if 
there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  Majority  and  have  an  equal  Number  of  Votes, 
then  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately  chuse  by  Ballot  one  of  them  for 
President ;  and  if  no  Person  have  a  Majority,  then  from  the  five  highest  on  the  List 
the  said  House  shall  in  like  Manner  chuse  the  President.  But  in  chusing  the  Presi 
dent,  the  Votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  Representation  from  each  State  having 
one  Vote  ;  a  Quorum  for  this  Purpose  shall  consist  of  a  Member  or  Members  from 
two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  Majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a 


*  This  clause  has  been  superseded  by  the  i2th  Amendment. 


[•]  What  restrictions  are  imposed  under  this  clause  ? 

ART.  II.  Sec.  i.  [»]  In  whom  is  the  executive  power  vested  ?  How  long  does  he 
hold  office  ?  Can  he  remain  in  office  after  the  term  expires  ?  Ans.  He  may  be  re- 
elected  any  number  of  times. 

[2]  How  are  electors  appointed  ? 

[3]  How  were  the  electors  to  perform  their  duties  ?  In  choosing  the  president,  how 
were  the  votes  taken  ?  How  was  the  vice-president  chosen  ? 


318  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Choice.  In  every  Case,  after  the  Choice  of  the  President,  the  Person  having  the 
greatest  Number  of  Votes  of  the  Electors  shall  be  the  Vice  President.  But  if  there 
should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  Votes,  the  Senate  shall  chuse  from  them 
by  Ballot  the  Vice  President. 

[4]  The  Congress  may  determine  the  Time  of  chusmg  the  Electors,  and  the  Day 
on  which  they  shall  give  their  Votes  ;  which  Day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States. 

[5]  No  Person  except  a  natural  born  Citizen,  or  a  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  at 
the  time  of  the  Adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  Office  of  Presi 
dent  ;  neither  shall  any  Person  be  eligible  to  that  Office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 
the  Age  of  thirty-five  Years,  and  been  fourteen  Years  a  Resident  within  the  United 
States. 

[6J  In  Case  of  the  Removal  of  the  President  from  Office,  or  of  his  Death,  Resig 
nation,  or  Inability  to  discharge  the  Powers  and  Duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same 
shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  Law  provide  for  the 
Case  of  Removal,  Death,  Resignation,  or  Inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice 
President,  declaring  what  Officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such  Officer  shall 
act  accordingly,  until  the  Disability  be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

[7]  The  President  shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  his  Services,  a  Compensation, 
which  shall  neither  be,  encreased  nor  diminished  during  the  Period  for  which  he 
shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  Period  any  other  Emolu 
ment  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

[8]  Before  he  enter  on  the  Execution  of  his  Office,  he  shall  take  the  following  Oath 
or  Affirmation : 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  Office  of  Presi- 
"  dent  of  the  United  States,  and  will  to  the  best  of  my  Ability,  preserve,  protect  and 
"defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

SECTION  2.  [']  The  President  shall  be  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called  into  the 
actual  Service  of  the  United  States ;  he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the 
principal  Officer  in  each  of  the  executive  Departments,  upon  any  Subject  relating  to 
the  Duties  of  their  respective  Offices,  and  he  shall  have  Power  to  grant  Reprieves 
and  Pardons  for  Offences  against  the  United  States,  except-in  Cases  of  Impeachment. 

[2]  He  shall  have  Power,  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of  the  Senate,  to 


[4]  Who  determines  the  time  of  choosing  electors? 
[6]  What  qualifications  are  necessary  for  the  presidency  ? 
[•]  When  does  the  office  devolve  upon  the  vice-president  ? 

[T]  How  is  the  president  compensated  for  his  services?    (The  salary  of  the  presi' 
dent  is  $50,000  per  annum,  and  that  of  the  vice-president  is  $8,000.) 
[8]  What  is  the  prescribed  oath  of  office  ? 
Sec.  2.  [l]  What  powers  are  delegated  to  the  president? 
[a]  What  are  his  powers  in  regard  to  foreign  relations  ? 


THE  CONSTITUTION.  3!9 

make  Treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur ;  and  he  shall 
nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint 
Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and  Consuls,  Judges  of  the  supreme  Court,  and 
all  other  Officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  Appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise 
provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  Law :  but  the  Congress  may  by 
Law  vest  the  Appointment  of  such  inferior  Officers,  as  they  think  proper,  in  the 
President  alone,  in  the  Courts  of  Law,  or  in  the  Heads  of  Departments. 

[3]  The  President  shall  have  Power  to  fill  up  all  Vacancies  that  may  happen 
during  the  Recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  Commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the 
End  of  their  next  Session. 

SECTION  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  Information  of  the  Stat 
of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  Consideration  such  Measures  as  he  shall  judga 
necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  Occasions,  convene  both 
Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  Case  of  Disagreement  between  them,  with 
Respect  to  the  time  of  Adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  Time  as  he  shall 
think  proper  ;  he  shall  receive  Ambassadors  and  other  public  Ministers  ;  he  shall  take 
Care  that  the  Laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  Commission  all  the  officers  of 
the  United  States. 

SECTION  4.  The  President,  Vice  President  and  all  civil  Officers  of  the  United  States, 
shall  be  removed  from  Office  on  Impeachment  for,  and  Conviction  of,  Treason, 
Bribery,  or  other  high  Crimes  and  Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE   III. 

[THE   JUDICIAL   DEPARTMENT.] 

SECTION  i.  The  Judicial  Power  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme 
Court,  and  in  such  inferior  Courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and 
establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  Courts,  shall  hold  their 
Offices  during  good  behaviour,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  Services,  a 
Compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  Office. 

SECTION  2.  [']  The  judicial  Power  shall  extend  to  all  Cases,  in  Law  and  Equity, 
arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  and  Treaties  made, 
or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  Authority  ;— to  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors, 
other  public  Ministers  and  Consuls ;— to  all  Cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  Juris- 

[3]  What  can  he  do  with  vacant  offices  ? 

Sec.  3.  With  what  is  he  expected  to  furnish  Congress?  What  other  duties  is 
he  expected  to  perform  ? 

Sec.  4.  On  what  grounds  can  the  government  officers  be  removed  ? 

ART.  III.  Sec.  r.  In  whom  is  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  vested,  and 
for  how  long  a.  period  ? 

Sec.  2.  t1]  To  what  cases  does  this  judicial  power  extend  ? 


320  HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

diction  ; — to  Controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  Party  ; — to  Contro 
versies  between  two  or  more  States  ; — between  a  State  and  Citizens  of  another  State ; 
—between  Citizens  of  different  States,— between  Citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming 
Lands  under  Grants  of  different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  Citizens  thereof, 
and  foreign  States,  Citizens  or  Subjects. 

[2]  In  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and  Consuls,  and 
those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  Party,  the  supreme  Court  shall  have  original  Juris 
diction.  In  all  the  other  Cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  Court  shall  have 
appellate  Jurisdiction,  both  as  to  Law  and  Fact,  with  such  Exceptions,  and  under 
such  Regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

[3]  The  Trial  of  all  Crimes,  except  in  Cases  of  Impeachment,  shall  be  by  Jury ; 
and  such  Trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  Crimes  shall  have  been  com 
mitted  ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the  Trial  shall  be  at  such  Place 
or  Places  as  the  Congress  may  by  Law  have  directed. 

SECTION  3.  f1]  Treason  against  the  United  States,  shall  consist  only  in  levying 
War  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  Enemies,  giving  them  Aid  and  Comfort. 
No  Person  shall  be  convicted  of  Treason  unless  on  the  Testimony  of  two  Wit 
nesses  to  the  same  overt  Act,  or  on  Confession  in  open  Court. 

[2]  The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  declare  the  Punishment  of  Treason,  but  no 
Attainder  of  Treason  shall  work  Corruption  of  Blood,  or  Forfeiture  except  during 
the  Life  of  the  Person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

[MISCELLANEOUS.] 

SECTION  i.  Full  Faith  and  Credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public  Acts, 
Records,  and  judicial  Proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Congress  may  by 
general  Laws  prescribe  the  Manner  in  which  such  Acts,  Records  and  Proceedings 
shall  be  proved,  and  the  Effect  thereof. 

SECTION  2.  []]  The  Citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  Privileges  and  Im 
munities  of  Citizens  in  the  several  States. 

[2]  A  Person  charged  in  any  State  with  Treason,  Felony,  or  other  Crime,  who 
shall  flee  from  Justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall  oh  Demand  of  the  exec- 


[2]  In  what  cases  has  it  original  jurisdiction  ?    What  is  meant  by  appellate  juris 
diction  ?    Arts.  Jurisdiction  over  cases  appealed  from  a  lower  court. 
[3J  How  are  crimes  tried,  and  where  ? 
Sec.  3.  [']  In  what  does  treason  consist  ? 
[a]  Who  declares  the  punishment  ? 

ART.  IV.  Sec.  i.  What  provisions  are  contained  in  this  section  ? 
Sec.  2.  [l]  To  what  privileges  are  the  citizens  of  each  State  entitled  ? 
[2]  What  provision  is  made  for  criminals  who  have  fled  from  one  State  to  another? 


THE  CONSTITUTION.  321 

utive  Authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to 
the  State  having  Jurisdiction  of  the  Crime. 

[3]  No  Person  held  to  Service  or  Labour  in  one  State,  under  the  Laws  thereof, 
escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  Consequence  of  any  Law  or  Regulation  therein,  be 
discharged  from  such  Service  or  Labour,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  Claim  of  the 
Party  to  whom  such  Service  or  Labour  may  be  due. 

SECTION  3.  [l]  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this  Union  ;  but  no 
new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  any  other  State  ;  nor 
any  State  be  formed  by  the  Junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or  Parts  of  States, 
without  the  Consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the 
Congress. 

[2]  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful  Rules  and 
Regulations  respecting  the  Territory  or  other  Property  belonging  to  the  United 
States  ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  Prejudice  any 
Claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

SECTION  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union  a  Re 
publican  Form  of  Government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  Invasion, 
and  on  Application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  Executive  (when  the  Legislature 
cannot  be  convened)  against  domestic  Violence. 

ARTICLE  V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall 
propose  Amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  Application  of  the  Legislatures 
of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  Convention  for  proposing  Amend 
ments,  which,  in  either  Case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  Intents  and  Purposes,  as  Part  of 
this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  several 
States,  or  by  Conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  Mode  of 
Ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress  ;  Provided  that  no  Amendment  which 
may  be  made  prior  to  the  Year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any 
Manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  Clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  first  Article  ; 
and  that  no  State,  without  its  Consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  Suffrage  in  the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

[']  All  Debts  contracted  and  Engagements  entered  into,  before  the  Adoption  of 

[3j  What  regulation  is  made  for  the  protection  of  employees? 
Sec.  3.  [']  How  may  new  States  be  admitted  ? 

[2]  What  body  has  power  to  dispose  of  and  regulate  property  belonging  to  the 
United  States  ? 

Sec.  4.  What  is  guaranteed  to  every  State  ? 

ART.  V.  In  what  way  are  amendments  to  the  Constitution  proposed  and  made  ? 
ART.  VI.  t1]  What  debts  does  the  Constitution  recognize? 
14* 


322 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Constitution., 
as  under  the  Confederation. 

[2]  This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be  made  in 
Pursuance  thereof  ;  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States  shall  be  the  Supreme  Law  of  the  Land  ;  and  the  Judges  in  ever, 
State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any  Thing  in  the  Constitution  or  Laws  of  any  State 
to  the  Contrary  notwithstanding. 

[3]  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  Members  of  the 
several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  Officers,  both  of  the  United 
States,  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  Oath  or  Affirmation,  to  support 
this  Constitution  ;  but  no  religious  Test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to 
any  Office  or  public  Trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  Ratification  of  the  Conventions  of  Nine  States,  shall  be  sufficient  for  the 
Establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 
DONE  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent  of  the  States  present  the  Seven 
teenth  Day  of  September  in  the  Year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and   Eighty-seven  and  of  the  Independence  of  the   United   States  of  America 
the  Twelfth.     In  Witnens  whereof  We  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  Names, 

Gc  WASHINGTON— 
Presidt  and  deputy  from  Virginia 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

John  Langdon 
Nicholas  Oilman 


NEW    YORK. 

Alexander  Hamilton 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Wil  Livingston 
Wm  Paterson 
David  Brearley 
Jona  Dayton 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

B  Franklin 
Robt  Morris 
Tho  Fitzsimons 
Tames  Wilson 
Thomas  Mifflin 
Geo  Clymer 
Jared  Ingersoll 

Attest : 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Nathaniel  Gorham 
Rufus  King 
Gouv  Morris 


DELAWARE. 

Geo  Read 

}ohn  Dickinson 
aco  Broom 

Gunning  Bedford,  Jun'r 
Richard  Bassett 


MARYLAND. 

James  M' Henry 

Danl  Carrol 

Dan  of  St  Thos  Jenifer 


VIRGINIA. 
John  Blair 


CONNECTICUT. 

Wm  Saml  Johnson 
Roger  Sherman 
James  Madison,  Jr 

NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Wm  Blount 
Hu  Williamson 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight, 

SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

J  Rutledge 
Charles  Pinckney 
Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 
Pierce  Butler 


GEORGIA. 

William  Few 
Abr  Baldwin 

WILLIAM  JACKSON,  Secretary. 


[2]  What  is  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  ? 

[8]  Who  are  bound  by  oath  to  support  the  Constitution  ? 

ART.  VII.  How  many  States  were  requisite  for  the  ratification  of  the  Constitution  ? 


THE  CONSTITUTION. 


323 


The  Constitution  having  been  reported  to  Congress  on  the  ijth  September,  1787, 
was  "  submitted  to  a  Convention  of  Delegates  chosen  in  each  State  by  the  people 
thereof,"  and  was  ratified  by  the  Conventions  of  the  several  States  as  follows: 


By  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey, 
Georgia, 
Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, 
Maryland, 
South  Carolina, 
New  Hampshire, 
Virginia, 
New  York, 
North  Carolina, 
Rhode  Island, 


on  the  7th  December,  1787. 
on  the  1 2th  December,  1787. 
on  the  1 8th  December,  1787. 


on  the  2d  January, 
on  the  gth  January, 
on  the  6th  February, 
on  the  28th  April, 
on  the  23d  May, 
on  the  2ist  June, 
on  the  26th  June, 
on  the  26th  July, 


1788. 
1788. 
1788. 
1788. 
1788. 
1788. 
1788. 
1788. 


on  the  2 1 st  November,  1789. 
on  the  <jgth  May,  I79°- 


324  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  S7ATES. 


ARTICLES 

IN   ADDITION   TO,   AND    AMENDMENT   OF, 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF   THE  UNITED  STATES  OF 
AMERICA. 

Proposed  by  Congress,  and  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States, 
pursuant  to  the  fifth  article  of  the  original  Constitution. 

(ARTICLE  I.) 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting 
the  free  exercise  thereof  ;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press  ;  or  the 
right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the  Government  for  a  re 
dress  of  grievances. 

(ARTICLE    II.) 

A  well  regulated  Militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State,  the  right 
of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  Arms,  shall  not  be  infringed. 

(ARTICLE  III.) 

No  Soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of 
the  Owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

(ARTICLE  IV.) 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects, 
against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  Warrants 
shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  Oath  or  affirmation,  and  particu 
larly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  person  or  things  to  be  seized. 


AMENDMENTS.— ART.  i.— What  privileges  are  allowed  the  people  in  this  article  ? 

ART.  II. — What  is  the  law  regarding  the  militia? 

ART.  III. — What  is  the  law  for  the  quartering  of  soldiers  ? 

ART.  IV. — What  rights  are  secured  in  this  article? 


THE  CONSTITUTION. 


325 


(ARTICLE    V.) 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  otherwise  infamous  crime,  un 
less  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  Grand  Jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the 
land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  -Militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  War  or  public 
danger  ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeop 
ardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  Criminal  Case  to  be  a  witness 
against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of 
law  ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensa 
tion. 

(ARTICLE  VI.) 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  pub 
lic  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have 
been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to 
be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  ;  to  be  confronted  with  the 
witnesses  against  him  ;  to  have  Compulsory  process  for  obtaining  Witnesses  in  his 
favour,  and  to  have  the  Assistance  of  Counsel  for  his  defence. 

(ARTICLE  VII.) 

In  Suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dol 
lars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be 
otherwise  re-examined  in  any  Court  of  the  United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules 
of  the  common  law. 

(ARTICLE   VIII.) 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  un 
usual  punishments  inflicted. 

(ARTICLE  IX.) 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution,  of  certain  rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to 
deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people- 

(ARTICLE  X.)* 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited 
by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 


*  The  first  ten  amendments  were  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  first  Congress 
(1789),  and  declared  adopted  in  1791. 


ART.  V. — What  protection  is  given  to  life  and  property  ? 

ART.  VI.— What  is  the  law  respecting  criminal  prosecutions? 

ART.  VII.— What  provision  is  contained  in  this  article? 

ART.  VIII.— What  protection  to  persons  and  property  is  given  in  Article  VIII.? 

ART.  IX. — Does  the  Constitution  interfere  with  private  rights  > 

ART.  X.— What  powers  are  delegated  to  the  States  and  people  ? 


326  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

(ARTICLE  XI.)* 

The  Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any 
suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States  by 
Citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  Citizens  or  Subjects  of  any  Foreign  State. 

(ARTICLE  XII.)t 

The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President 
and  Vice  President,  one  of  whom  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same 
state  with  themselves  ;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Pres 
ident,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Vice  President,  and  they  shall 
make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for 
as  Vice  President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign 
and  certify,  and  transfer  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States 
directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate  ;— The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  pres 
ence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates  and  the 
votes  shall  then  be  counted  ;— The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
President,  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  Electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons 
having  the  highest  numbers  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as 
President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the 
President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the 
representation  from  each  state  having  one  vote  ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  con 
sist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not 
choose  a  President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the 
fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice  President  shall  act  as  President, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the  President. — The 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice  President,  shall  be  the  Vice 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed, 
and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the 
Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice  President ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office 
of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 


*  The  eleventh  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  third  Congress 
(i7Q4N),  and  declared  adopted  in  1798. 

t  This  article  is  substituted  for  Clause  3,  Sec.  I.,  Art.  II.,  page  317.  and  annuls  it.  It 
was  declared  adopted  in  1804. 


ART.  XL— What  limit  is  prescribed  to  the  judicial  power? 

ART.  XII.— Give  the  mode  of  electing  president  and  vice-president. 


THE  CONSTITUTION. 


(ARTICLE  XIII.)* 


327 


SECTION  I.— Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  punishment  for 
crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United 
States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SEC.  II.— Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legis 
lation. 

(ARTICLE   XIV.)f 

SECTION  I.— All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to 
the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  state  wherein 
they  reside.  No  state  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privi 
leges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  ;  nor  shall  any  state  deprive  any 
person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  any  person 
within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  II. — Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  states  according 
to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each  state, 
excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the 
cnoice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  representa 
tives  in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  state,  or  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  state,  being  21  years 
of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  partici 
pation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced 
in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole 
number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  state. 

SEC.  III.— No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  or  elector 
of  President  and  Vice  President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the 
United  States,  or  under  any  state,  who,  having  previously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  member 
of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  state  Legis 
lature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  state,  to  support  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  sh^ll  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same 
or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  each  house,  remove  such  disability. 


*  The  thirteenth  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  second  session  of  the  thirty- 
eighth  Congress  (1865),  and  declared  adopted  in  1865. 

t  The  fourteenth  amendment  was  first  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  thirty, 
ninth  Congress,  1866,  and  declared  adopted  in  1868. 


ART.  XIII.,  Sec.  i. — What  provision  is  made  against  slavery? 

Sec.  2. — By  what  means  can  this  law  be  enforced  ? 

ART.  XIV.  Sec.  i.— Who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States? 

Sec.  2.— How  are  representatives  apportioned  ? 

Sec.  3. — What  are  some  of  the  disqualifications  for  office  ? 


328 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED  STATES. 


SEC.  IV.— The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized  by  law, 
including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in  sup 
pressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United 
States  nor  any  state  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of 
insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  eman 
cipation  of  any  slave  ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal 
and  void. 

SEC.  V. — The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation, 
the  provisions  of  this  article. 

(ARTICLE   XV.)* 

SECTION  I. — The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied 
or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  pre 
vious  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  II. — The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 


*  The  fifteenth  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  second  session  of  the  fortieth  Con 
gress,  in  1869,  and  declared  adopted  in  1870. 


Sec.  4.— What  is  said  of  the  public  debt  ? 
Sec.  5. — Who  has  power  to  enforce  these  provisions? 
ART.  XV.  Sec.  i.— What  is  said  of  the  right  of  suffrage? 
Sec.  2. — By  whom  may  this  article  be  enforced  ? 


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